Effect of cultural practices on barley and durum wheat yields in semiarid regions of Tunisia

1997 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 105-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Yahyaoui ◽  
K. M'Hedhbi ◽  
S. Rezgui
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Extreme Temperature ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Reduced Tillage ◽  
Planting Depth ◽  
Semiarid Regions ◽  
Tillage Practices

AbstractThe semiarid regions (SARs) are characterized by extreme temperature changes, low and unevenly distributed precipitation, hazardous torrential rains, and frequent early spring droughts. Barley is the most highly adapted cereal in SARs, but durum wheat is the most widely cultivated. The area in cereals varies considerably from year to year, and yields are low. Tillage practices are used to conserve both soil and moisture and to prepare the seed bed. However, improved fertilizer use and weed control practices are not being used. Without development of needed cultural and tillage practice systems, the genetic potential of today's varieties cannot be realized. Planting depth and rate, row spacing, fertilizer application, and weed control were investigated under conventional tillage and reduced tillage systems. In on-farm trials, reduced tillage did not significantly affect durum wheat yield but slightly increased barley yield compared with traditional practices. Optimum planting depth for both wheat and barley was 7 cm. Higher seeding rates increased the yield of both crops. Highest yields were obtained at planting rates of 140 kg/ha for wheat and 100 kg/ha for barley. At these rates, maximum yields were achieved at row spacings of 30 cm for barley and 20 cm for durum wheat. Use of fertilizer and weed control increased yields substantially. Sustained and increased production in SARs can be achieved with a “package of practices” approach that incorporates these cultural and tillage practices.

Effect of Cultural Practices on Weed Control and Crop Response in Imidazolinone-Tolerant Rice

2006 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 249-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald J. Levy ◽  
Jason A. Bond ◽  
Eric P. Webster ◽  
James L. Griffin ◽  
Steven D. Linscombe
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Reduced Tillage ◽  
Red Rice ◽  
Crop Response ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Seed Harvest

Field research was conducted for 3 yr to evaluate crop response and weed control under conventional and reduced tillage in drill- and water-seeded imidazolinone-tolerant (IT) rice culture. Imazethapyr was applied at 70 g ai/ha PRE followed by (fb) imazethapyr at 70 g/ha applied POST to three- to four-leaf rice or at 105 g/ha PRE fb 70 g/ha POST. In both conventional and reduced tillage systems, imazethapyr applied PRE fb POST at 70 g ai/ha controlled red rice, barnyardgrass, Amazon sprangletop, and rice flatsedge 87 to 99% 35 d after POST treatment (DAT). At 35 DAT, Indian jointvetch control with sequential applications of imazethapyr was as high as 70% in water-seeded rice but no more than 54% in drill-seeded rice. Tillage, seeding method, and imazethapyr rate had no effect on days to 50% heading, seeds per panicle, seed weight per panicle, or percentage of seed harvest. However, a reduction of 27% in days to 50% heading, 80% in seeds per panicle, 84% in seed weight per panicle, and 100% in percentage seed harvest index occurred when imazethapyr was not applied because of weed interference. Culm number was reduced 28%, and culm weight 32% under reduced tillage compared with conventional tillage. With sequential applications of imazethapyr at 70 g/ha, rice yield was 63% greater when rice was water-seeded compared with drill-seeded. No differences in tillage systems for weed control, days to 50% heading, seed number, seed weight per panicle, percent seed, panicle height, lodging, or yield were observed. Results of these experiments demonstrate imazethapyr will effectively control weeds in both water- and drill-seeded rice and that reduced tillage can be used without negatively affecting rice production.

scholarly journals Changes in Soil Properties and Productivity under Different Tillage Practices and Wheat Genotypes: A Short-Term Study in Iran

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 3273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shokoofeh Khorami ◽  
Seyed Kazemeini ◽  
Sadegh Afzalinia ◽  
Mahesh Gathala
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
C:N Ratio ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Water Infiltration ◽  
Reduced Tillage ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Wheat Genotypes ◽  
Tillage Practices

