Correlation of Vaginal Smears and Surface Structure in the Normal Estrous Cycle of Rats

1985 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 654-655
Author(s):  
Kaufmann Robert C. ◽  
Khosho Francis K. ◽  
Amankwah Kofi S.
Keyword(s):  
Surface Structure ◽  
Estrous Cycle ◽  
Adult Female ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Vaginal Smear ◽  
Vaginal Smears ◽  
Ultrastructural Studies ◽  
Ultrastructural Findings

Few studies regarding the normal estrous cycle of rats exist in the literature. Only the estrous and diestrous portions of the cycle have been studied in any detail in the spontaneous cycle of the rat. Ultrastructural studies of proestrous have been limited to artificially induced cycles. These artificially induced cycles have been unable to account for all the findings on vaginal smears seen in spontaneous cycles. In this study, vaginal smear findings were correlated to surface ultrastructural findings in the four main phases of spontaneous ovulatory cycles in rats.Adult female rats of the Sprague-Dawely strain were used and sacrificed during different phases of their cycles. Daily vaginal smears (8-11 a.m.) of at least two consecutive cycles were used to determine the phase of the normal estrous cycle for each rat.

Activities of the pituitary–adrenal and gonadal axes during the estrous cycle in adult female rats prenatally exposed to morphine

2001 ◽  
Vol 902 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabelle Dutriez-Casteloot ◽  
Valérie Montel ◽  
Dominique Croix ◽  
Christine Laborie ◽  
Gilles Van Camp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Estrous Cycle ◽  
Adult Female ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Prenatally Exposed

scholarly journals Determination of the estrous cycle phases of rats: some helpful considerations

2002 ◽  
Vol 62 (4a) ◽  
pp. 609-614 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. K. MARCONDES ◽  
F. J. BIANCHI ◽  
A. P. TANNO
Keyword(s):  
Estrous Cycle ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Short Length ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Cycle Phase ◽  
Objective Lens ◽  
Vaginal Smear ◽  
Vaginal Secretion ◽  
Cellular Types

The short length of the estrous cycle of rats makes them ideal for investigation of changes occurring during the reproductive cycle. The estrous cycle lasts four days and is characterized as: proestrus, estrus, metestrus and diestrus, which may be determined according to the cell types observed in the vaginal smear. Since the collection of vaginal secretion and the use of stained material generally takes some time, the aim of the present work was to provide researchers with some helpful considerations about the determination of the rat estrous cycle phases in a fast and practical way. Vaginal secretion of thirty female rats was collected every morning during a month and unstained native material was observed using the microscope without the aid of the condenser lens. Using the 10 x objective lens, it was easier to analyze the proportion among the three cellular types, which are present in the vaginal smear. Using the 40 x objective lens, it is easier to recognize each one of these cellular types. The collection of vaginal lavage from the animals, the observation of the material, in the microscope, and the determination of the estrous cycle phase of all the thirty female rats took 15-20 minutes.

ASSESSMENT OF OVARIAN SECRETION OF OESTROGEN DURING THE OESTROUS CYCLE BY THE USE OF BIOLOGICAL CRITERIA

1968 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 281-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
AYALLA BARNEA ◽  
T. GERSHONOWITZ ◽  
M. C. SHELESNYAK
Keyword(s):  
Adult Female ◽  
Oestrous Cycle ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Vaginal Smear ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Biological Criteria

SUMMARY Adult female rats were ovariectomized at various stages of the oestrous cycle; configuration of the vaginal smear and uterine wet weights were determined at various time-intervals after operation. The results suggested that oestrogen secretion is lowest at oestrus and metoestrus, increases gradually during dioestrus, and continues until the evening of pro-oestrus; progesterone is secreted on the afternoon and evening of pro-oestrus.

scholarly journals Disruption of Ovarian Utilisation of Proteins by Tetrapleuratetraptera Fruit Extract Impairs Estrous Cycle and Ovarian Functions in Female Rats

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Ologhaguo Macstephen Adienbo ◽  
Ogechi Stephanie Ezeala
Keyword(s):  
Superoxide Dismutase ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Estrous Cycle ◽  
Cycle Length ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Total Protein Content ◽  
Vaginal Smear ◽  
Fruit Extract ◽  
Sod Activity ◽  
Microscopic Evaluation

