New Display Systems for the Next Generation of Civil Aircraft

1983 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 379-387
Author(s):  
Maurice Bernard
Keyword(s):  
Commercial Aircraft ◽  
Commercial Aviation ◽  
Gradual Evolution ◽  
Military Aviation ◽  
Flight Decks ◽  
History Of ◽  
Radar Information ◽  
Flight Deck ◽  
Display Systems ◽  
Technical Revolution

The history of aeronautics has been marked by a number of revolutionary breakthroughs influencing both designers and users. A major example is the advent of jet aircraft. In flight deck instrumentation the technical revolution has followed a steadier course, enabling a gradual evolution from the rudimentary instruments used on yesterday's aircraft to the sophisticated instruments used today.In this respect, the information displayed has evolved both in quantity and quality. This has gradually led to new flight deck designs such as that used in the Airbus A 300. The impression of a gradual evolution in instrument technology is due to the fact that information is often displayed in the same manner as before, i.e. using dial indicators. Today, a new revolution is taking place in commercial aircraft flight decks: the use of digital systems displaying processed data on cathode ray tube (CRT) displays.Preliminary Studies. The use of CRT in flight deck instrumentation has been under study for a number of years. Many aircraft are already fitted with CRT for specific applications such as weather radar information and computer-processed data (on display units linked with computers).The present CRT breakthrough is tending to compete with or replace conventional instruments. This tendency started in 1968–70, giving rise to a number of preliminary studies, with military aviation quickly taking the lead. Studies were also carried out in commercial aviation, for example those of the Boeing SST programme which, as is commonly known, was later cancelled.

scholarly journals Changing the Game

2008 ◽  
Vol 130 (05) ◽  
pp. 25-29
Author(s):  
Lee S. Langston
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Airline Industry ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Jet Engines ◽  
Commercial Aircraft ◽  
Commercial Aviation ◽  
Steady Growth ◽  
Military Aviation ◽  
Electrical Generation ◽  
Future Growth

This article reviews potentially radical advances in gas turbines that came in all shapes and sizes in 2007. Gas turbine production is now a $30 billion industry, one that has been dominated, except for a stretch in the late 1990s, by commercial and military aviation. In its 70-year history, the gas turbine has become one of society’s most important and versatile energy conversion, which is relatively inert. Fuel converted to power through a gas turbine is as kinetic a substance as you can find, and one that can create great wealth. In the $21.8 billion aviation market, nearly 80 percent is for commercial aircraft engines, while the dominance of electrical generation in the $10.5 billion non-aviation market is even greater. New aircraft represents advances for commercial aviation, but commercial jet engines are themselves the key to future growth of the airline industry. While the aviation market has seen steady growth over the past decade or so, the non-aviation market for gas turbines has a noticeable production spike.

Perio Millennium The journey of periodontology from then to now

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 235-240
Author(s):  
Patnaik R ◽  
Nayak A
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Oral Health ◽  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Physical Health ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Periodontal Health ◽  
Healthcare Facilities ◽  
Gradual Evolution ◽  
History Of ◽  
Physical Health Care

Since the beginning of the civilisation, humans have been in a constant process of development. Along with lifestyle, healthcare developments have also been embraced in a remarkable journey through ages. With evolving lifestyle, the survival of disease-causing pathogens has also parallelly developed by sudden mutations and gradual evolution of species for their survival, demanding an improvement in healthcare facilities which include physical, mental and social well-being. The physical health care has seen an interesting journey in terms of both systemic and oral health. While we speak of health, the contribution of periodontal health is an appreciable factor determining the health of the oral cavity. Periodontal healthcare has existed, evolved and advanced with every passing day. This manuscript aimed at reviewing the history of periodontology from its earliest evidence up to the impending future of periodontology, exploring its existence from an era of prehistoric civilisation to an era which is yet to present itself.

scholarly journals Breaking the Barriers

2012 ◽  
Vol 134 (05) ◽  
pp. 32-37
Author(s):  
Lee S. Langston
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Mechanics ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Solid Mechanics ◽  
Commercial Aircraft ◽  
Commercial Aviation ◽  
New Developments ◽  
Exhaust Heat ◽  
Turbine Component ◽  
Made In

