Recombinant Bivalent Live Vectored Vaccine Against Classical Swine Fever and HP-PRRS Revealed Adequate Heterogeneous Protection Against NADC30-Like Strain

The recombinant bivalent live vectored vaccine rPRRSV-E2 has been proved to be a favorable genetic engineering vaccine against classical swine fever (CSF) and highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (HP-PRRS). NADC30-like strains have recently emerged in China and caused severe disease, and it is necessary to evaluate the vaccine candidate for the currently circulating viruses. This study established a good challenge model to evaluate the candidate rPRRSV-E2 vaccine in preventing infection with a representative NADC30-like strain (ZJqz21). It was shown that the challenge control piglets displayed clinical signs typical of PRRSV, including a persistent fever, dyspnea, moderate interstitial pneumonia, lymph node congestion, and viremia. In contrast, the rPRRSV-E2 vaccination significantly alleviated the clinical signs, yielded a high level of antibodies, provided adequate protection against challenge with ZJqz21, and inhibited viral shedding and the viral load in target tissues. Our results demonstrated that the recombinant bivalent live vectored vaccine strain rPRRSV-E2 can provide efficient protection against the challenge of heterologous circulating NADC30-like strain and could be a promising vaccine candidate for the swine industry.

Validation of Korean Version of the Hardiness Resilience Gauge

Hardiness and resilience are known as internal traits that buffer the negative effects of stress and play important roles in individuals’ well-being and psychological sustainability. This study aimed to validate the Korean version of the hardiness resilience gauge (HRG Korean). Reliability and validity were analyzed using data obtained from 389 Korean adults. Confirmatory factor analysis with three factors (challenge, control, and commitment) for the HRG Korean showed acceptable model fit, with satisfactory RMSEA and SRMR indices, allowing for some covariance in error terms. Cronbach’s α for challenge, control, commitment subscales, and the total HRG Korean were 0.84, 0.74, 0.86, and 0.92, respectively. Analyses of the concurrent validity revealed that the total score of the HRG Korean was closely correlated with the scores of the KHD-SF and MR-KA, which measure hardiness and resilience in Korea, respectively. In addition, the HRG Korean was relatively strongly correlated with life satisfaction and subjective happiness. These findings suggest that the HRG is a valid instrument for measuring Koreans’ hardiness and resilience to promote their well-being and sustainability.

The Hardiness Profile of Islamic Boarding School Student in Indonesian

The primary goal of this study is to evaluate the hardiness profile of students in Islamic boarding schools and determine whether or not hardiness has a practical impact on students through Islamic boarding schools, with the top indicators being challenge, control, and commitment. Every shift brings with it a new set of challenges, which can be challenging to adjust to. This research employs quantitative methods to demonstrate this. For the 2020/2021 academic year, student boarding school students in Jakarta served as the study's subject population. As a result, 76 participants were chosen at random using a purposive selection method. It is possible to get data using the santri hardiness instrument as the method of gathering information. The hypothetical mean approach is utilized in this study to determine the optimal score, the minimal score, the standard deviation, and the theoretical mean. The score range is obtained in order to determine the category, which will be as follows: X 129.3 indicates a high category, 103.7 129.3 indicates a medium category, and X 103.7 indicates a low category. It is possible to conclude from these estimates that the hardiness profile of boarding school kids falls into the middle category. The result is that most students have attitudes and skills that are not yet optimal for coping with life difficulties in Islamic boarding schools.

Immunogenicity of an Inactivated Novel Duck Parvovirus Vaccine for Short Beak and Dwarf Syndrome in Cherry Valley Ducks

Duck short beak and dwarf syndrome (SBDS) is a viral infectious disease caused by novel duck parvovirus (NDPV). It has brought serious economic losses to the Chinese duck industry in recent years. Currently, there exists no effective vaccine against this disease. In this study, we developed an inactivated virus vaccine based on NDPV-DS15 for SBDS. Immune efficacy was evaluated in 112 ducks, which were randomly divided into vaccination, challenge control, vaccination-challenge, and blank control groups (n = 28 each). Clinical characteristics, antibodies, viral excretion, viremia, and pathological changes were monitored and analyzed. No morbidity or death was observed in the immunized ducks, which showed normal weight and good mental state. High levels of serum antibodies (OD450 nm: ~0.63) were detected in ducks immunized with inactivated vaccine at 7 days post-vaccination (dpv), and the amount of virus neutralizing antibodies increased from 1:23 to 1:28.5 from 7 dpv to 42 dpv. The anal swab, serum, and tissue viral load tests showed that vaccination could significantly inhibit the replication of NDPV in immunized ducks. Moreover, NDPV could not be isolated from the spleens of immunized or vaccination-challenged ducks. Our results show that the developed inactivated NDPV vaccine, administered in an oil emulsion adjuvant, possesses good immunogenicity and represents a potentially powerful tool for SBDS prevention and control.

