Silverleaf Nightshade (Solanum elaeagnifolium) Control in Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) with Glyphosate

1994 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 720-727 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Brent Westerman ◽  
Don S. Murray
Keyword(s):  
Gossypium Hirsutum ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Cotton Yield ◽  
Cotton Lint ◽  
Herbicide Treatment ◽  
Silverleaf Nightshade ◽  
Solanum Elaeagnifolium ◽  
Multiple Spot

Glyphosate, alone and in combination with other herbicides or additives, was evaluated as a spot or shielded treatment for the control of silverleaf nightshade in cotton in three experiments over four years. Glyphosate used at 10.8 g ae/L in 1985 on dryland cotton controlled 81 to 98% of the silverleaf nightshade, but cotton lint yields were reduced by all treatments compared to the weed-free check. Glyphosate used at 7.2 g ae/L in 1986 on irrigated cotton controlled 6 to 83% of the silverleaf nightshade, and lint yields were reduced only when multiple spot applications were made. Spot applications of glyphosate were effective for silverleaf nightshade control when applied 7 wk after crop emergence in 1988. Weed control and cotton injury were lower with shielded applications than spot applications. In 1989, retreatments during a season or the next year resulted in 95% or greater silverleaf nightshade control. Cotton yield increases from herbicide treatment were not observed in 1988; however, yield increases were observed in 1989 when spot treatments were applied to the more successful 1988 plots.

Control and Competitiveness of Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) in Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)

Weed Science ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 356-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. E. Keeley ◽  
R. J. Thullen
Keyword(s):  
Gossypium Hirsutum ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Sorghum Halepense ◽  
Cotton Yield ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Seed Cotton ◽  
Average Yield ◽  
Labor Costs

Four field experiments conducted over 3 yr indicated that cultivation alone failed to prevent johnsongrass [Sorghum halepense(L.) Pers.] from reaching densities that severely reduced yields of cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL. ‘Acala SJ-2’). Density of johnsongrass in plots cultivated four times and hoed weekly for 8 weeks after emergence was reduced to 1 shoot/m2at harvest compared to 74 shoots/m2for plots that were only cultivated. In addition to a 60% average yield loss of seed cotton, yield losses ranging from 40 to 76%, ginning losses were also greater from cultivated than from hand-weeded plots. Compared to cultivated plots, supplementing cultivation with two postemergence applications of 3.0 kg/ha of DSMA (disodium methanearsonate) increased the average yield of cotton by 20% and reduced perennial johnsongrass densities by 64% at harvest. Although yields were improved by applying DSMA, they averaged 40% less than those of hand-weeded plots. The temporary weed control obtained with DSMA was profitable in terms of the additional lint and seed obtained, but insufficient cotton was produced to pay expenses for producing the crop by any of the methods of weed control. High labor costs for hoeing prevented this treatment from being profitable.

Weed Management Systems in Glyphosate-Resistant Cotton

2005 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 422-429 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian C. Burke ◽  
Shawn C. Troxler ◽  
Shawn D. Askew ◽  
John W. Wilcut ◽  
W. David Smith
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Residual Soil ◽  
Cotton Yield ◽  
Cotton Lint ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Pitted Morningglory ◽  
Prickly Sida ◽  
Control Equivalent

Studies were conducted at Clayton, Lewiston-Woodville, and Rocky Mount, NC, to evaluate weed and cotton response to herbicide systems in glyphosate-resistant cotton in 1995 and 1997. Herbicide systems evaluated included various combinations of soil-applied (trifluralin and fluometuron) and postemergence (POST) (glyphosate or pyrithiobac) herbicides with or without late postemergence-directed (LAYBY) treatments of cyanazine plus MSMA. Glyphosate-resistant cotton injury was less than 5% with all herbicide treatments. Glyphosate POST systems were as efficacious in weed control as other herbicide systems. Depending on location, glyphosate and pyrithiobac POST systems usually required cyanazine plus MSMA LAYBY for season-long control of common lambsquarters, goosegrass, large crabgrass, pitted morningglory, prickly sida, and Texas panicum. Glyphosate POST applied as needed provided weed control equivalent to soil-applied plus POST herbicides, although lint yield was slightly reduced depending on location. Herbicide systems that included soil-applied herbicides required one to two treatments of glyphosate POST and post-directed for season-long weed control and high cotton lint yields, whereas the same herbicide systems without soil-applied herbicides required two to three glyphosate treatments. In all herbicide systems, a residual soil-applied or LAYBY herbicide treatment increased yield compared with glyphosate POST only systems. Location influenced weed control and cotton yield. Generally, as herbicide inputs increased, yield increased.

