Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) Response to Glyphosate Spot Applied

1990 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 759-764 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Brent Westerman ◽  
Don S. Murray
Keyword(s):  
Gossypium Hirsutum ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Free Field ◽  
Average Yield ◽  
Cotton Lint ◽  
Application Timing ◽  
Crop Injury ◽  
Silverleaf Nightshade

Weed free field experiments were conducted for 3 yr at one location to measure the response of cotton to glyphosate spot applied once, twice, and three times. Glyphosate treatments frequently used for silverleaf nightshade control were applied at specified intervals after cotton emergence to in-row, uniformly spaced densities of “simulated” weeds. The number and application timing influenced cotton injury each year. Frequently, cotton lint yields following treatments applied once at four, six, or eight sites/9 m of row were not reduced significantly compared to the untreated plots; however, average yield reductions ranged from 10 to 14%. Glyphosate, applied more than once generally, caused more crop injury and reduced lint yields by 13 to 39%.

Cotton Growth and Yield Response to Simulated 2,4-D and Dicamba Drift

2009 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 503-506 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D. Everitt ◽  
J. Wayne Keeling
Keyword(s):  
Good Predictor ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Lint Yield ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Cotton Lint ◽  
Late Season ◽  
Crop Injury

Field experiments were conducted in Hale Co., TX, in 2005 and 2006 to determine the effects of 2,4-D amine and dicamba applied at varying rates and growth stages on cotton growth and yield, and to correlate cotton injury levels and lint yield reductions. Dicamba or 2,4-D amine was applied at four growth stages including cotyledon to two-leaf, four- to five-leaf, pinhead square, and early bloom. Dicamba and 2,4-D amine were applied at 1/2, 1/20, 1/200, and 1/2000 of the recommended use rate. Crop injury was recorded at 14 days after treatments and late-season, and cotton lint yields were determined. Across all growth stages, 2,4-D caused more crop injury and yield loss than dicamba. Cotton lint was reduced more by later applications (especially pinhead square) and injury underestimated yield loss with 2,4-D. Visual estimates of injury overestimated yield loss when 2,4-D or dicamba was applied early (cotyledon to two leaf) and was not a good predictor of yield loss.

Silverleaf Nightshade (Solanum elaeagnifolium) Control in Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) with Glyphosate

1994 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 720-727 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Brent Westerman ◽  
Don S. Murray
Keyword(s):  
Gossypium Hirsutum ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Cotton Yield ◽  
Cotton Lint ◽  
Herbicide Treatment ◽  
Silverleaf Nightshade ◽  
Solanum Elaeagnifolium ◽  
Multiple Spot

Glyphosate, alone and in combination with other herbicides or additives, was evaluated as a spot or shielded treatment for the control of silverleaf nightshade in cotton in three experiments over four years. Glyphosate used at 10.8 g ae/L in 1985 on dryland cotton controlled 81 to 98% of the silverleaf nightshade, but cotton lint yields were reduced by all treatments compared to the weed-free check. Glyphosate used at 7.2 g ae/L in 1986 on irrigated cotton controlled 6 to 83% of the silverleaf nightshade, and lint yields were reduced only when multiple spot applications were made. Spot applications of glyphosate were effective for silverleaf nightshade control when applied 7 wk after crop emergence in 1988. Weed control and cotton injury were lower with shielded applications than spot applications. In 1989, retreatments during a season or the next year resulted in 95% or greater silverleaf nightshade control. Cotton yield increases from herbicide treatment were not observed in 1988; however, yield increases were observed in 1989 when spot treatments were applied to the more successful 1988 plots.

Control and Competitiveness of Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) in Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)

Weed Science ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 356-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. E. Keeley ◽  
R. J. Thullen
Keyword(s):  
Gossypium Hirsutum ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Sorghum Halepense ◽  
Cotton Yield ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Seed Cotton ◽  
Average Yield ◽  
Labor Costs

Four field experiments conducted over 3 yr indicated that cultivation alone failed to prevent johnsongrass [Sorghum halepense(L.) Pers.] from reaching densities that severely reduced yields of cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL. ‘Acala SJ-2’). Density of johnsongrass in plots cultivated four times and hoed weekly for 8 weeks after emergence was reduced to 1 shoot/m2at harvest compared to 74 shoots/m2for plots that were only cultivated. In addition to a 60% average yield loss of seed cotton, yield losses ranging from 40 to 76%, ginning losses were also greater from cultivated than from hand-weeded plots. Compared to cultivated plots, supplementing cultivation with two postemergence applications of 3.0 kg/ha of DSMA (disodium methanearsonate) increased the average yield of cotton by 20% and reduced perennial johnsongrass densities by 64% at harvest. Although yields were improved by applying DSMA, they averaged 40% less than those of hand-weeded plots. The temporary weed control obtained with DSMA was profitable in terms of the additional lint and seed obtained, but insufficient cotton was produced to pay expenses for producing the crop by any of the methods of weed control. High labor costs for hoeing prevented this treatment from being profitable.