Efficacy of Two Chlamydia abortus Subcellular Vaccines in a Pregnant Ewe Challenge Model for Ovine Enzootic Abortion

Chlamydia abortus, the aetiological agent of enzootic abortion of ewes, is a major cause of reproductive loss in small ruminants worldwide, accounting for significant economic losses to the farming industry. Disease can be managed through the use of commercial inactivated or live whole organism-based vaccines, although both have limitations particularly in terms of efficacy, safety and disease-associated outbreaks. Here we report a comparison of two experimental vaccines (chlamydial outer membrane complex (COMC) and octyl glucoside (OG)-COMC) based on detergent extracted outer membrane preparations of C. abortus and delivered as prime-boost immunisations, with the commercial live vaccine Cevac® Chlamydia in a pregnant sheep challenge model. No abortions occurred in either experimental vaccine group, while a single abortion occurred in the commercial vaccine group. Bacterial shedding, as a measure of potential risk of transmission of infection to naïve animals, was lowest in the COMC vaccinated group, with reductions of 87.5%, 86.4% and 74% observed for the COMC, OG-COMC and live commercial vaccine groups, respectively, compared to the unvaccinated challenge control group. The results show that the COMC vaccine performed the best and is a safer efficacious alternative to the commercial vaccines. However, to improve commercial viability, future studies should optimise the antigen dose and number of inoculations required.

ChAdOx1 NiV vaccination protects against lethal Nipah Bangladesh virus infection in African green monkeys

Nipah virus (NiV) is a highly pathogenic and re-emerging virus which causes sporadic but severe infections in humans. Currently, no vaccines against NiV have been approved. We previously showed that ChAdOx1 NiV provides full protection against a lethal challenge with NiV Bangladesh (NiV-B) in hamsters. Here, we investigated the efficacy of ChAdOx1 NiV in the lethal African green monkeys (AGMs) NiV challenge model. AGMs were vaccinated either 4 weeks before challenge (prime vaccination), or 8 and 4 weeks before challenge with ChAdOx1 NiV (prime-boost vaccination). A robust humoral and cellular response was detected starting 14 days post initial vaccination. Upon challenge, control animals displayed a variety of signs and had to be euthanized between 5- and 7-days post inoculation. In contrast, vaccinated animals showed no signs of disease, and we were unable to detect infectious virus in all but one swab and all tissues. Importantly, no to limited antibodies against fusion protein or nucleoprotein IgG could be detected 42 days post challenge, suggesting that vaccination induced a very robust protective immune response preventing extensive virus replication.

Curcumin reduces enteric isoprostane 8-iso-PGF2α and prostaglandin GF2α in specific pathogen-free Leghorn chickens challenged with Eimeria maxima

The purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate and determine the concentration of prostaglandin GF2α (PGF2α) and isoprostane 8‐iso‐PGF2α in plasma and intestine of specific pathogen-free (SPF) Leghorn chickens challenged with Eimeria maxima, with or without dietary supplementation of curcumin using solid‐phase microextraction and ultra‐performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Eighty 1-day-old male SPF chickens were randomly allocated to one of four groups with four replicates (n = 5 chickens/replicate). Groups consisted of: (1) Control (no challenge), (2) Curcumin (no challenge), (3) Eimeria maxima (challenge), and (4) Eimeria maxima (challenge) + curcumin. At day 28 of age, all chickens in the challenge groups were orally gavaged with 40,000 sporulated E. maxima oocysts. No significant differences (P > 0.05) were observed in the groups regardless of the treatment or challenge with E. maxima. Enteric levels of both isoprostane 8‐iso‐PGF2α and PGF2α at 7 days and 9 days post-challenge were significantly increased (P < 0.01) compared to the non-challenge control chickens. Interestingly, the enteric levels of both isoprostane 8‐iso‐PGF2α and PGF2α at 7 days post-challenge were significantly reduced in chickens fed curcumin, compared to control chickens challenge with E. maxima. At 9 days post-challenge, only levels of isoprostane 8‐iso‐PGF2α in the enteric samples were significantly reduced in chickens challenged with E. maxima supplemented with curcumin, compared with E. maxima challenge chickens. No differences of isoprostane 8‐iso‐PGF2α or PGF2α were observed in plasma at both days of evaluation. Similarly, no significant differences were observed between the challenge control or chickens challenge with E. maxima and supplemented with curcumin at both times of evaluation. The results of this pilot study suggests that the antioxidant anti-inflammatory properties of curcumin reduced the oxidative damage and subsequent intestinal mucosal over-production of lipid oxidation products. Further studies to confirm and extend these results in broiler chickens are required.

