scholarly journals 4. On the Compressibility of Glass

1880 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 697-698 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Y. Buchanan
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Gauge ◽  
Steel Tube ◽  
Internal Diameter ◽  
Hydraulic Pressure ◽  
External Diameter ◽  
Hydraulic Pump ◽  
Actual Observation ◽  
Peculiar Form ◽  
Glass Tubes ◽  
The One

AbstractThe experiments related in this paper were undertaken with a view to determine, by actual observation, the effect produced on solids by hydraulic pressure. The instrument used consists of a hydraulic pump, which communicates with a steel receiver capable of holding instruments of considerable size, and also with a second receiver of peculiar form. This receiver consists essentially of a steel tube terminated at each end by thick glass tubes fitted tightly. It is tapped at the centre with two holes, the one to establish connection with the pump and the other to admit a pressure-gauge or manometer. The steel tube may be of any length, being limited only by the extent of laboratory accommodation at disposal. The tube which I am using at present has a length of a little over six feet and an internal diameter of about three-tenths of an inch. The solid to be experimented on must be in the form of rod or wire, and must, at the ends, at least, be sufficiently small to be able to enter the terminal glass tubes, which have a bore of 0·08 inch, and an external diameter of 0·42 inch. The length of the rod or wire is such that, when it rests in the steel tube, its ends are visible in the glass terminations.

scholarly journals XIX.—Preliminary Note on the Compressibility of Glass

1880 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 589-598
Author(s):  
J. Y. Buchanan
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Gauge ◽  
Steel Tube ◽  
Internal Diameter ◽  
Hydraulic Pressure ◽  
External Diameter ◽  
Preliminary Note ◽  
Actual Observation ◽  
Peculiar Form ◽  
Glass Tubes ◽  
The One

The following experiments were undertaken with a view to determine by actual observation the effect produced on solids by hydraulic pressure.The instrument was constructed according to my directions by Mr Milne of Milton House, about two years ago, but it is only now that I have been able to devote myself to its application to the purposes for which it was designed. It consists of a hydraulic pump, which communicates with a steel receiver capable of holding instruments of considerable size, and also with a second receiver of peculiar form. This receiver consists essentially of a steel tube, terminated at each end by thick glass tubes fitted tightly. It is tapped at the centre with two holes, the one to establish connection with the pump, and the other to admit a pressure gauge or manometer. The steel tube may be of any length, being limited only by the extent of laboratory accommodation at disposal. The tube which I am using at present has a length of a little over six feet, and an internal diameter of about three-tenths of an inch. The solid to be experimented on must be in the form of a rod or wire, and must, at the ends at least, be sufficiently small to be able to enter the terminal glass tubes, which have a bore of 0·08″ and an external diameter of 0·42″. The length of the solid is such that when it rests in the steel tube its ends are visible in the glass terminations.

scholarly journals Challenges in the Forging of Steel-Aluminum Bearing Bushings

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 803
Author(s):  
Bernd-Arno Behrens ◽  
Johanna Uhe ◽  
Tom Petersen ◽  
Christian Klose ◽  
Susanne E. Thürer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intermetallic Layer ◽  
Dissimilar Materials ◽  
Intermetallic Phases ◽  
Internal Diameter ◽  
External Diameter ◽  
Forming Process ◽  
High Deformation ◽  
Eds Analysis ◽  
Steel Aisi ◽  
Metallurgical Bond

The current study introduces a method for manufacturing steel–aluminum bearing bushings by compound forging. To study the process, cylindrical bimetal workpieces consisting of steel AISI 4820 (1.7147, 20MnCr5) in the internal diameter and aluminum 6082 (3.2315, AlSi1MgMn) in the external diameter were used. The forming of compounds consisting of dissimilar materials is challenging due to their different thermophysical and mechanical properties. The specific heating concept discussed in this article was developed in order to achieve sufficient formability for both materials simultaneously. By means of tailored heating, the bimetal workpieces were successfully formed to a bearing bushing geometry using two different strategies with different heating durations. A metallurgical bond without any forging defects, e.g., gaps and cracks, was observed in areas of high deformation. The steel–aluminum interface was subsequently examined by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). It was found that the examined forming process, which utilized steel–aluminum workpieces having no metallurgical bond prior to forming, led to the formation of insular intermetallic phases along the joining zone with a maximum thickness of approximately 5–7 µm. The results of the EDS analysis indicated a prevailing FexAly phase in the resulting intermetallic layer.