Natural resources are the most limiting factors for sustainable agriculture in Iran. Traditional practices are intensive tillage that leads to a negative impact on crop productivity and soil properties. Conservation agriculture including tillage reductions, better agronomy, and improved varieties, showed encouraging results. The goal of this study was to test combined effect of tillage practices and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes on soil properties as well as crop and water productivity. The experiment was conducted at Zarghan, Fars, Iran during 2014–2016. Experimental treatments were three-tillage practices—conventional tillage (CT), reduced tillage (RT), and no tillage (NT)—and four wheat genotypes were randomized in the main and subplots, respectively using split-plot randomized complete block design with three replications. Results showed NT had higher soil bulk density at surface soil, thereby lower cumulative water infiltration. The lowest soil organic carbon and total nitrogen were obtained under CT that led to the highest C:N ratio. Reduced tillage produced higher wheat yield and maize (Zea mays L.) biomass. Maximum irrigation water was applied under CT, which leads lower water productivity. The findings are based on short-term results, but it is important to evaluate medium- and long-term effects on soil properties, crop yields and water use in future.

Reduced Rates of Herbicides Following Hilling Controlled Weeds in Conventional and Reduced Tillage Potato (Solanum tuberosum) Production

1996 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 311-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin R. Bellinder ◽  
Russell W. Wallace ◽  
Erik D. Wilkins
Keyword(s):  
Solanum Tuberosum ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Reduced Tillage ◽  
Split Application ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Herbicide Treatment

Time of hilling (4, 5, or 6 weeks after planting; WAP) and 0.5x, 1x, and split (0.5x + 0.5x) rates of metolachlor + metribuzin were evaluated in conventional tillage (CT) and rye-stubble, reduced tillage (RT) potato plots. Weed populations 4 to 10 WAP were generally higher in CT than in RT. Weed control was excellent in both tillage systems when 1x rates of metolachlor + metribuzin were applied delayed preemergence, or in a split application where 0.5x was applied delayed PRE and hilled 6 WAP, and followed with a second application of 0.5x metolachlor + metribuzin 7 days after hilling (DAH). Weed control with 0.5x rates of metolachlor + metribuzin applied 7 DAH, when hilled 4 and 5 WAP, was equivalent to the lx and split-rate treatments. Weed control was reduced only when hilling was delayed to 6 WAP and 0.5x of metolachlor + metribuzin applied 7 DAH. Total yields were not influenced by tillage, hilling, or herbicide treatment, however, larger numbers of green and small-sized tubers reduced marketable yields in RT.

Assessing the effect of soil crack dynamics on hydraulic properties of agricultural soil from reduced tillage and conventional tillage fields, Wallonia-Belgium

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Njaka Andriamanantena Ralaizafisoloarivony
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Soil ◽  
Hydraulic Properties ◽  
Water Retention ◽  
Crack Formation ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Reduced Tillage ◽  
Soil Hydraulic Properties ◽  
Disturbed Soil ◽  
Micro Cracks

<p>Crack formation and development have been a general concern in agricultural science. Cracks contribute to soil aeration, aggregate formation, and easy root penetration. However, cracks facilitated water evaporation, accelerated soil desiccation, allowed deep infiltration of pesticides/pollutants through preferential flow, and polluted the shallow water-table in Belgium.  From many years, farmers reported the presence of cracks in their field; however, few studies investigated cracks formation from agricultural soil under different cultural practices. This research investigated the effect of cultural practices (conventional and reduced tillage) on crack formation and on soil hydraulic properties.</p><p> </p><p>Soils were collected right from the agricultural field and processed (in laboratory) under evaporation experiment on a small drying chamber. Ceramic-IR-emitter heated the chamber while sensors (PT1000, DHT22) measured the temperature and relative humidity. Digital camera took photos of the soil surface at 30min interval. Balance and tensiometer commanded by a datalogger (CR800), recorded the soil hydraulic properties (water suction, water retention, evaporation rate etc.). Cracks were monitored and extracted using image analysis performed by ImageJ and PCAS software. The soil water retention curve (SWRC) was fitted with the bimodal models of Durner (1994) and Seki (2007). The output data were analysed statistically using appropriate software. Three treatments were considered including: disturbed soil, conventional tillage and reduced tillage.  </p><p> </p><p>The results showed higher cracks formation on disturbed soil > reduced-tillage > conventional-tillage due to loose of soil cohesion, soil organic content, soil aggregation, biological activities, and soil porosity. Crack formed at low matrix suction for reduce tillage, but higher tension for conventional tillage and disturbed soil. The soil evaporation rate was also greater in reduced-tillage > conventional tillage > disturbed soil. The effect of cracks affected the SWRC for reduced tillage and disturbed soil. The result suspected the presence of pre-installing (or micro)cracks in the reduced-tillage samples. Future study is needed to assess the presence of pre-(micro)-cracks in soil using X-ray microtomography. </p>

