ОЦІНКА ЯКОСТІ ПИТНИХ ВОД З РІЗНИХ ДЖЕРЕЛ ВОДОПОСТАЧАННЯ

Purpose. Monitor different sources of water supply in a particular region of Ukraine. Methodogy. To monitor the drinking water of the selected settlement of Cherkasy region, water from the water supply network (10 samples), water from the pump room (1 sample) and water from wells (26 samples) were selected and analyzed for 20 main chemical indicators in accordance with the requirements of DSanPiN 2.2.4-171-10 and DSTU 7525: 2014. Findings. It was found that tap water has a slight excess of iron and turbidity in 5 samples. The water does not contain aluminum, ammonium ions, nitrates, nitrites, residual amounts of free and bound chlorine and chlorination by-products. The sample of water from the pump room has a slight excess of silicon and salts of general hardness – calcium and magnesium ions. Water from the pump room in chemical composition (pH, dry matter, alkalinity, chlorides, sulfates, sodium) and the content of microcomponents is very similar to tap water, it has a slightly higher "color" and "turbidity", but the content of petroleum products and iron does not exceed drinking standards. water – 0.1 mg / dm3 and 0.2 mg / dm3, respectively. In this case, well water is the most unsuitable for drinking purposes. It was found that the largest excess of normalized values in these waters was observed when determining the dry residue (up to 4 standards), hardness (up to 5 standards), nitrate concentration (up to 9 standards).Originality. Monitoring of drinking water in the selected settlement of Cherkasy region and the analysis of the suitability of tap water, pump room water and well water for drinking needs.Practical value. The peculiarities of the chemical composition of drinking water supply facilities of this settlement have been established, in particular, much attention is paid to the determination of microelements and persistent organic toxicants at the level of their maximum permissible concentrations. The analysis of the obtained results testifies that the quality of tap water and pump room meets the current hygienic standards in terms of organoleptic parameters, general mineralization, hardness, alkalinity, content of organic components, and water in almost all wells does not meet.

2-Oxo-2H-chromen-7-yl 4-chlorobenzoate

We describe the synthesis of 2-oxo-2H-chromen-7-yl 4-chlorobenzoate 3 in 88% yield by the O-acylation reaction of 7-hydroxy-2H-chromen-2-one 1 with 4-chlorobenzoyl chloride 2 in dichloromethane using a slight excess of triethylamine at 20 °C for 1 h. The ester 3 was completely characterized by mass spectrometry, IR, UV–Vis, 1D, and 2D NMR spectroscopy.

Carnallite synthesis from magnesium and potassium chloride solutions

The influence of the main parameters on the process of obtaining artificial carnallite and its quality has been established. It is shown that to obtain a product with a high content of the carnallite phase and a low content of bischofite and KCl, it is necessary to use magnesium chloride solution with the concentration of 27-30 % and preheated ground potassium chloride. The process should be carried out at the temperature of 80 °C. The formation of synthetic carnallite, close in composition to the enriched one, occurs when the ratio of potassium chloride to magnesium chloride in the initial mixture is equal or close to their stoichiometric ratio in carnallite. With an excess of potassium chloride in the reaction mixture, an increased content of potassium and sodium chlorides in the product is observed, and with its deficiency, the product contains an increased amount of bischofite phase. To reduce the hydrolysis of magnesium chloride during dehydration, a slight excess of potassium chloride should be maintained in the mixture entering the synthesis. It is shown that the most advantageous scheme for producing artificial carnallite provides for incomplete evaporation of desulfurized liquor in the presence of potassium chloride with the return of circulating carnallite liquor to the desulfurization stage.

CONTENT OF HEAVY METALS IN THE SEA WATER OF THE NORTHERN CASPIAN SEA

The article presents the results of chemical analysis for the content of heavy metals in the waters of the fields in the northern part of the Caspian Sea. The content of heavy metals in water is a complex and informative indicator of the degree of water pollution and can be used in environmental monitoring of water bodies. An analysis was carried out on the content of eleven heavy metals at the Kashagan, Kalamkas Kairan and Aktoty deposits for the period from 2006 to 2019. All results were averaged with indication of their minimum, maximum and average values, and were also compared with the MPC of these heavy metals. Among the eleven heavy metals, only one metal is characterized by a content below the MPC, this is barium. The barium content was determined by sweat in all samples, but at the same time they did not exceed the MPC in all samples. A slight excess of the MPC is typical for such metals as cadmium, arsenic and zinc. Almost in all samples, except for one sample, cadmium was found, but at the same time it did not exceed 0.3 MPC. The maximum value was determined in samples from the Kashagan field. Arsenic was found only in 3.4% of samples, mainly in deep-water areas of the Kalamkas field, in which the content did not exceed 1.3 MPC. The zinc content was found in most samples with no excess of more than 0.3 MPC. The rest of the elements are high and highly high in content such as mercury, lead, vanadium, chromium, copper, nickel, and iron. The content of mercury was found in the samples over 1%, but with an excess of 10 to 47 MPC. The content of lead was found in the samples over ten percent, with an excess of 11 to 60 MPC. Vanadium was found in samples of about 20%, with an excess in the range of 2-6 MPC. Chromium was found in most samples with an excess of 3 to 29 MPCs at Kalamkas in 2014 and Kashagan in 2019. Copper content was found in samples of about 90%, with high concentrations at Kashagan in 2006 and 2010 up to 10-38 MPC. Nickel is found in most samples with a level of 0.9-1.1 MPC. The content of iron was found in more than 10 percent of samples with an excess of 15-60 MPC with a decrease of almost 3 times from 2006-2010 to 2011-2019.