Design and Construction of Cervix Phantom for Brachytherapy Dose Assessment Procedure for Clinical Application

2017 ◽  
pp. 106-109
Author(s):  
Justice Avevor ◽  
Issahaku Shirazu ◽  
Samuel Nii Adu Tagoe ◽  
J. H. Amuasi ◽  
J. J. Fletcher
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Application ◽  
Excellent Result ◽  
Dose Assessment ◽  
Internal Diameter ◽  
Cylindrical Shape ◽  
Assessment Procedure ◽  
External Diameter ◽  
Actual Patient ◽  
Average Patient ◽  
Patient Size

An important point to consider in a brachytherapy dosimetry study is the design of an appropriate phantom size in calculations or experimental measurements. Perspex sheets of various size and thickness are used to design the cervix phantom. The aim of the study is to design and construct cervix phantom to mimic the pelvic segment of a standard adult human patients undergoing Brachytherapy. This is to allow assessment of dose to cervix and the surrounding tissues during cervix Brachytherapy. The methodology include; first phantom design where physical dimensions of the phantom were determined from a sampling of 30 patients’ cases to simulate an average patient size. Secondly, construction of phantom with fabricated cylindrical shape, composed of 6 mm Perspex sheets, and the assembly enclosed with the 4 mm Perspex sheet. The result of the constructed phantom had lateral separation of 34 cm, an anterior and posterior separation of 27 cm; with length of 33 cm. The Perspex pieces were glued to each other with Trichloromethane (chloroform) at room temperature. Chloroform dissolves the Perspex (PMMA), and when applied to the surfaces of the Perspex sheets, the surfaces stick together after the chloroform dries up. In forming the surface of the phantom, the 4 mm Perspex sheet was oven heated to a temperature of 140?C to make the sheet malleable. One end of the phantom was made thicker than the other end by gluing another 6 mm Perspex sheet such that the thickness of that particular end of the phantom was 12 mm. A hole of diameter 6.5 cm, which was a little bit posterior to the phantom, was created central to the 12 mm end of the phantom. The opening created was covered by 11 x 11 cm2 and 12 mm Perspex slab which was formed by gluing two 6 mm sheets together. A hole of diameter 5 cm was also made central to the cover created, such that the centre of this hole matches that of the hole on the end of the phantom. A 2.4 cm thick ring with internal diameter of 5 cm and external diameter of 6 cm was fabricated from 2.4 cm Perspex slab, which was formed from gluing four pieces of 6 mm Perspex sheets together. The fabricated ring was mounted on the 11 x 11 cm2 cover created such that the internal walls of the ring and that of the hole in the cover matches. The ring was then glued to the cover using the chloroform. The built phantom simulate actual patient anatomy and produce an excellent result to be use for clinical application.

scholarly journals Instruments and Methods High Pressure Coupling for Pipe in Deep Water Filled Bore Holes

1963 ◽  
Vol 4 (36) ◽  
pp. 809-812
Author(s):  
R. L. Shreve
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Water Pressure ◽  
The Other ◽  
Internal Diameter ◽  
External Diameter ◽  
Synthetic Rubber ◽  
External Water Pressure ◽  
External Water ◽  
One Year ◽  
Aluminum Pipe

AbstractIn August 1961 an aluminum pipe (3.5 cm. internal diameter, 4.2 cm. external diameter) having 92 specially modified socket couplings (5.0 cm. external diameter) sealed with a quick-polymerizing synthetic rubber was sunk 226 m. in a vertical water-filled bore hole in Blue Glacier, Washington. U.S.A. The geometry of threads and mating surfaces of pipe and coupling was designed to cause increasing external water pressure to tighten the seal. One joint at a depth of 66 m. immediately developed an extremely slow leak (probably because of faulty cleaning), but the other 91 joints apparently were sound, as the pipe was free of water to a depth of at least 157 m. when resurveyed after one year.

Switchmode Hydraulic Power Supply Theory

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianwei Cao ◽  
Linyi Gu ◽  
Feng Wang ◽  
Minxiu Qiu
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Dynamic Characteristics ◽  
Power Supply ◽  
Power Loss ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Hydraulic Pressure ◽  
Hydraulic Systems ◽  
Hydraulic Pump ◽  
Hydraulic Power ◽  
Supply Pressure

Switchmode hydraulic power supply is a new kind of energy-saving pressure converting system, which is originally proposed by the authors. It is mainly applied in multiple-actuator hydraulic systems, and installed between hydraulic pump and actuators (one switchmode hydraulic power supply for one actuator). It can provide pressure or flow rate that is adapted to the consumption of each actuator in the system by boosting or bucking the pressure, with low power loss, and conveniently, through high-speed switch valves, just like a hydraulic pressure transformer. There are two basic types of switchmode hydraulic power supply: pressure boost and pressure buck. Their structures and working principles are introduced. The dynamic characteristics of two typical types of switchmode hydraulic power supply, the pressure boost type and the pressure buck type, were analyzed through simulations and experiments. The performances were evaluated, and improvements on the efficiency of switchmode hydraulic power supply were proposed.