Effect of Pyroxasulfone Application Timing and Rate on Soybean

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 202-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel O. Stephenson ◽  
David C. Blouin ◽  
James L. Griffin ◽  
Randall L. Landry ◽  
Brandi C. Woolam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Detrimental Effect ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Free Field ◽  
Plant Population ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Soybean Plant ◽  
Yield Data ◽  
Application Timing ◽  
Delayed Emergence ◽  
Leaf Necrosis

Weed-free field experiments were conducted to evaluate soybean injury, growth, and yield following PRE or POST pyroxasulfone application. Soybean was injured 1 and 15% following pyroxasulfone PRE and POST application, respectively, 7 d after treatment (DAT). Injury following PRE and POST application was observed as delayed emergence and leaf necrosis and crinkling, respectively. Injury ranged from 0 to 6% following both application timings 14 and 28 DAT. Soybean was injured 5% or less following 60, 120, 180, 240, and 300 g ha−1 of pyroxasulfone. Soybean plant population, height, and yield were not affected by pyroxasulfone application timing. Only 300 g ha−1 of pyroxasulfone reduced soybean plant population to 90% of the nontreated 30 d after PRE. Pyroxasulfone rate did not influence soybean heights and yield. Data indicates that pyroxasulfone can safely be applied to soybean without a detrimental effect on plant growth or yield.

Full-Season Interference of Silverleaf Nightshade (Solanum elaeagnifolium) with Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)

Weed Science ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 813-818 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Green ◽  
Don S. Murray ◽  
Laval M. Verhalen
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Gossypium Hirsutum ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Lint Yield ◽  
Fiber Properties ◽  
Silverleaf Nightshade ◽  
Weed Plants ◽  
Harvest Efficiency ◽  
Solanum Elaeagnifolium

Full-season interference of silverleaf nightshade (Solanum elaeagnifoliumCav. # SOLEL) with dryland and irrigated cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL. ‘Paymaster 145′) was evaluated in five field experiments during 1984 and 1985, Weed densities ranged from 0 to 32 plants/10 m of crop row. Dry weight of silverleaf nightshade increased from 0.08 to 0.39 kg/plot for each additional weed/10 m of row. Intraspecific competition among silverleaf nightshade plants was not evident. However, cotton height was reduced at weed densities of 4 plants/10 m of row or more. The densities at which initial lint yield reductions occurred ranged from 4 to 32 weed plants/10 m of row. Irrigated cotton more effectively competed with the weed than did dryland cotton, suggesting that soil water was a primary competition factor between the two species. Boll size was reduced at densities of 2 weeds/10 m of row and above. Silverleaf nightshade reduced mechanical harvest efficiency only at densities of 16 and 32 plants/10 m of row. Fiber properties were not affected. Linear regression predicted that lint yield would be reduced 1.54% for each silverleaf nightshade plant/10 m of cotton row. The distance silverleaf nightshade was established from the crop row did not affect the weed's interference with cotton within a range of 0 to 30 cm.

Effect of hybrid varieties, application timing, and herbicide rate on field corn tolerance to tolpyralate plus atrazine

Weed Science ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 67 (05) ◽  
pp. 475-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brendan A. Metzger ◽  
Nader Soltani ◽  
Alan J. Raeder ◽  
David C. Hooker ◽  
Darren E. Robinson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Model ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Corn Hybrids ◽  
Visible Injury ◽  
Application Timing ◽  
Field Corn ◽  
Crop Injury ◽  
Grain Moisture

AbstractA wide margin of crop safety is a desirable trait of POST herbicides, and investigation of crop tolerance is a key step in evaluation of new herbicides. Six field experiments were conducted in Ontario, Canada, from 2017 to 2018 to examine the influence of corn (Zea mays L.) hybrid (DKC42-60RIB, DKC43-47RIB, P0094AM, and P9840AM), application rate (1X and 2X), and application timing (PRE, V1, V3, and V5) on the tolerance of field corn to tolpyralate, a new 4-hydroxyphenyl pyruvate dioxygenase inhibitor, co-applied with atrazine. Two corn hybrids (DKC42-60RIB and DKC43-47RIB) exhibited slightly greater visible injury from tolpyralate + atrazine, applied POST, than P0094AM and P9840AM at 1 to 2 wk after application (WAA); hybrids responded similarly with respect to height, grain moisture, and yield. Applications of tolpyralate + atrazine at a 2X rate (80 + 2,000 g ai ha−1) induced greater injury (≤31.6%) than the field rate (40 + 1,000 g ha−1) (≤11.6%); the 2X rate applied at V1 or V3 decreased corn height and slightly increased grain moisture at harvest. On average, field rates resulted in marginally higher grain yields than 2X rates. Based on mixed-model multiple stepwise regression analysis, the air temperature at application, time of day, temperature range in the 24 h before application, and precipitation following application were useful predictor variables in estimating crop injury with tolpyralate + atrazine; however, additional environmental variables also affected crop injury. These results demonstrate the margin of corn tolerance with tolpyralate + atrazine, which provides a basis for optimization of application timing, rate, and corn hybrid selection to mitigate the risk of crop injury with this herbicide tank mixture.