MODELING OF TECHNOLOGICAL PROCESSES OF LOCKSMITH AND WELDING FUNCTIONING

A basic list of polluting components released into the air zone of production sites of the metalwork and welding division of the VASO facility has been established, with differentiation into 6 sectors with emission generators. It was found that the greatest contribution to the overall background of polluting components accumulation in terms of quantity is made by 2 sites: sandblasting and gas welding, the sector of plasma cutting and alloys based on it is distinguished by the variety of components allocated. Quantitative estimation of gross and maximum one-time emissions has been implemented. Analytical assessment recorded by: inorganic dust with SiO2 over 70 %, fixed at sandblasting sector, a slight excess of MPC and sector gas welding in the NO2 limit value with the MPC.

Soft Nanoonions: A Dynamic Overview onto Catanionic Vesicles Temperature-Driven Transition

Catanionic vesicles are emerging interesting structures for bioapplications. They self-generate by a pairing of oppositely charged ionic surfactants that assemble into hollow structures. Specifically, the anionic-cationic surfactant pair assumes a double-tailed zwitterionic behavior. In this work, the multilamellar-to-unilamellar thermal transition of several mixed aqueous systems, with a slight excess of the anionic one, were investigated. Interestingly, it was found that the anionic counterion underwent a dissociation as a consequence of a temperature increase, leading to the mentioned thermal transition. The present work proposed the spectroscopic techniques, specifically multinuclear NMR and PGSTE (pulsed gradient stimulated echo), as a key tool to study such systems, with high accuracy and effectiveness, while requiring a small amount of the sample. The results presented herein evidence encouraging perspectives, forecasting the application of the studied vesicular nanoreservoirs, for e.g., drug delivery.

Preliminary study of potato varieties and hybrids laboratory resistance to Phytophthora infestans Mont. de Bary in the Primorsky Territory

Relevance. Late blight (Phytophthora infestans Mont. de Bary) is one of the most harmful, rapidly spreading potato fungal diseases, which dramatically reduces its yield and affects tubers during storage. The quantitative manifestation of partial resistance within the same potato variety depends on meteorological conditions and the infectious load. Therefore, its objective assessment is obtained when testing varieties in regions that are stably favorable for the development of pathogens (Sakhalin Island and central Mexico), or in standard laboratory conditions using climatic chambers and molecular genetic methods. The aim of this work was a laboratory assessment of the potato varieties and hybrids resistance to late blight.Methods. Data on laboratory assessment of the potato varieties and hybrids resistance to late blight are presented. The experiment was carried out using generally accepted methods for the study and assessment of the potato varieties resistance to phytopathogens with minor modifications.Results. It was established that the varieties Smak, Yantar, Dachny and Kazachok are medium susceptible to late blight, as shown in the Catalog of varieties. In the variety specimen Pri-12-35-4, with a low degree of necrosis and sporulation development, slices showed damage to 50% of the tubers surface with active sporulation and maturation of double-flagellated zoospores. Hybrids Pri-11-12-5, Pri-12-18-7 showed a high score for the development of necrosis and sporulation with a slight excess to these indicators for tubers (1.17-1.05 times). Among hybrids and varieties of potatoes, a sample of Pri-11-31-24 stood out, with an average score for sporulation and slice necrosis of 1.44 and 1,42, respectively, for tuber damage - 1,72.