Aim: Reports that some phytochemicals interfere with reproductive functions, in both humans and animals necessitated this study which is aimed at determining the effects of fruit extract of Tetrapleuratetrapteraon oestrous cycle and ovarian functions in females. Methods: Adult female wistar rats weighing 160-180 g with regular 4-5 days oestrus cycle were selected into 4 groups of 6 animals each. Group 1 (control) administered 1ml distilled water; groups II, III and IV were daily treated with the extract at doses 75 mg/kg, 150mg/kg and 300 mg/kg body weight respectively, orally for 21 days. Microscopic evaluation of vaginal smear was done daily to determine the various stages of the estrous cycle, their duration, as well as the estrous cycle length. After 24 hours of last administration, each rat was weighed, sacrificed, and right ovary was homogenised and the homogenate used for analyses of total protein content, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration, according to standard protocols. Results: There was significant (P < 0.05) increase in duration of diestrus phase and estrous cycle length in all the extract-treated groups, compared to control animals. Also, there was relative reductions in the duration for proestrus (p<0.05), estrus (p<0.05) and metestrus (p<0) phases of the cycle, with a relative increase in duration for diestrus phase (p<0.05) in animals treated with 150 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg body weight respectively. In addition, a significant (P < 0.05) increase was observed in ovarian Protein, and Superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme activity; as well as significant (P < 0.05) reduction in malondialdehyde (MDA) level and in weight gain in the test animals, compared to the control. Conclusion:Tetrapleuratetrapterafruit extract disrupts ovarian utilisation of proteins in the ovaries, thereby impairing oestrous cyclicity, and body weight. These could result to infertility.

THE EFFECT OF NORETHYNODREL ON THE OVARIES AND PITUITARY GLAND OF ADULT FEMALE RATS

1962 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 497-515 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. HOLMES ◽  
ANITA M. MANDL
Keyword(s):  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Dose Level ◽  
Adult Female ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Prolonged Treatment ◽  
Corpora Lutea ◽  
Variable Degree ◽  
Vaginal Smears ◽  
Stages Of Development

SUMMARY Prolonged treatment with norethynodrel at a dose level sufficient to cause sterility did not consistently lead to blocking of ovulation. The ovaries of some of the animals were devoid of corpora lutea, while those of others contained variable numbers at different stages of development and regression. None of the treated animals, however, possessed as many corpora lutea as did their oil-injected controls. The treatment also induced a variable degree of follicular inhibition. Typical and regular oestrous cycles were abolished. The incidence of corpora lutea formed during the period of injection was slightly greater in animals housed with males than in those kept isolated. Although coitus was not followed by a period of pseudopregnancy, as judged by vaginal smears, most of the mated animals possessed corpora lutea resembling those of pseudopregnancy. The pituitary gland of the norethynodrel-treated animals was heavier than that of their controls, due largely to an increase in the volume of tissue occupied by chromophobe cells. The proportion of basophil cells was lower, while that of eosinophil cells remained unchanged.

CIRCADIAN RHYTHM OF PLASMA CORTICOSTEROID IN ADULT FEMALE RATS: CHRONOLOGICAL SHIFTS IN ABNORMAL LIGHTING REGIMENS AND CONNECTION WITH OESTROUS CYCLE

1975 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 527-541 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasuhiko Morimoto ◽  
Tatsuo Oishi ◽  
Kazutaka Arisue ◽  
Zensuke Ogawa ◽  
Fumiko Tanaka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Rhythm ◽  
Adult Female ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Constant Light ◽  
Constant Darkness ◽  
Vaginal Smear ◽  
Free Running ◽  
Normal Light ◽  
Lighting Regimen ◽  
Day By Day

