Measurement of Psychological Hardiness in Older Adults

ABSTRACTFindings are presented on the psychometric properties of a short psychological hardiness measure using subjects predominantly aged over 60 years. The sample of 223 participants was administered the hardiness questionnaire and other instruments twice, with a one-year test-retest interval. First-order factor analysis yielded three factors termed challenge, control, and commitment. Second-order factor analysis revealed a single main factor of general hardiness on which all the first-order components loaded highly. Both internal consistency and test-retest forms of reliability were in the range 0.6 to 0.7. Concurrent validity was illustrated by significant correlations between hardiness and measures of happiness and adjustment.

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The Countryside Image: An Investigation of Structure and Meaning

Environment and Planning A Economy and Space ◽

10.1068/a090739 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 9 (7) ◽

pp. 739-749 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

C J Palmer ◽

M E Robinson ◽

R W Thomas

Keyword(s):

Factor Analysis ◽

Basic Structure ◽

Semantic Differential ◽

Second Order ◽

First Order ◽

Verbal Representation ◽

Order Factor ◽

Realistic Appraisal ◽

Second Order Factor Analysis

Images of places in the countryside are structured along a number of dimensions corresponding to the attributes perceived in a place. A suitably constructed semantic differential measures the verbal representation of such images. A factor analysis identifies the dimensions, and an oblique solution gives a realistic appraisal of the structure. A second-order factor analysis reveals the nature of the basic structure underlying the images of differing countryside places. It appears that the structure is composed of three composite dimensions (second-order factors) which subsume the initial dimensions (first-order factors) of the image.

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The conceptualisation and measurement of combat readiness for peace-support operations – an exploratory study

SA Journal of Industrial Psychology ◽

10.4102/sajip.v33i3.398 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 33 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Piet C Bester ◽

Karel J Stanz

Keyword(s):

Factor Analysis ◽

South African ◽

Item Analysis ◽

Measurement Instrument ◽

First Order ◽

Two Factors ◽

Order Factor ◽

National Defence ◽

Second Order Factor Analysis ◽

Combat Readiness

The aim of this study was to conceptualise combat readiness and to construct a normative measurement instrument for use within the context of peace-support operations. The Peace-Support Operations Questionnaire (PSOQ) was developed comprising of three types of items, namely an associated component, a disassociated component, and certain generic items applicable to both components. The sample comprised 461 soldiers of the South African National Defence Force. A second-order factor analysis on the 15 sub-scores of the first-order factor analysis yielded two factors. These factors were interpreted as Military Climate and Discipline. The two factors were subjected to an item analysis and yielded reliability coefficients of 0,987 and 0,791. The implications of these findings are discussed.

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A Second-Order Factor Analysis Model for Measuring Tourists' Overall Image of Algarve, Portugal

Tourism Economics ◽

10.5367/000000005775108773 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 539-554 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

António Luís Silvestre ◽

Antónia Correia

Keyword(s):

Factor Analysis ◽

Important Determinant ◽

Second Order ◽

The Sun ◽

Analysis Model ◽

Factor Analysis Model ◽

Convenience Sample ◽

First Order ◽

Order Factor ◽

Second Order Factor Analysis

Algarve is a tourism region in the south of Portugal. This paper develops and empirically validates a second-order factor analysis model to assess the overall image of Algarve held by tourists who visit it. The data are based on the opinions of a random convenience sample of tourists taken at Faro Airport. It is found that the observable variables define three first-order factors – that is, three image factors – and these are used as indicators of a unique second-order factor, which is the overall image held by tourists to Algarve. The main conclusion of the paper is that the ‘sun and sand’ factor is the most important determinant of tourists' overall image of the region.