Non-Stoichiometric Compounds Derived From Point Defects

1994 ◽  
Author(s):  
Koji Kosuge
Keyword(s):  
Point Defects ◽  
Stoichiometric Composition ◽  
Pressure Gauge ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Phase Rule ◽  
Chemical Balance ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Oxygen Gas ◽  
Pump Pressure ◽  
The One

In this chapter, we discuss ‘classical’ non-stoichiometry derived from various kinds of point defects. To derive the phase rule, which is indispensable for the understanding of non-stoichiometry, the key points of thermodynamics are reviewed, and then the relationship between the phase rule, Gibbs’ free energy, and non-stoichiometry is discussed. The concentrations of point defects in thermal equilibrium for many types of defect structure are calculated by simple statistical thermodynamics. In Section 1.4 examples of non-stoichiometric compounds are shown referred to published papers. The technical term ‘non-stoichiometric compounds’ has been used for a long time, in contradiction to the term ‘stoichiometric compounds’. The existence of non-stoichiometric compounds, which have also been called Bertholides compounds, cannot be explained from the law of definite proportion in its simplest meaning. Proust insisted that only stoichiometric compounds (also named Daltonide compounds) existed, whereas Bertholet maintained the existence of not only stoichiometric compounds but also non-stoichiometric compounds. This is a very famous argument in the history of chemistry. In the early years of the twentieth century, Kurnakov investigated the physical and chemical properties of intermetallic compounds in detail and found that the maximum or minimum in melting point, electrical resistivity, and also in the ordering temperature of lattices does not necessarily appear at the stoichiometric composition. An important discovery of Dingman was that stoichiometric FeO1.00 is non-existent under ordinary conditions. (At present, we can synthesize stoichiometric FeO1.00 under high pressure.) Non-stoichiometry, which originates from various kinds of lattice defect, can be derived from the phase rule. As an introduction, let us consider a trial experiment to understand non-stoichiometry (this experiment is, in principle, analogous to the one described in Section 1.4.8). Figure 1.1 shows a reaction vessel equipped with a vacuum pump, pressure gauge for oxygen gas, pressure controller for oxygen gas, thermometer, and chemical balance. The temperature of the vessel is controlled by an outer-furnace and the vessel has a special window for in-situ X-ray diffraction. A quantity of metal powder is placed on the chemical balance, and then the vessel is evacuated at room temperature.

scholarly journals Experimental Research on AFRP Reinforced Recycled Steel Tube Columns Subjected to Axial Compression

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 096369351702600
Author(s):  
Min Hou ◽  
Jiangfeng Dong ◽  
Lang Li ◽  
Shucheng Yuan ◽  
Qingyuan Wang
Keyword(s):  
Carrying Capacity ◽  
Failure Modes ◽  
Basalt Fiber ◽  
Steel Tube ◽  
Recycled Aggregate Concrete ◽  
Recycled Aggregate ◽  
Load Carrying Capacity ◽  
Load Carrying ◽  
The One ◽  
Effective Use

In order to make an effective use of the recycled aggregate concrete (RAC), a total of six steel tube RAC columns and six basalt fiber (BF) reinforced RAC columns, including six columns that were externally strengthened with aramid fiber reinforced polymer (AFRP) sheets, were fabricated and tested. This were to provide a strengthening solution to upgrade the load carrying capacity, ductility and rigidity of the RAC filled steel tube columns. Besides, the recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) replacement ratios for production of RAC was analyzed. The results show that the load carrying capacity and ultimate displacements of the RAC filled ST columns could be improved greatly by adding of basalt fiber, especially for the specimens with 50% and 100% RCA replacement ratio. The similar result was also found for the specimens strengthened with AFRP reinforcement, along with the stiffness of the columns were enhanced obviously. Moreover, the highest improving on the load carrying capacity, stiffness and ultimate displacement was found in the specimens both reinforced by adding of BF and strengthening of AFRP. However, the failure modes of the specimens with BF reinforced RAC gave a higher deformability than the one with AFRP strengthening arrangement.

scholarly journals Dilatation and compressibility of liquid carbonic acid

1920 ◽  
Vol 98 (690) ◽  
pp. 170-182 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Constant Pressure ◽  
Carbonic Acid ◽  
Steel Tube ◽  
Platinum Wire ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The One ◽  
Gas Tight