Weed Control by Subterranean Clover (Trifolium subterraneum) Used as a Living Mulch

1990 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 534-538 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian J. Enache ◽  
Richard D. Ilnicki
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Living Mulch ◽  
Weed Biomass ◽  
Tillage Practices ◽  
Field Corn

Subterranean clover as a living mulch was evaluated for weed control and its effect on field corn silage and grain yield in 1986 to 1988. Treatments included combinations of subterranean clover living mulch, rye dead mulch, and no mulch with three superimposed tillage practices (conventional, minimum, and no-tillage). Results indicated that subterranean clover living mulch effectively controlled ivyleaf morningglory. Little control of fall panicum was obtained in 1986; however, living mulch combinations effectively controlled fall panicum in 1987 and 1988. Weed biomass was reduced significantly by all living mulch combinations, but all other combinations resulted in higher weed biomass than living mulch. Corn silage and grain yields from the no-tillage plus living mulch treatment were comparable to or higher than those obtained with the conventional tillage plus no mulch treatment.

Horseweed (Conyza canadensis) management in Oklahoma winter wheat

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jodie A. Crose ◽  
Misha R. Manuchehri ◽  
Todd A. Baughman
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Herbicide Resistance ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Conyza Canadensis ◽  
Herbicide Resistant ◽  
Time Of Application ◽  
Tillage Practices ◽  
Wide Range

AbstractHalauxifen plus florasulam, thifensulfuron plus fluroxypyr, and bromoxynil plus bicyclopyrone are three, relatively new POST premix herbicides developed for control of broadleaf weeds in winter wheat. These herbicides, along with older products, were evaluated for their control of horseweed in Altus, Perkins, and Ponca City, Oklahoma, during the spring of 2017 and 2018. Horseweed has become a critical weed in Oklahoma because of its extensive germination window, changes in tillage practices, and increase in herbicide-resistant horseweed biotypes. Visual weed control was estimated every 2 wk throughout the growing season and wheat yield was collected from three of the six site-years. Horseweed size ranged from 5 to 20 cm at time of application. The halauxifen plus florasulam, and thifensulfuron plus fluroxypyr combinations were effective at controlling a wide range of horseweed rosette sizes across all locations, whereas control with other treatments varied depending on presence of herbicide resistance, weed size at time of application, and mix partner.

Effects of Reduced Tillage, Resistant Cultivars, and Reduced Fungicide Inputs on Progress of Early Leaf Spot of Peanut (Arachis hypogaea)

Plant Disease ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 88 (8) ◽  
pp. 858-864 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. S. Monfort ◽  
A. K. Culbreath ◽  
K. L. Stevenson ◽  
T. B. Brenneman ◽  
D. W. Gorbet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Reduced Tillage ◽  
Cercospora Arachidicola ◽  
Standard Interval ◽  
Resistant Cultivars ◽  
Tillage Practices ◽  
Moderately Resistant