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Validity of the Quality of School Life Scale: A Primary and Second-Order Factor Analysis

Educational and Psychological Measurement ◽

10.1177/0013164493053001016 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 53 (1) ◽

pp. 145-153 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

William L. Johnson ◽

Annabel M. Johnson

Keyword(s):

Factor Analysis ◽

Second Order ◽

School Life ◽

Quality Of School Life ◽

Life Scale ◽

Order Factor ◽

Second Order Factor Analysis

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Underlying Common Factors of Adolescent Problem Behaviors

Criminal Justice and Behavior ◽

10.1177/0093854802029002003 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 29 (2) ◽

pp. 161-182 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Lening Zhang ◽

John W. Welte ◽

William F. Wieczorek

Keyword(s):

Problem Behaviors ◽

Latent Variable ◽

Factor Model ◽

Common Factor ◽

Measurement Model ◽

First Order ◽

Adolescent Problem Behaviors ◽

The Common ◽

Order Factor ◽

Second Order Factor Analysis

The Buffalo Longitudinal Study of Young Men was used to address the possibility of a common factor underlying adolescent problem behaviors. First, a measurement model with a single first-order factor was compared to a model with three separate correlated first-order factors. The three-factor model was better supported, making it logical to conduct a second-order factor analysis, which confirmed the logic. Second, a substantive model was estimated in each of two waves with psychopathic state as the common factor predicting drinking, drug use, and delinquency. Psychopathic state was stable across waves. The theory that a single latent variable accounts for large covariance among adolescent problem behaviors was supported.

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Itemformaat, differensiële itemskeefheid en die faktorstruktuur van 'n selfvoltooïngsvraelys

SA Journal of Industrial Psychology ◽

10.4102/sajip.v25i2.677 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 25 (2) ◽

Author(s):

C. Swart ◽

G. Roodt ◽

J. M. Schepers

Keyword(s):

Factor Analysis ◽

Random Sample ◽

Financial Institution ◽

Test Construction ◽

Second Order ◽

Order Factor ◽

The Empirical Analysis ◽

Existing Data ◽

Second Order Factor Analysis

The purpose of this study was twofold: Firstly an existing Workvalues questionnaire was evaluated against criteria for test construction; and secondly the role of differential item skewness in the grouping of second order factors, within this Workvalues questionnaire, was empirically investigated. The existing data of the Workvalues questionnaire, consisting of 110 items on a random sample of 8000 respondents, within a financial institution, was used for the empirical analysis. A first- and second order factor analysis was done on the items of the 2099 completed quiestionnaires. Three clearly differentiated second order factors with seemingly acceptable internal consistencies were identified. The results indicated that the items of the first second order factor, grouped together on the base of differential skewness. The items of the second and third scale were less skew and could be interpreted. Opsomming Die doel van hierdie studie was tweeledig: Eerstens is 'n bestaande Werkwaardesvraelys teenoor kriteria vir toetskonstruksie geevalueer; en tweedens is die rol van differensiele itemskeefheid in die groepering van tweedeordefaktore van hierdie Werkwaardesvraelys empiries ondersoek. Die bestaande datastel van die Werkwaardesvraelys se 110 items, op 'n ewekansige steekproef van 8000 respondente in 'n finansiele instelling, is vir die empiriese ontleding gebruik. 'n Eerste- en tweedeordefaktorontleding is ten opsigte van die items van 2099 voltooide vraelyste uitgevoer en drie duidelik gedifferensieerde tweedeordefaktore met öenskynlike, aanneemlike interne konstanthede het na vore gekom. Resultate dui daarop dat items van die eerste tweedeordefaktor gegroepeer het op grond van differensiële skeefheid. Die items van die tweede en derde skaal was minder skeef en kon vertolk word.

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ATTITUDINAL AND BEHAVIORAL CORRELATES OF VOLUNTARY SIMPLICITY LIFESTYLES

Social Behavior and Personality An International Journal ◽

10.2224/sbp.1997.25.3.233 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 25 (3) ◽

pp. 233-240 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

Osamu Iwata

Keyword(s):

Factor Analysis ◽

Second Order ◽

Voluntary Simplicity ◽

Behavioral Correlates ◽

Self Sufficiency ◽

Order Factor ◽

And Behavior ◽

Attitudes And Behavior ◽

Second Order Factor Analysis

Questionnaires containing 20 statements of voluntary simplicity lifestyles and 23 statements of selected attitudes and behavior related to these lifestyles were administered to 135 undergraduates. The subjects were required to rate the degree of agreement or disagreement with the statement on 5-point scales. Three unrotated factors were obtained by factor analysis. According to second-order factor analysis, voluntary simplicity lifestyles, cautious attitudes in shopping and acceptance of self-sufficiency had significant loadings on the first factor. Significant correlations between these dimensions and the selected attitudes and behavior substantially supported the validity of the scale of voluntary simplicity lifestyles.

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