Accuracy and Credibility of the Elderly Witness

1984 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Daniel Yarmey
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Police Officers ◽  
General Public ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Probation Officers ◽  
Elderly Subjects ◽  
Visual Identification ◽  
Criminal Suspect ◽  
Trial Judges

ABSTRACTCompetency of witnesses depends upon the accuracy of their memory and their credibility. This paper addresses both of these factors with respect to the elderly. First, a review of the accuracy of the elderly eyewitness in recall and identification of a criminal suspect relative to that of young adults is presented. Secondly, the results of a study testing the perceptions of the legal community and the general public toward the elderly witness are given. And thirdly, the attitudes of the elderly toward police officers, trial judges, crown attorneys, and defense lawyers are discussed. Young adults were found to be seven to 20 per cent more accurate on the average than elderly subjects in recall for crime-related events and in the identification of a suspect. However, results also showed that some elderly subjects are equally as accurate as young adults in the visual identification of a suspect. Police officers, lawyers, probation officers, the general public, and elderly subjects rated the elderly witness relatively high in understandability, activity, potency, and evaluation. These judgements suggest that the credibility of the elderly witness is favorable. Finally, the study showed that elderly subjects perceive trial judges, prosecutors, and defense lawyers positively, and they are particularly supportive of the police.

Fat and carbohydrate metabolism during exercise in elderly and young subjects

1996 ◽  
Vol 271 (6) ◽  
pp. E983-E989 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Sial ◽  
A. R. Coggan ◽  
R. Carroll ◽  
J. Goodwin ◽  
S. Klein
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Carbohydrate Metabolism ◽  
Relative Intensity ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Absolute Intensity ◽  
Substrate Oxidation ◽  
Carbohydrate Oxidation ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Elderly Subjects ◽  
Moderate Intensity Exercise

We evaluated the effect of aging on fat and carbohydrate metabolism during moderate intensity exercise. Glycerol, free fatty acid (FFA), and glucose rate of appearance (Ra) in plasma and substrate oxidation were determined during 60 min of cycle ergometer exercise in six elderly (73 +/- 2 yr) and six young adults (26 +/- 2 yr) matched by gender and lean body mass. The elderly group was studied during exercise performed at 56 +/- 3% of maximum oxygen uptake, whereas the young adults were studied during exercise performed at the same absolute and at a similar relative intensity as the elderly subjects. Mean fat oxidation during exercise was 25-35% lower in the elderly subjects than in the young adults exercising at either the same absolute or similar relative intensities (P < 0.05). Mean carbohydrate oxidation in the elderly group was 35% higher than the young adults exercising at the same absolute intensity (P < 0.001) but 40% lower than the young adults exercising at the same relative intensity (P < 0.001). Average FFA Ra in the elderly subjects was 85% higher than in the young adults exercising at the same absolute intensity (P < 0.05) but 35% lower than the young adults exercising at a similar relative intensity (P < 0.05). We conclude that fat oxidation is decreased while carbohydrate oxidation is increased during moderate intensity exercise in elderly men and women. The shift in substrate oxidation was caused by age-related changes in skeletal muscle respiratory capacity because lipolytic rates and FFA availability were not rate limiting in the older subjects.

scholarly journals Comparison of Compositions and Metabolic Activities of Fecal Microbiotas in Young Adults and in Antibiotic-Treated and Non-Antibiotic-Treated Elderly Subjects

2004 ◽  
Vol 70 (10) ◽  
pp. 6113-6122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma J. Woodmansey ◽  
Marion E. T. McMurdo ◽  
George T. Macfarlane ◽  
Sandra Macfarlane
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Species Diversity ◽  
Bifidobacterium Longum ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Elderly Subjects ◽  
Bifidobacterium Adolescentis ◽  
Healthy Elderly ◽  
Molecular Events ◽  
Metabolic Activities ◽  
Clostridial Species