This article explores the new developments in the field of gas turbines and the recent progress that has been made in the industry. The gas turbine industry has had its ups and downs over the past 20 years, but the production of engines for commercial aircraft has become the source for most of its growth of late. Pratt & Whitney’s recent introduction of its new geared turbofan engine is an example of the primacy of engine technology in aviation. Many advances in commercial aviation gas turbine technology are first developed under military contracts, since jet fighters push their engines to the limit. Distributed generation and cogeneration, where the exhaust heat is used directly, are other frontiers for gas turbines. Work in fluid mechanics, heat transfer, and solid mechanics has led to continued advances in compressor and turbine component performance and life. In addition, gas turbine combustion is constantly being improved through chemical and fluid mechanics research.

scholarly journals A história por trás da foto

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Luiz Felipe B. de Barros
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Air Transportation ◽  
Porto Alegre ◽  
German Culture ◽  
Commercial Aviation ◽  
History Of ◽  
First World

Este artigo, intitulado “A história por trás da foto”, tem por objetivo resgatar uma passagem singular e esquecida da aviação comercial brasileira, especialmente nas décadas de 1930 e 1940. Utiliza-se o método monográfico e bibliográfico para, a partir da análise detalhada de uma fotografia sem qualquer relevância, descortinar e revelar a forte influência germânica na América do Sul. Mostra-se os reflexos da cultura germânica, principalmente no modal aéreo, bem como as particularidades das relações Brasil-Alemanha-Brasil após a Primeira Guerra Mundial.********************************************************************A story behind the photoAbstract: This article, entitled “The story behind the photo”, aims to examine a unique and forgotten period from Brazilian commercial aviation, principally from the decades of the 1930s and 1940s. The monographic and bibliographic method attempts, from a detailed analysis of the photograph, to discover and reveal the strong Germanic influence in South America. It shows the effects of the German culture, especially on air transportation, as well as the characteristics of the Brazil-Germany-Brazil relationship after the First World War.Keywords: History of Aviation; Photography; Aircraft; Porto Alegre

Mosul Four and Iran Six

2018 ◽  
pp. 284-293
Author(s):  
Alex Mills
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
International Law ◽  
Security Council ◽  
Private International Law ◽  
Commercial Aircraft ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
State Immunity ◽  
House Of Lords ◽  
Un Security Council ◽  
History Of

This chapter explores the practical entanglement of questions of public and private international law through an examination of the history of ten commercial aircraft belonging to Kuwait Airways Corporation. The aircraft were seized by Iraq after the unlawful 1990 invasion of Kuwait, flown to Baghdad, and handed over to Iraqi Airways. Proceedings seeking return of the aircraft and damages were commenced by Kuwait Airways against Iraqi Airways in the English courts, a further saga which led to more than thirty reported cases, including a remarkable five decisions of the House of Lords. The dispute raised a range of issues, including questions of jurisdiction, state immunity, and perhaps most significantly the potential for public international law to be given effect through domestic private law proceedings, in this case as a source of public policy denying effect to acts of Iraqi law which were contrary to UN Security Council resolutions.

Absence of Pilot Monitoring Affects Scanning Behavior of Pilot Flying: Implications for the Design of Single-Pilot Cockpits

2020 ◽  
pp. 001872082093969
Author(s):  
Anja K. Faulhaber ◽  
Maik Friedrich ◽  
Tatjana Kapol
Keyword(s):  
Technological Progress ◽  
External View ◽  
Commercial Aviation ◽  
Time Scanning ◽  
Flight Decks ◽  
Fixed Base ◽  
High Workload ◽  
Continuous Scanning ◽  
Flight Parameters ◽  
Scanning Behavior

Objective This study examines whether the pilot flying’s (PF) scanning behavior is affected by the absence of the pilot monitoring (PM) and aims at deriving implications for the design of single-pilot cockpits for commercial aviation. Background Due to technological progress, a crew reduction from two-crew to single-pilot operations (SPO) might be feasible. This requires a redesign of the cockpit to support the pilot adequately, especially during high workload phases such as approach and landing. In these phases, the continuous scanning of flight parameters is of particular importance. Method Experienced pilots flew various approach and landing scenarios with or without the support of the PM in a fixed-base Airbus A320 simulator. A within-subject design was used and eye-tracking data were collected to analyze scanning behavior. Results The results confirm that the absence of the PM affects the PF’s scanning behavior. Participants spent significantly more time scanning secondary instruments at the expense of primary instruments when flying alone. Moreover, the frequency of transitions between the cockpit instruments and the external view increased while mean dwell durations on the external view decreased. Conclusion The findings suggest that the PM supports the PF to achieve efficient scanning behavior. Information should be presented differently in commercial SPO to compensate for the PM’s absence and to avoid visual overload. Application This research will help inform the design of commercial SPO flight decks providing adequate support for the pilot particularly in terms of efficient scanning behavior.