Full-Season Interference of Silverleaf Nightshade (Solanum elaeagnifolium) with Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)

Weed Science ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 813-818 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Green ◽  
Don S. Murray ◽  
Laval M. Verhalen
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Gossypium Hirsutum ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Lint Yield ◽  
Fiber Properties ◽  
Silverleaf Nightshade ◽  
Weed Plants ◽  
Harvest Efficiency ◽  
Solanum Elaeagnifolium

Full-season interference of silverleaf nightshade (Solanum elaeagnifoliumCav. # SOLEL) with dryland and irrigated cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL. ‘Paymaster 145′) was evaluated in five field experiments during 1984 and 1985, Weed densities ranged from 0 to 32 plants/10 m of crop row. Dry weight of silverleaf nightshade increased from 0.08 to 0.39 kg/plot for each additional weed/10 m of row. Intraspecific competition among silverleaf nightshade plants was not evident. However, cotton height was reduced at weed densities of 4 plants/10 m of row or more. The densities at which initial lint yield reductions occurred ranged from 4 to 32 weed plants/10 m of row. Irrigated cotton more effectively competed with the weed than did dryland cotton, suggesting that soil water was a primary competition factor between the two species. Boll size was reduced at densities of 2 weeds/10 m of row and above. Silverleaf nightshade reduced mechanical harvest efficiency only at densities of 16 and 32 plants/10 m of row. Fiber properties were not affected. Linear regression predicted that lint yield would be reduced 1.54% for each silverleaf nightshade plant/10 m of cotton row. The distance silverleaf nightshade was established from the crop row did not affect the weed's interference with cotton within a range of 0 to 30 cm.

Flumioxazin Preplant or POST-Directed Application Timing Followed by Irrigation at Emergence or After POST-Directed Spray Treatment Does Not Influence Cotton Yield

2004 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 310-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew J. Price ◽  
John W. Wilcut ◽  
John R. Cranmer
Keyword(s):  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Reduced Tillage ◽  
Cotton Yield ◽  
Cotton Lint ◽  
Application Timing ◽  
The Third ◽  
Herbicide Treatment ◽  
Tillage System ◽  
Dry Soil ◽  
Spray Treatment

Three experiments were conducted in Lewiston, NC, from 1999 through 2002 to evaluate the influence of various application timings of flumioxazin preplant (PP) and postemergence-directed spray (PDS) on cotton injury. In experiment 1, flumioxazin was evaluated in a reduced-tillage system at 71, 105, or 140 g ai/ha in mixture with glyphosate, applied at 28, 14, or 7 d before planting (DBP), followed by irrigation at cotton emergence. Flumioxazin applied PP at any rate and irrigated at emergence injured cotton less than 7% at 2 wk after emergence (WAE) and less than 6% 5 WAE. In experiment 2, flumioxazin was evaluated in a conventional-tillage system at 71 or 105 g/ha as a PDS treatment applied to dry soil, wet soil, and dry soil irrigated immediately after application when cotton was 20 to 30 cm height. Cotton treated with flumioxazin PDS at either rate applied to dry soil, wet soil, or dry soil followed immediately by irrigation was not injured. In the third experiment, flumioxazin at 71 g/ha alone or in mixture with glyphosate at 1.12 g/ha was applied at 30, 21, 14, and 0 DBP in a conventional-tillage system. Flumioxazin applied alone or in mixture with glyphosate applied at any time did not injure cotton. In all experiments, cotton lint yields were not influenced by herbicide treatment.

Postemergence Control of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) in Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)

1993 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 478-482 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory S. Stapleton ◽  
Edward C. Murdock ◽  
Joe E. Toler
Keyword(s):  
Gossypium Hirsutum ◽  
Vigna Unguiculata ◽  
Cotton Yield ◽  
Cotton Lint

POST control of cowpea in cotton was evaluated in 1990 and 1991. Early POST-directed (EPD) application of fluometuron + MSMA provided 89% cowpea control 2 wk after treatment. Cowpea control 4 wk after the early treatments was similar with fluometuron + MSMA EPD and sequential directed applications of MSMA followed by (fb) MSMA, methazole + MSMA fb cyanazine + MSMA, and fluometuron + MSMA fb cyanazine + MSMA. The average reduction in cowpea biomass 12 wk after planting with these treatments was 93%. MSMA fb MSMA POST-directed was the only treatment with a lint cotton yield similar to that of weed-free cotton. Lint cotton yields with fluometuron + MSMA, methazole + MSMA fb cyanazine + MSMA, and fluometuron + MSMA fb cyanazine + MSMA were similar to those obtained with MSMA fb MSMA.

Trifloxysulfuron Plus Pyrithiobac Mixtures for Broadleaf Weed Control in Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)

2006 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 130-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Richardson ◽  
Henry P. Wilson ◽  
Gregory R. Armel ◽  
Thomas E. Hines
Keyword(s):  
Gossypium Hirsutum ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Cotton Yield ◽  
Common Ragweed ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Pitted Morningglory