ABSTRACT The colonic microbiota mediates many cellular and molecular events in the host that are important to health. These processes can be affected in the elderly, because in some individuals, the composition and metabolic activities of the microbiota change with age. Detailed characterizations of the major groups of fecal bacteria in healthy young adults, in healthy elderly people, and in hospitalized elderly patients receiving antibiotics were made in this study, together with measurements of their metabolic activities, by analysis of fecal organic acid and ammonia concentrations. The results showed that total anaerobe numbers remained relatively constant in old people; however, individual bacterial genera changed markedly with age. Reductions in numbers of bacteroides and bifidobacteria in both elderly groups were accompanied by reduced species diversity. Bifidobacterial populations in particular showed marked variations in the dominant species, with Bifidobacterium angulatum and Bifidobacterium adolescentis being frequently isolated from the elderly and Bifidobacterium longum, Bifidobacterium catenulatum, Bifidobacterium boum, and Bifidobacterium infantis being detected only from the healthy young volunteers. Reductions in amylolytic activities of bacterial isolates in healthy elderly subjects and reduced short-chain fatty acid concentrations supported these findings, since bifidobacteria and bacteroides are important saccharolytic groups in the colon. Conversely, higher numbers of proteolytic bacteria were observed with feces samples from the antibiotic-treated elderly group, which were also associated with increased proteolytic species diversity (fusobacteria, clostridia, and propionibacteria). Other differences in the intestinal ecosystem in elderly subjects were observed, with alterations in the dominant clostridial species in combination with greater numbers of facultative anaerobes.

scholarly journals Protein requirements and ageing: metabolic demand and efficiency of utilization

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (5) ◽  
pp. 685-702 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Fereday ◽  
N. R. Gibson ◽  
M. Cox ◽  
P. J. Pacy ◽  
D. J. Millward
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
The Body ◽  
Elderly Subjects ◽  
Metabolic Demand ◽  
Protein Requirement ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Protein Requirements ◽  
Leucine Oxidation ◽  
Healthy Elderly

The protein requirements of the elderly were investigated with [13C]leucine balance studies of metabolic demand, the efficiency of postprandial protein utilization (PPU) and the consequent apparent protein requirement. Ten elderly subjects aged 68–91 years (five men and five women) and ten young adult subjects aged 21–31 years (five men and five women) were infused with L-[1-13C]leucine for 9h commencing in the postabsorptive state (0–3h), continuing during the half-hourly feeding of low-protein meals (LP; protein 3% energy, 3–6 h), and during similar feeding of isoenergetic higher protein meals (HP; protein 15% energy, 6–9h). Leucine oxidation and balance were determined from plasma [l-13C]-α-ketoisocaproate enrichment and expired 13CO2 excretion measured during the 3rd hour of each 3h period. The protein intake during the HP phase was similar to the habitual intake estimated in the subjects from 24h urinary N excretion. Metabolic demand was defined as equal to twice the body-protein equivalent of measured postabsorptive leucine oxidation. The efficiency of PPU was calculated from the increased leucine oxidation observed during feeding, and the apparent protein requirement was defined as metabolic demand/PPU and calculated in relation to both body weight (BW) and fat-free mass (FFM) determined by densitometry or bioimpedance. Metabolic demand in the young adults was 0·83g protein/kg per d; in both elderly groups it was 36% lower when expressed per kg BW and 30% lower when expressed per kg FFM. The apparent protein requirement calculated from metabolic demand and PPU was 0·99g protein/kg per d in the young adults and this was also lower in the elderly, although this was only significant in the men (0·66g per kg BW, P=0·013; 0·79g per kg FFM, P=0·02). The results show that in this group of healthy elderly adults protein requirements as assessed from leucine balance studies were either similar to or less than those of younger adults.

scholarly journals Calcium excretion, apparent calcium absorption and calcium balance in young and elderly subjects: influence of protein intake

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (5) ◽  
pp. 721-729 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daphne L. E. Pannemans ◽  
Gertjan Schaafsma ◽  
Klaas R. Westerterp
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Elderly Subjects ◽  
Calcium Excretion ◽  
Calcium Balance ◽  
Elderly Persons ◽  
Young And Elderly Subjects

The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary protein on urinary Ca excretion, apparent Ca absorption and Ca balance in young and elderly subjects. Young adults (n 29) and elderly persons (n 26) consumed diets containing 12% (diet A) and 21% (diet B) of total energy as protein for 3 weeks according to a randomized crossover design. Results showed no differences between the two age groups with respect to the interaction between protein intake and Ca excretion (both in urine and in faeces), apparent Ca absorption and Ca balance. Therefore analyses were done for both age groups separately and also for the whole group. In elderly persons and in the whole group the Ca excretion in faeces (as a percentage of Ca intake) was lower during the higher protein intake (elderly: diet A, 106 (SEM 7)% diet B, 86 (SEM 7) % P = 0·018; whole group: diet A, 99 (SEM 4) % diet B, 84 (SEM 4) % P = 0·003). In young adults faecal Ca excretion tended to be lower when they consumed diet B (diet A: 94 (SEM 5)% diet B: 83 (SEM 6)% P = 0·093). Relative urinary Ca excretion was greater during the higher protein intake in young adults and in the whole group while relative urinary Ca excretion was not different in the elderly (diet A: 15 (SEM 1) %, 14 (SEM 1) %, 15 (SEM 1) % diet B: 16 (SEM 1) %, 16 (SEM 1) % 17 (SEM 2) % for the whole group, the young and elderly subjects respectively, P = 0·019; P = 0·016; P = 0·243).The resulting Ca balance was not influenced by the amount of protein in the diet in young adults. Values for the elderly and for the whole group showed that the Ca balance during diet A was significantly more negative compared with Ca balance during diet B, despite the higher urinary Ca excretion during diet B. It can be concluded that increasing the protein intake from 12 to 21% of total energy ntake had no negative effect on Ca balance.