Field experiments were conducted in 2000 and 2001 on Georgia Green, Florida MDR-98, and C-99R peanut (Arachis hypogaea) cultivars in Tifton, GA, to determine the effects of tillage practices on early leaf spot (Cercospora arachidicola) epidemics under standard fungicide regimes and fungicide regimes with fewer applications. Leaf spot epidemics were suppressed in reduced tillage (strip-till) plots compared with conventional tillage plots and were suppressed in MDR-98 and C-99R cultivars compared with the standard runner-type cultivar, Georgia Green. Within tillage and cultivar combinations, leaf spot intensity typically was lower in plots treated with fungicides at standard intervals (seven total applications) than in those treated at extended intervals (four total applications). However, in most cases, leaf spot control in extended interval treatments in the strip-till system was comparable to that in the standard interval treatments in conventional tillage. Based on these results, the number of fungicide applications could be reduced without compromising control of leaf spot when reduced tillage is used, especially if combined with moderately resistant cultivars. Suppression of leaf spot epidemics in the strip-till plots did not coincide with higher yields in either year. In 2001, yields were lower in strip-till plots than in conventional tillage plots. Yields were typically higher in the cultivar C-99R than in Georgia Green, regardless of the tillage treatment.

scholarly journals Sorptivity of an Inceptisol under Conventional and Reduced Tillage Practices

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 149-154
Author(s):  
Achmad Rachman ◽  
Ratri Ariani ◽  
Arief Budiyanto
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Lower Surface ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Reduced Tillage ◽  
Tillage Practices ◽  
Water Stable Aggregates ◽  
Tillage System ◽  
Tillage Treatment

The amount of water captured and stored in the soil profile until the next precipitation events is of great importance in dryland agro-ecosystem for successful crop production. The soil’s ability to rapidly capture and store water precipitation can be accessed through measuring soil sorptivity. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of tillage, i.e. reduced and conventional tillages, on soil sorptivity, and to understand how sorptivity is related to surface soil bulk density and water stable aggregates. The experiment was conducted on a site, which has been continuously planted with corn twice a year for more than 10 years.  The predominant soil in the study site is Typic Haplusteps. Ponded infiltration measurements were used to determine soil sorptivity.  Six positions, 15 meters a part, were chosen within each treatment to measure sorptivity, bulk density and water stable aggregates.  Conventional tillage resulted in higher sorptivity (p<0.05), lower surface bulk density (p<0.05), and significantly lower water stable aggregates (p<0.01) than reduced tillage treatment. Sorptivity was negatively correlated to bulk density and positively correlated to water stable aggregates. Better correlations were found between sorptivity and both bulk density (R2 = 0.67) and water stable aggregates (R2= 0.81) under reduced tillage than under conventional tillage treatment.  Conventional tillage was found to enhance soil sorptivity in comparison to reduced tillage system. Appropriate soil management is important to maintain proper soil porosity in the field for better rainfall harvesting and plant growth especially in the dryland ecosystem. 

scholarly journals Macro- and microscale gaseous diffusion in a Stagnic Luvisol as affected by compaction and reduced tillage

2008 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 252 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. SIMOJOKI ◽  
O. FAZEKAS-BECKER ◽  
R. HORN
Keyword(s):  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Soil Structure ◽  
Gas Transport ◽  
Near Field ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Reduced Tillage ◽  
Tillage Practices ◽  
Conservation Treatment

Intensification of mechanical agriculture has increased the risk for soil compaction and deformation. Simultaneously, reduced tillage practices have become popular due to energy saving and environmental concerns, as they may strengthen and improve the functioning of structured soil pore system. Soil aeration is affected by both compaction and reduced tillage through changes in soil structure and in the distribution of easily decomposable organic matter. We investigated whether a single wheeling by a 35 000 kg sugar-beet harvester in a Stagnic Luvisol derived from loess near Göttingen, Germany, influenced the gas transport properties (air permeability, gaseous macro- and microdiffusivities, oxygen diffusion rate) in the topsoil and subsoil samples, and whether the effects were different between long-term reduced tillage and mouldboard ploughing. Poor structure in the topsoil resulted in slow macro- and microscale gas transport at moisture contents near field capacity. The macrodiffusivities in the topsoil under conventional tillage were slower compared with those under conservation treatment, and soil compaction reduced the diffusivities by about half at the soil depths studied. This shows that even one pass with heavy machinery near field capacity impairs soil structure deep into the profile, and supports the view that reduced tillage improves soil structure and aeration compared with ploughing, especially in the topsoil.;

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