Studies were conducted in 1999, 2000, and 2001 to evaluate broadleaf weed control in cotton from POST applications of trifloxysulfuron plus pyrithiobac. Trifloxysulfuron was applied at 2.5, 5, and 7.5 g ai/ha, and pyrithiobac was applied at 0, 17, and 35 g ai/ha in a factorial treatment arrangement. Cotton injury was affected by rates of both herbicides at 7 and 14 d after treatment (DAT) with injury ranging from 19 to 26%. Broadleaf weed control at 28 DAT from mixtures of the herbicides was generally commercially acceptable. Combinations of 17 or 35 g/ha pyrithiobac plus trifloxysulfuron controlled common ragweed, velvetleaf, common lambsquarters, annual morningglory species (ivyleaf morningglory, pitted morningglory, and tall morningglory), common cocklebur, spurred anoda, and jimsonweed at least 73% at 28 DAT. Trifloxysulfuron applied alone failed to control velvetleaf, spurred anoda, and jimsonweed. Cotton yield reflected weed control and yields increased with pyrithiobac rates. It is concluded that the spectra of the weeds controlled by trifloxysulfuron and pyrithiobac were highly complementary in these studies.

Interference from Established Stands of Silverleaf Nightshade (Solanum elaeagnifolium) on Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) Lint Yield

Weed Science ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brenda S. Smith ◽  
John A. Pawlak ◽  
Don S. Murray ◽  
Laval M. Verhalen ◽  
J. D. Green
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Lint Yield ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Stand Age ◽  
Cotton Lint ◽  
Silverleaf Nightshade ◽  
Cotton Lint Yield ◽  
Solanum Elaeagnifolium ◽  
Growing Conditions

Field experiments were conducted in 1985 and 1986 under eight environments to evaluate the population dynamics of a range of silverleaf nightshade densities and to measure the effects of those populations on cotton lint yield. Dry weed weights of silverleaf nightshade stands were influenced by growing conditions among years, but were positively related to initial densities as long as 2 yr after establishment. Stem numbers increased as initial densities and stand age increased. A negative linear relationship existed between cotton lint yield and weed biomass and between cotton lint yield and stem number from both 1- and 2-yr-old weed stands. For each 1 kg/10 m of row increase in dry weed weight from 1- and 2-yr-old stands, a 9 and 21% lint yield loss/ha was predicted, respectively. For each stem/10 m of row, a 0.35 and 0.31% yield loss was predicted, respectively. Late-planted cotton was less vulnerable to yield reductions by silverleaf nightshade; however, its yield potential was also less.

Influence of Weed Competition on Cotton

Weed Science ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 149-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gale A. Buchanan ◽  
Earl R. Burns
Keyword(s):  
Gossypium Hirsutum ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Stem Diameter ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
The Other ◽  
Weed Competition ◽  
Cotton Yield ◽  
Critical Periods ◽  
Annual Weeds

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL.) grown at two locations in Alabama from 1966 to 1968 produced maximum yields when kept free of annual weeds for approximately 8 weeks after emergence. Weed control for longer periods failed to increase yields. When initial weed control measures were delayed until 6 to 7 weeks after emergence at one location and 4 to 5 weeks at the other location, cotton was not injured. Prolonged weed competition past the critical periods usually resulted in drastic cotton yield reductions. Plant height and stem diameter of cotton were reduced by some of the weed competition treatments.

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) Response to Glyphosate Spot Applied

1990 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 759-764 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Brent Westerman ◽  
Don S. Murray
Keyword(s):  
Gossypium Hirsutum ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Free Field ◽  
Average Yield ◽  
Cotton Lint ◽  
Application Timing ◽  
Crop Injury ◽  
Silverleaf Nightshade

Weed free field experiments were conducted for 3 yr at one location to measure the response of cotton to glyphosate spot applied once, twice, and three times. Glyphosate treatments frequently used for silverleaf nightshade control were applied at specified intervals after cotton emergence to in-row, uniformly spaced densities of “simulated” weeds. The number and application timing influenced cotton injury each year. Frequently, cotton lint yields following treatments applied once at four, six, or eight sites/9 m of row were not reduced significantly compared to the untreated plots; however, average yield reductions ranged from 10 to 14%. Glyphosate, applied more than once generally, caused more crop injury and reduced lint yields by 13 to 39%.

Soil Water Relations of Silverleaf Nightshade (Solanum elaeagnifolium) with Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)

Weed Science ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 740-746 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Green ◽  
Don S. Murray ◽  
John F. Stone
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Relations ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Statistical Technique ◽  
Cotton Lint ◽  
Silverleaf Nightshade ◽  
Solanum Elaeagnifolium

Dryland and irrigated field experiments were established to measure differences in soil water relations throughout the growing season between plots in which cotton was grown with and without silverleaf nightshade interference. Soil moisture readings were taken weekly at 15-cm increments to a maximum depth of 120 and 150 cm during 1984 and 1985, respectively. When cotton was grown with silverleaf nightshade, soil water loss was greater at the lower portion of the soil profile earlier in the growing season than when cotton was grown alone. In the irrigated environment in 1985 when precipitation was higher than normal and the soil moisture content remained above normal, soil water loss did not differ. Cotton lint yield, plant height, and boll size reflected the amount of soil moisture available for growth and development of the crop. A statistical technique for quantifying soil water relations between the crop growing alone and growing with interference from the weed is demonstrated.

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