The Effect of Implicit and Explicit Motivation on Recall among Old and Young Adults

1998 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
David C. McClelland ◽  
Anthony Scioli ◽  
Suzanne Weaver
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Elderly Women ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Implicit Motives ◽  
Elderly Subjects ◽  
National Surveys ◽  
Good Memory ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
Explicit Motivation ◽  
Poor Memory

Seventy-six elderly subjects aged sixty-five to eighty-seven and seventy-seven young adults aged twenty-five to forty were compared on implicit and explicit motive levels and on recall of introductions and working memory. Significantly fewer of the elderly than the young participants scored high in the implicit motives, n Affiliation and n Power, confirming results from U.S. national surveys. The surveys also demonstrated a significant decline with age in high levels of n Achievement, a decline not found here. The elderly participants showed major recall deficits on both tasks, but all three of the implicit motives studied were shown to enhance recall for the elderly, but not for the young adults. Eight elderly women scoring high on at least two of the three motives showed no recall deficits compared to the young women on two memory tasks. In old age implicit motive deficits contribute to poor memory but explicit commitments to have a good memory had no effect on recall.

scholarly journals The effect of ageing with and without non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on gastrointestinal microbiology and immunology

2008 ◽  
Vol 100 (1) ◽  
pp. 130-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirsti Tiihonen ◽  
Soile Tynkkynen ◽  
Arthur Ouwehand ◽  
Terhi Ahlroos ◽  
Nina Rautonen
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Bowel Function ◽  
Microbial Metabolism ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Elderly Subjects ◽  
Intestinal Microbes ◽  
Elderly Individuals ◽  
Gastrointestinal Problems ◽  
Inflammatory Drugs ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Elderly individuals are more susceptible to gastrointestinal problems such as constipation than young adults. Furthermore, the common use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) among the elderly is known to further increase such gastrointestinal ailments. To describe the specific changes in elderly, intestinal microbes, their metabolites and immune markers were measured from faecal samples obtained from fifty-five elderly individuals (aged 68–88 years), using either NSAID or not, and fourteen young adults (aged 21–39 years). The faecal DM content increased with age but was significantly lower among the elderly NSAID users. The microbial metabolism was especially influenced by NSAID use and/or ageing, although fewer changes were observed in the composition of the microbial community, whilst the level of aerobes was increased in the elderly and the level ofClostridium coccoides–Eubacterium rectalereduced in the elderly NSAID users as compared with young adults. An increase in the concentrations of some branched SCFA andl-lactate but a decrease in some major SCFA concentrations were observed. Evidently, the decreased defecation frequency in the elderly directed colonic fermentation toward an unfavourable microbial metabolism but this was partially offset by the use of NSAID. Irrespective of the use of NSAID, the elderly subjects had significantly lower concentrations of faecal PGE2than the young adults, reflecting possibly a reduced immune response. According to the present study more attention should be paid to the development of dietary products that seek to enhance bowel function, saccharolytic fermentation and immune stimulation in the elderly population.

Temporal Characteristics of the Speech of Normal Elderly Adults

1987 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 522-529 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce L. Smith ◽  
Jan Wasowicz ◽  
Judy Preston
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Aging Process ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Normal Aging ◽  
Elderly Subjects ◽  
Elderly Adults ◽  
Temporal Characteristics ◽  
Acoustic Analyses ◽  
Effects Of Aging ◽  
Fast Rates

A number of physical and psychological changes occur as a result of the normal aging process. These changes often result in an increase in the time subjects require to perform various motor (and sensory) tasks. Although the effects of aging upon a variety of behaviors have been quite well documented, considerably less information is available concerning how normal aging may affect speech production. The present study examined temporal characteristics of the speech of 10 normal, elderly adults and 10 young adults who produced a variety of words and sentences at both normal and fast speaking rates. Acoustic analyses indicated that the elderly adults' segment, syllable, and sentence durations were 20 to 25% longer than those of the young adults at both the normal and the fast rates of speech. In addition to comparisons that were made between these two groups of subjects, comparisons were also made with durations of the speech of young children studied in previous research. It was observed that the elderly subjects tended to produce durations comparable to those of 6- and 7-year-old children.