In a former paper it was pointed out that, in order to determine a starting point for drawing the θ Φ , and І Φ diagrams for CO 2 , it was necessary to know the coefficient of expansion of the liquid at constant pressure. The results of a series of measurements on the dilatation and elasticity of the liquid were given (fig. 11, p. 78), but it was pointed out that the results obtained were not in agreement amongst themselves, though sufficiently accurate for the purpose for which they were needed, and it was stated that a new series of measurements were about to be made. These measurements, delayed by the war, have now been completed and are described in the following paper. The dilatometer used is shown in fig. 1. It consists of a glass burette, to contain the portion of liquid carbonic acid under examination, enclosed in a steel tube capable of withstanding the necessary pressures. The lower end of the burette dips into mercury, which separates the contents from the rest of the liquid which fills the tube. Bound the bulb of the burette a coil of fine platinum wire is wound, which serves as the “bulb” of a platinum thermometer and gives the temperature of the liquid. Inside the burette a long loop of platinum wire is stretched from the top to the bottom; the lower end of this loop is short-circuited by the mercury, so that, by measuring the resistance of the remainder, the height of the mercury in the burette (which cannot be seen inside the steel tube) may be found, and hence the volume of the charge. The connections to these two platinum wires and two additional compensating leads are carried through the vulcanite plug in the top of the steel tube and sealed gas-tight in it by means of small rubber tubes surrounding little brass buttons on the wires, which are drawn tightly into conical holes in the vulcanite. The ends of the steel tube are closed by heavy brass hexagon caps, screwed on, which make gas-tight joints on thin vulcanite washers. The vulcanite plug is supported by a steel washer. The resistances of the two platinum wires are measured with a Callendar and Griffiths bridge, the coils being connected to the bridge alternately by means of a throw-over switch. The one pair of compensating leads serves for both.

scholarly journals RENOVATION OF NMIJ'S 5 MN HYDRAULIC AMPLIFICATION TYPE FORCE STANDARD MACHINE

2013 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 1360011
Author(s):  
TOSHIYUKI HAYASHI ◽  
HIROSHI MAEJIMA ◽  
KAZUNAGA UEDA ◽  
MITSUHARU AOKITSU
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Amplification Factor ◽  
Pressure Gauge ◽  
Pressure Control ◽  
Force Transducer ◽  
Hydraulic Pressure ◽  
Programmable Logic ◽  
Pressure Control System ◽  
Type Pressure ◽  
Measurement Repeatability

The 5 MN hydraulic amplification type force standard machine was renovated by replacing its hydraulic pressure control system, measuring ram and cylinder. For re-evaluation of uncertainty of force amplification factor, diameters of the main and mearsuring rams and cylinders were re-measured. A programmable logic controller with a personal computer is used to control the weight motion and the valve actuation, to monitor various kinds of sensors output, and to record readings of a force transducer under calibration. Fluctuation of calibration force was suppressed by using a quartz-resonance type pressure gauge, and measurement repeatability was improved to some extent. However, there remains room for improvement to further stabilize the calibration force by modifying the measuring ram.

Mechanics of large and small cerebral arteries in chronic hypertension

1994 ◽  
Vol 266 (3) ◽  
pp. H1027-H1033 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Hajdu ◽  
G. L. Baumbach
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Artery ◽  
Posterior Cerebral Artery ◽  
Cerebral Arteries ◽  
Internal Diameter ◽  
Chronic Hypertension ◽  
External Diameter ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Spontaneously Hypertensive ◽  
Wistar Kyoto

The goal of this study was to investigate factors that contribute to reductions in internal diameter of large and small cerebral arteries during chronic hypertension. We measured diameter of second- and third-order branches of the posterior cerebral artery in vitro during maximal dilation with EDTA in 6-mo-old stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP, n = 7) and Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY, n = 7). Cross-sectional area of the vessel wall, measured histologically, was not significantly different at 70 mmHg in SHRSP and WKY in large or small branches of posterior cerebral artery. In large branches of posterior cerebral artery, external and internal diameters were significantly less at 70 mmHg in SHRSP than in WKY, whereas external and internal diameters converged at 0 mmHg in the two groups of rats. In small branches, on the other hand, external and internal diameters were significantly less at all levels of intravascular pressure in SHRSP than in WKY. The stress-strain relation in posterior cerebral artery of SHRSP was shifted to the left in large branches and to the right in small branches, which indicates that distensibility was reduced in large cerebral arteries of SHRSP and increased in small cerebral arteries. These findings suggest that different mechanisms are responsible for impairment of maximal dilator capacity in large and small cerebral arteries of SHRSP: reduced distensibility in large arteries and remodeling with reduced external diameter in small arteries. Furthermore the findings provide additional support for the concept that hypertrophy may not be a primary factor in impaired maximal dilation.

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