Visual and auditory feedback to improve touchscreen usability in turbulence

2017 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-93
Author(s):  
Yuzhi Wan ◽  
Julie C. Prinet ◽  
Nadine Sarter
Keyword(s):  
Error Detection ◽  
Auditory Feedback ◽  
Completion Time ◽  
Text Entry ◽  
Mobile Environments ◽  
Military Aircraft ◽  
Flight Decks ◽  
Performance Effects ◽  
Flight Deck ◽  
Completion Times

Touchscreens are being introduced to various mobile environments that are, at times, affected by vibrations and turbulence, such as modern car cockpits or flight decks of commercial and military aircraft. To assess and enhance the usability of touchscreens in these domains, this experiment examined the performance effects of turbulence on two flight-related tasks and the effectiveness of visual and auditory feedback for supporting error detection, fast completion times and multitasking. Nineteen pilots performed a flight plan entry and a checklist task in calm and turbulent conditions during manual flight and on autopilot. Results show that unaided performance suffers greatly in turbulence, both in terms of the number of errors and completion time. However, visual and auditory feedback both helped reduce these performance costs by improving error detection and multitasking. Participants preferred auditory feedback for text entry during manual flight and in turbulence. The findings from this study can inform the design and evaluation of touch screens for mobile environments, such as the flight deck, ambulances and surveillance operations.

Future Aero-Engines’ Optimisation for Minimal Operating Costs

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Colmenares ◽  
Daniele Pascovici ◽  
Stephen Ogaji ◽  
Pericles Pilidis ◽  
Alexander Garci´a ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Awareness ◽  
Operating Cost ◽  
Design Tool ◽  
Commercial Aircraft ◽  
Commercial Aviation ◽  
Passenger Traffic ◽  
Direct Operating Cost ◽  
Promising Solution ◽  
Aero Engines ◽  
Bypass Ratio

While aircraft environmental performance has been important since the beginnings of commercial aviation, continuously increasing passenger traffic and a rise in public awareness have made aircraft noise and emissions two of the most pressing issues hampering commercial aviation growth today. The focus of this study is to determine the feasibility of vey-high bypass ratio, geared and contra-rotating aero engines (see figures 2–4) for short range commercial aircraft in terms of economics and environment. This involves optimising the engines’ design point to minimise the direct operating cost and evaluating the economic and environmental impact. The results present a great potential benefit of the geared turbofan compared to high BPR one (baseline) to reduce DOC; however this may involve NOx penalties, that is an increase of 11.6% in comparison to the baseline. The CRTF engine seems to be, at least according to the simulations, a very promising solution in terms of environmental and economical performance. This is one on the series of work that would be carried out using the design tool proposed. Further work on the assessment of more radical turbofans at different economical and environmental scenarios would be published when completed.

The Science, Technology, and Implementation of TiAl Alloys in Commercial Aircraft Engines

2013 ◽  
Vol 1516 ◽  
pp. 49-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. P. Bewlay ◽  
M. Weimer ◽  
T. Kelly ◽  
A. Suzuki ◽  
P.R. Subramanian
Keyword(s):  
Titanium Aluminide ◽  
Turbine Blades ◽  
Aircraft Engine ◽  
Low Pressure ◽  
Major Advance ◽  
Commercial Aircraft ◽  
Tial Alloys ◽  
Low Pressure Turbine ◽  
Titanium Aluminide Alloy ◽  
History Of

ABSTRACTThe present article will describe the science and technology of titanium aluminide (TiAl) alloys and the engineering development of TiAl for commercial aircraft engine applications. The GEnxTM engine is the first commercial aircraft engine that is flying titanium aluminide (alloy 4822) blades and it represents a major advance in propulsion efficiency, realizing a 20% reduction in fuel consumption, a 50% reduction in noise, and an 80% reduction in NOx emissions compared with prior engines in its class. The GEnxTM uses the latest materials and design processes to reduce weight, improve performance, and reduce maintenance costs.GE’s TiAl low-pressure turbine blade production status will be discussed along with the history of implementation. In 2006, GE began to explore near net shape casting as an alternative to the initial overstock conventional gravity casting plus machining approach. To date, more than 40,000 TiAl low-pressure turbine blades have been manufactured for the GEnxTM 1B (Boeing 787) and the GEnxTM 2B (Boeing 747-8) applications. The implementation of TiAl in other GE and non-GE engines will also be discussed.

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