ABSTRACT The circadian rhythm of plasma corticosteroid (CS) levels in adult female rats was studied chronologically under the following conditions: normal light-dark (LD), inverted light-dark (DL), constant dark (DD) and constant light (LL). Animals were accustomed to LD condition for 7 days before exposure to each abnormal lighting regimen. Normal circadian rhythm established under LD condition was clearly inverted on the third day of DL regimen, and the inverted rhythm persisted thereafter under DL condition. The circadian CS rhythm persisted essentially unchanged throughout DD condition, but lost its regular periodicity showing "free running" and changed day by day under LL condition. The average CS levels over a 24 h period were higher under LL than under DD condition. Plasma CS levels in each lighting regimen exhibited diurnal variations regardless of the vaginal smear patterns of autopsied animals. Exposure of rats to LL for 21 days made the circadian CS rhythm flat, but induced persistent oestrus in only a few animals. The data suggest that (1) an unexpectedly rapid inversion of the circadian CS rhythm occurs if animals are exposed to inverted light-dark environment; (2) constant darkness seems to be a near-natural environment for rats, and changes little of the pre-established circadian CS rhythm; (3) constant light, on the contrary, is assumed to be a stress for rats, and disrupts the circadian CS rhythm and elevates CS levels; (4) the change in circadian CS rhythm in adult female rats is not mediated by a change in gonadal function and the two conditions may not be connected directly with each other.

scholarly journals Effect of Methamphetamine on Cognitive Functions of Adult Female Rats Prenatally Exposed to the Same Drug

2013 ◽  
pp. S89-S98 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. MACÚCHOVÁ ◽  
K. NOHEJLOVÁ-DEYKUN ◽  
R. ŠLAMBEROVÁ
Keyword(s):  
Estrous Cycle ◽  
Prenatal Exposure ◽  
Adult Female ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Saline Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Prenatally Exposed ◽  
Place Navigation ◽  
Navigation Test

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of prenatal methamphetamine (MA) exposure and application of the same drug in adulthood on cognitive functions of adult female rats. Animals were prenatally exposed to MA (5 mg/kg) or saline (control group). The cognitive function was tested as ability of spatial learning in the Morris Water Maze (MWM). Each day of the experiment animals received an injection of MA (1 mg/kg) or saline. Our results demonstrated that prenatal MA exposure did not affect the latency to reach the hidden platform or the distance traveled during the Place Navigation Test; however, the speed of swimming was increased in prenatally MA-exposed rats compared to controls regardless of the treatment in adulthood. MA treatment in adulthood increased the latency and distance when compared to controls regardless of the prenatal exposure. Neither prenatal exposure, nor treatment in adulthood affected memory retrieval. As far as the estrous cycle is concerned, our results showed that prenatally MA-exposed females in proestrus/estrus swam faster than females in diestrus. This effect of estrous cycle was not apparent in control females. In conclusion, our results indicate that postnatal, but not prenatal exposure to MA affects learning of adult female rats.

Sexual dimorphism of the intracellular heat shock protein 72 response

2006 ◽  
Vol 101 (2) ◽  
pp. 566-575 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Nickerson ◽  
S. L. Kennedy ◽  
J. D. Johnson ◽  
M. Fleshner
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Heat Shock ◽  
Heat Shock Protein ◽  
Estrous Cycle ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Vaginal Smear ◽  
Mesenteric Lymph Nodes ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Impact

The majority of previous work examining stress responses has been done in males. Recently, it has become clear that the impact of stressor exposure is modulated by sex. One stress response that may be affected by sex is the induction of intracellular heat shock protein (HSP) 72, which is a stress- responsive molecular chaperone that refolds denatured proteins and promotes cellular survival. The following study compared HSP72 in males and females and also examined whether the estrous cycle altered HSP72 induction in females. We hypothesized that females compared with males would have a constrained HSP72 response after an acute stressor and that the stress-induced HSP72 response in females would fluctuate with the estrous cycle. Male and female F344 rats were either left in their home cage or exposed to acute tail-shock stress (8–10/group). Immediately following stressor, trunk blood was collected and tissues were flash frozen. Vaginal smear and estrogen enzyme immunoassay were used to categorize the phase of estrous. Results show that female rats had a greater corticosterone response than males, that both males and females exhibit a stress-induced release of progesterone, and that males and females had equal levels of stress-induced circulating norepinephrine. Sexual dimorphism of the HSP72 (ELISA) response existed in pituitary gland, mesenteric lymph nodes, and liver such that female rats had an attenuated HSP72 response compared with males after stress. The adrenal glands, spleen, and heart did not exhibit sexual dimorphism of the HSP72 response. The estrous cycle did not have a significant effect on basal or stress-induced HSP72 in females.

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