УЧЕТ ПРОТЕИНОВОЙ ПИТАТЕЛЬНОСТИ В РАЦИОНАХ КРУПНОГО РОГАТОГО СКОТА

В работе приводится схема гидролиза сырого протеина в рубце с образованием метаболита, а также методика расчета усвоенного протеина, микробного протеина и баланса азота на примере сена злаково-разнотравного. Представленные формулы легли в основу программы АСТРА , которая позволяет составлять необходимые рационы для крупного рогатого скота с учетом показателей белковой обеспеченности. Рацион в программе рассчитывается по 36 показателям питательности, а его анализ производится по 20 показателям. Демонстрация работы программы осуществлялась на примере анализа хозяйственного рациона в сельхозпредприятии Республики Башкортостан. Расчет показал, что набор кормовых компонентов для коров с молочной продуктивностью 24 кг в сутки и массой 500 кг подобран оптимально, что позволяет данному хозяйству получать высокие удои от коров. В рационе преобладают сочные корма (39,29), которые положительно сказываются на молочной продуктивности, так как некоторые компоненты относятся к молокогонным кормам. Программа выявила и слабые места рациона. Установлено, что в нем наблюдается незначительный избыток обменной энергии 2,0, сырого протеина 5,0 и переваримого 1,0, при этом не хватает 41,0 нерасщепляемого протеина. Рацион нуждается в дополнительном обогащении незаменимыми аминокислотами, такими как лизин, в количестве не менее 25,0 г и триптофан не менее 35,0 г. Алгоритм работы программы позволяет проводить зооанализ составленного рациона с учетом изменяемой питательности. Помимо расчетов можно выявить недостатки и дать соответствующие рекомендации по их устранению.The work presents the scheme of raw protein hydrolysis in the rumen with the formation of a metabolite, as well as the method used to calculate digested protein, microbial protein and nitrogen balanced on the example of hay containing grain and various herbs. Presented formulae were used as the foundation of ASTRA program allowing to create the required diet plans for large cattle taking the values of protein sufficiency into account. The program calculates the diet plan according to 36 nutritiousness parameters, its analysis is carried out using 20 parameters. The demonstration of programs work was carried out on the example of the analysis of farm diet plan in an agricultural enterprise located in the Republic of Bashkortostan. The calculation showed that the set of feeding components for cows with milk productivity amounting to 24 kg per day and body weight of 500 kg was selected correctly, which allows the farm to achieve high cow milk yield. The predominant part of the diet is succulent feed (39.29) which positively influences milk productivity due to the fact that certain components stimulate milk production. The program was also able to detect the downsides of the diet plan. It was found that there is a slight excess of metabolic energy (2.0), raw protein (5.0) and digestible elements (1.0), as well as 41.0 insufficiency of by-pass protein. The diet plan required additional enrichment with such essential amino acids as lysin in the amount of not less than 25.0 g, and tryptophan not less than 35.0 g. The algorithm of work of the program allows carrying out the animal analysis of the diet plan created taking changeable nutritiousness into account. Apart from calculation, it is possible to identify existing downsides and give the corresponding recommendations that can be used to eliminate them.

Comparative characteristics of population and genetic parameters of Syrian cattle breed Shami with Holstein and Aberdeen-Angus

The material on the widespread use of Holstein cattle breed in the Syrian Arab Republic to improve local breeds has been presented in the article. The analysis of the genetic equilibrium of individual loci in Syrian cattle breed Shami has been revealed a deviation from the equilibrium of four loci: TGLA227, SPS115, TGLA122 and ETH225, in Holstein breed one locus SPS115, in Aberdeen-Angus breed two loci TGLA122 and ETH225. When assessing the level of genetic consolidation, a defi ciency of heterozygotes has been noted in two of the three breeds studied: 4,8 % in Shami and 8,0 % in AberdeenAngus. In Holstein breed a slight excess of heterozygotes at the level of 0,2 % has been revealed. The calculation of the value of the fixation index (Fis) has shown an excess of heterozygotes only in the loci TGLA227, INRA23, TGLA126 and as a consequence a positive average value collectively for the studied samples of cattle at the level of 5,8 %. The average Fst at 11 loci for all breeds was 0,069, indicating that 93,1 % of all variability is due to intra-breed diversity and only 6,9 % to inter-breed differences. The analysis of animals belonging to their own breed has shown 100 % genetic consolidation and compliance of the studied individuals with their breeds. The analysis of genetic distances adjusted for small samples has revealed the smallest genetic distance between Shami and Holstein breeds 0,107. Aberdeen-Angus breed, which has a separate origin and has not been imported into the Syrian Arab Republic, is adjacent to this cluster an independent branch.

Rhodium(III)-Catalyzed Cyclopropanation of Unactivated Olefins Initiated by C–H Activation

We have developed a rhodium(III)-catalyzed cyclopropanation of unactivated olefins initiated by an alkenyl C–H activation. A variety of 1,1-disubstituted olefins undergo efficient cyclopropanation with a slight excess of alkene stoichiometry. A series of mechanistic interrogations implicate a metal carbene as an intermediate.