Interference from Established Stands of Silverleaf Nightshade (Solanum elaeagnifolium) on Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) Lint Yield

Weed Science ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brenda S. Smith ◽  
John A. Pawlak ◽  
Don S. Murray ◽  
Laval M. Verhalen ◽  
J. D. Green
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Lint Yield ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Stand Age ◽  
Cotton Lint ◽  
Silverleaf Nightshade ◽  
Cotton Lint Yield ◽  
Solanum Elaeagnifolium ◽  
Growing Conditions

Field experiments were conducted in 1985 and 1986 under eight environments to evaluate the population dynamics of a range of silverleaf nightshade densities and to measure the effects of those populations on cotton lint yield. Dry weed weights of silverleaf nightshade stands were influenced by growing conditions among years, but were positively related to initial densities as long as 2 yr after establishment. Stem numbers increased as initial densities and stand age increased. A negative linear relationship existed between cotton lint yield and weed biomass and between cotton lint yield and stem number from both 1- and 2-yr-old weed stands. For each 1 kg/10 m of row increase in dry weed weight from 1- and 2-yr-old stands, a 9 and 21% lint yield loss/ha was predicted, respectively. For each stem/10 m of row, a 0.35 and 0.31% yield loss was predicted, respectively. Late-planted cotton was less vulnerable to yield reductions by silverleaf nightshade; however, its yield potential was also less.

Downy Brome (Bromus tectorum) Response to Imazamox Rate and Application Timing in Herbicide-Resistant Winter Wheat

2004 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 1043-1048 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert N. Stougaard ◽  
Carol A. Mallory-Smith ◽  
James A. Mickelson
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Downy Brome ◽  
Application Timing ◽  
Crop Injury ◽  
The One

Field experiments were conducted at Kalispell, MT, and Corvallis, OR, to determine the optimum rate and application timing of imazamox for downy brome control in winter wheat. Crop injury occurred as a reduction in plant height and was minimal at Kalispell, never exceeding 10%. Crop injury at Corvallis was more severe and was dependant on application timing. No injury was observed with spring applications, but fall applications resulted in as much as 33% injury at the highest rate of imazamox. Fall applications generally provided more consistent control of downy brome, as evidenced by the lower dosage required to reduce downy brome dry weight by 50% (lowerI50values). Nonetheless, spring applications generally provided control comparable with that of fall applications when imazamox was applied at the highest rate. The one exception was at Corvallis during 1997 to 1998, where spring applications failed to provide adequate control of downy brome even at the highest rate applied. Although imazamox generally provided excellent control of downy brome, wheat yield response to downy brome interference was negligible, declining by less than 10% in the absence of imazamox. The absence of a yield response to downy brome interference was attributed to the lack of competition for soil moisture from downy brome under the high-rainfall conditions of the experiment.

Soil Water Relations of Silverleaf Nightshade (Solanum elaeagnifolium) with Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)

Weed Science ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 740-746 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Green ◽  
Don S. Murray ◽  
John F. Stone
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Relations ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Statistical Technique ◽  
Cotton Lint ◽  
Silverleaf Nightshade ◽  
Solanum Elaeagnifolium

Dryland and irrigated field experiments were established to measure differences in soil water relations throughout the growing season between plots in which cotton was grown with and without silverleaf nightshade interference. Soil moisture readings were taken weekly at 15-cm increments to a maximum depth of 120 and 150 cm during 1984 and 1985, respectively. When cotton was grown with silverleaf nightshade, soil water loss was greater at the lower portion of the soil profile earlier in the growing season than when cotton was grown alone. In the irrigated environment in 1985 when precipitation was higher than normal and the soil moisture content remained above normal, soil water loss did not differ. Cotton lint yield, plant height, and boll size reflected the amount of soil moisture available for growth and development of the crop. A statistical technique for quantifying soil water relations between the crop growing alone and growing with interference from the weed is demonstrated.

Insecticides Modify Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) Response to Clomazone

1991 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 729-735 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan C. York ◽  
David L. Jordan ◽  
Robert E. Frans
Keyword(s):  
Gossypium Hirsutum ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Separate Experiment ◽  
Cotton Yield

Field experiments were conducted to determine if aldicarb, disulfoton, or phorate applied in-furrow at 0.84 or 1.12 kg ai ha–1affected cotton response to clomazone applied PPI or PRE at rates ranging from 0 to 1.12 kg ai ha–1. Disulfoton and phorate greatly reduced clomazone-induced chlorosis, stunting, and death of cotton seedlings. Compared with no insecticide or with dimethoate applied POST, aldicarb did not affect cotton response to clomazone. A clomazone rate by insecticide interaction was not observed for cotton yield. Clomazone reduced cotton yield at one of five locations. Insecticides affected yield at three locations, where highest yields were from cotton treated with aldicarb. In a separate experiment with 0.56, 1.12, and 2.24 kg ha–1of phorate applied in-furrow and 1.12 kg ha–1of clomazone applied PPI, phorate at all rates protected cotton from clomazone phytotoxicity.

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