Assessment of Lippia origanoides Essential Oils in a Salmonella typhimurium, Eimeria maxima, and Clostridium perfringens Challenge Model to Induce Necrotic Enteritis in Broiler Chickens

The objective of the present research was to evaluate dietary supplementation of essential oils from Lippia origanoides (LEO) on necrotic enteritis (NE). Chickens were randomly assigned to three groups. Group 1: negative control; Group 2: positive control challenged with Salmonella typhimurium (day 1), Eimeria maxima (day 18), and C. perfringens (CP, days 22-23); Group 3: dietary supplementation LEO and challenged. On d 25 of age, serum samples were collected to evaluate fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran (FITC-d), superoxide dismutase (SOD), gamma interferon (IFN-γ), Immunoglobulin A (IgA). Group 3 showed a significant reduction of the harmful effects of induced infection/dysbiosis and a significant reduction in NE lesion scores, morbidity and mortality compared with the positive challenge control group (p < 0.05) compared with Group 2. Digested feed supernatant, supplemented with LEO and inoculated with CP, reduced CP burden (p < 0.05). Group 3 also exhibited a significant reduction in FITC-d, IFN-γ and IgA compared with Group 2. However, a significant increase SOD was observed in Group 3 compared with both control groups. Further investigation to compare the effect of LEO and the standard treatment of clostridial NE is required.

Determination of isoprostane 8‐iso‐PGF2α and prostaglandin GF2α in plasma and intestine of specific-pathogen-free chickens challenged with Eimeria maxima

The purpose of this study was to evaluate and determine the concentration of isoprostane 8‐iso‐PGF2α and prostaglandin GF2α (PGF2α) from plasma and intestine in specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens challenged with Eimeria maxima (EM) using solid‐phase microextraction and ultra‐performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Forty one-day-old male SPF chickens were randomly allocated to one of two groups with four replicates (n=5 chickens/replicate). Groups consisted of Control (no challenge) or the Challenge group EM (40,000 sporulated oocysts/bird). At day 7 and 9 post-challenge, half of the chickens were euthanized in both groups to determine plasmatic and enteric concentrations of isoprostane 8‐iso‐PGF2α and PGF2α. Enteric levels of both 8‐iso‐PGF2α and PGF2α were significantly increased at 7 (8‐iso‐PGF2α P=0.0000252; PGF2α P=0.00000268) and 9 days (8‐iso‐PGF2α P=0.000000717; PGF2α P=0.00000222) post-challenge compared to non-challenge control chickens. However, plasma levels of isoprostane 8‐iso‐PGF2α and PGF2α were similar in both groups. A significant reduction (P=0.0000095) in oocyst excretion was observed in chickens at 9 days post-challenge compared to 7 days. Chickens challenged with EM showed an inflammatory response associated with significant increases in enteric PGF2α and 8-Iso-PGF2α, suggesting that the active disease phase was accompanied by inflammation and oxidative stress within the intestinal layer.

Ameliorating the Adverse Effects of Tomato mosaic tobamovirus Infecting Tomato Plants in Egypt by Boosting Immunity in Tomato Plants Using Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles

Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) is one of the economically damageable Tobamovirus infecting the tomato in Egypt that has caused significant losses. It is therefore of great interest to trigger systemic resistance to ToMV. In this endeavor, we aimed to explore the capacity of ZnO-NPs (zinc oxide nanoparticles) to trigger tomato plant resistance against ToMV. Effects of ZnO-NPs on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) growth indices and antioxidant defense system activity under ToMV stress were investigated. Noticeably that treatment with ZnO-NPs showed remarkably increased growth indices, photosynthetic attributes, and enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants compared to the challenge control. Interestingly, oxidative damage caused by ToMV was reduced by reducing malondialdehyde, H2O2, and O2 levels. Overall, ZnO-NPs offer a safe and economic antiviral agent against ToMV.