Release from Multiple Maskers in Elderly Persons

1973 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 152-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom W. Tillman ◽  
Raymond Carhart ◽  
Sheina Nicholls
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Time Delay ◽  
White Noise ◽  
Duty Cycle ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
The Other ◽  
Elderly Subjects ◽  
Elderly Persons ◽  
Parallel Time ◽  
Dichotic Presentation

Masked thresholds for spondees were measured in 27 binaural conditions covering homophasic, antiphasic, parallel time-delayed, and opposed time-delayed listening in the presence of one to three competing maskers. One of the maskers was white noise modulated four times per second by 10 dB with 50% duty cycle; the other two were sentences spoken by different male talkers. These stimuli were variously combined to produce seven masker conditions. Subjects were 10 young adults, 23 women aged 70 to 85 years, and 22 men aged 63 to 88 years. Masking level differences (re homophasic performance) were observed in every instance of dichotic presentation. MLDs for the young adults were usually somewhat larger than those for the elderly subjects. Both groups showed (1) somewhat larger MLDs when the competing background included two talkers, (2) somewhat smaller MLDs during time-delay modes, and (3) smaller MLDs in opposed time-delay than in parallel time-delay. This last feature was particularly noteworthy for the elderly listeners, whose MLDs during opposed time delay averaged only 2.3 dB.

Walking with Visual Restrictions in Healthy Elderly and Young Adults

2002 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 295-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean Gallagher ◽  
Yves Lajoie ◽  
Michel Guay
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Older Persons ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Elderly Population ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Elderly Subjects ◽  
Elderly Persons ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Healthy Elderly

ABSTRACTVisual requirements for a simple walking task were evaluated for young and elderly persons to determine if, with normal aging, elderly subjects require more visual information. Ten young adults and 10 elderly people were asked to complete a simple walking task within predetermined pathway boundaries under two conditions of visual restriction. In the reactive condition, subjects automatically received a 200 ms flash of visual information at the halfway point of the walkway. For the predictive condition, subjects did not receive any visual information during the walking trial, but were equipped with an emergency button that would provide 200 ms of visual information whenever they needed it. For both experimental conditions, subjects received additional flashes of visual information if they stepped out of the walkway boundaries. Results showed that older persons stepped out of bounds more often in the reactive condition and gave themselves more visual cues than the younger subjects in the predictive condition. The relative importance of vision during locomotion seems to be higher in the elderly population when compared to young adults.

scholarly journals Pharmacokinetics of Total and Unbound Ertapenem in Healthy Elderly Subjects

2004 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 521-524 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. Musson ◽  
A. Majumdar ◽  
S. Holland ◽  
K. Birk ◽  
L. Xi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
High Performance ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Reversed Phase ◽  
Elderly Subjects ◽  
Multiple Dosing ◽  
Time Curve ◽  
Unbound Fraction ◽  
Healthy Elderly ◽  
The Mean

ABSTRACT Ertapenem is a new once-a-day parenteral carbapenem antimicrobial agent. The pharmacokinetics of unbound and total concentrations of ertapenem in plasma were investigated in elderly subjects and compared with historical data from young adults. In a single- and multiple-dose study, healthy elderly males and females (n = 14) 65 years old or older were given a 1-g intravenous (i.v.) dose once daily for 7 days. Plasma and urine samples collected for 24 h on days 1 and 7 following administration of the 1-g doses were analyzed by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Areas under the concentration-time curve from 0 h to infinity (AUC0-∞) for elderly females and males were similar following administration of 1-g single i.v. doses, and thus, the genders were pooled in subsequent analyses. Concentrations in plasma and the half-life of ertapenem were generally higher and longer, respectively, in elderly subjects than in young adults. The mean AUC0-∞ of total ertapenem in the elderly was 39% higher than that in young subjects following administration of a 1-g dose. The differences were slightly greater for the mean AUC0-∞ of unbound ertapenem (71%). The unbound fraction of ertapenem in elderly subjects (∼5 to 11%) was generally greater than that in young adults (∼5 to 8%). As in young adults, ertapenem did not accumulate upon multiple dosing in the elderly. The pharmacokinetics of ertapenem in elderly subjects, while slightly different from those in young adults, do not require a dosage adjustment for elderly patients.

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