Design, Construction, and Operation of Tilted Beds to Simulate Agricultural Runoff in Vegetative Filter Strips

1997 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 618-622 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wondi Mersie ◽  
Cathy A. Seybold
Keyword(s):  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Agricultural Runoff ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Agricultural Chemicals ◽  
Runoff Water ◽  
Vegetative Filter Strips ◽  
Filter Strips ◽  
Subsurface Lateral Flow ◽  
Design Construction

This paper describes the design, construction, and operation of tilted beds to investigate the effectiveness of vegetative filter strips (VFS) in removing agricultural chemicals from runoff water. The beds are designed to catch surface runoff, leachate, and subsurface lateral flow. Switchgrass was established on beds filled with Cullen clay loam or Emporia sandy loam. Switchgrass establi shed on Cullen clay loam beds reduced surface runoff by 60% and by 11% in sandy loam containing switchgrass compared to respective bare soils. Infiltration was 64, 26, 17, and 8% for clay loam with switchgrass, clay loam without switchgrass, sandy loam with switchgrass, and sandy loam without switchgrass, respectively.

An improved method for the parameterization of sediment trapping in VFSMOD

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Reichenberger ◽  
Robin Sur ◽  
Stephan Sittig ◽  
Sebastian Multsch ◽  
Rafael Muñoz-Carpena
Keyword(s):  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Particle Diameter ◽  
Sediment Trapping ◽  
Vegetative Filter Strips ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Filter Strips ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
Data Points ◽  
Pesticide Load ◽  
Event Based

<p>The most widely implemented mitigation measure to reduce transfer of pesticides to surface water bodies via surface runoff are vegetative filter strips (VFS). To reliably model the reduction of surface runoff, eroded sediment and pesticide load by VFS an event-based model is needed. The most commonly used model for this purpose is VFSMOD. VFSMOD simulates reduction of total inflow (∆Q) and reduction of incoming eroded sediment load (∆E) mechanistically. These variables are subsequently used to calculate the reduction of pesticide load (∆P). While ∆P can be relatively well predicted from ∆Q, ∆E and some other variables, errors in ∆Q and ∆E will propagate to ∆P. Hence, for strongly sorbing compounds, an accurate prediction of ∆E is crucial. The most important parameter characterizing the incoming sediment in VFSMOD is the median particle diameter d50. The objective of this study was to derive a generic d50 parameterization methodology for sediment trapping in VFSMOD that can be readily used for regulatory VFS scenarios.</p><p>Four studies with 16 hydrological events were selected for modelling. A first set of VFSMOD simulations, following the SWAN-VFSMOD sediment parameterization with d50 = 20 µm yielded a general overestimation of ∆E. Consequently, a maximum-likelihood-based calibration and uncertainty analysis with the DREAM-ZS algorithm was performed for the 16 events. The resulting d50 values were all in the low range (1.3-5.4 µm) and did not allow to establish a robust relationship to predict a wider range of d50 from the available explanatory variables. To increase the sample size and the range of d50 values, the comprehensive Kinston dataset for a loamy sand in North Carolina was calibrated with DREAM-ZS. Calibration was performed separately for each hydrological event. Further data points with measured particle size distributions in run-on were assimilated from the literature. The extended test data set of d50 values and explanatory variables was analysed using an extended multiple linear regression (MLR) approach and Classification and Regression Trees (CART).</p><p>A good calibration of event totals and outflow hydrographs could be achieved for most events and VFS treatments of the Kinston site. The calibrated d50 values yielded a wider range (2-16 µm) than the initial 16 events.</p><p>The improved d50 parameterization method derived with MLR/CART will be adopted in the next version of SWAN-VFSMOD to provide more realistic quantitative mitigation within FOCUS STEP4.</p>

scholarly journals Shallow water table effects on water, sediment, and pesticide transport in vegetative filter strips – Part 1: nonuniform infiltration and soil water redistribution

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael Muñoz-Carpena ◽  
Claire Lauvernet ◽  
Nadia Carluer
Keyword(s):  
Shallow Water ◽  
Water Table ◽  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Rainfall Intensity ◽  
Initial Conditions ◽  
Companion Paper ◽  
Soil Infiltration ◽  
Shallow Water Table ◽  
Vegetative Filter Strips ◽  
Filter Strips

Abstract. Vegetation buffers like vegetative filter strips (VFSs) are often used to protect water bodies from surface runoff pollution from disturbed areas. Their typical placement in floodplains often results in the presence of a seasonal shallow water table (WT) that can decrease soil infiltration and increase surface pollutant transport during a rainfall-runoff event. Simple and robust components of hydrological models are needed to analyze the impacts of WT in the landscape. To simulate VFS infiltration under realistic rainfall conditions with WT, we propose a generic infiltration solution (Shallow Water table INfiltration algorithm: SWINGO) based on a combination of approaches by Salvucci and Entekhabi (1995) and Chu (1997) with new integral formulae to calculate singular times (time of ponding, shift time, and time to soil profile saturation). The algorithm was tested successfully on five distinct soils, both against Richards's numerical solution and experimental data in terms of infiltration and soil moisture redistribution predictions, and applied to study the combined effects of varying WT depth, soil type, and rainfall intensity and duration. The results show the robustness of the algorithm and its ability to handle various soil hydraulic functions and initial nonponding conditions under unsteady rainfall. The effect of a WT on infiltration under ponded conditions was found to be effectively decoupled from surface infiltration and excess runoff processes for depths larger than 1.2 to 2 m, being shallower for fine soils and shorter events. For nonponded initial conditions, the influence of WT depth also varies with rainfall intensity. Also, we observed that soils with a marked air entry (bubbling pressure) exhibit a distinct behavior with WT near the surface. The good performance, robustness, and flexibility of SWINGO supports its broader use to study WT effects on surface runoff, infiltration, flooding, transport, ecological, and land use processes. SWINGO is coupled with an existing VFS model in the companion paper (Lauvernet and Muñoz-Carpena, 2018), where the potential effects of seasonal or permanent WTs on VFS sediment and pesticide trapping are studied.

Metolachlor and metribuzin losses in runoff as affected by width of vegetative filter strips

Weed Science ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 475-479 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher H. Tingle ◽  
David R. Shaw ◽  
Michele Boyette ◽  
Glen P. Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Strip Width ◽  
Runoff Water ◽  
Vegetative Filter Strips ◽  
Filter Strips ◽  
Filter Strip ◽  
Water And Sediment ◽  
Sediment Loss

Tall fescue vegetative filter strips 0.5 to 4.0 m wide were evaluated for their ability to reduce losses of metolachlor, metribuzin, and runoff (water and sediment) in conventionally tilled soybean. Differences in the parameters studied were significant between filter and no filter strips, regardless of filter strip width. Two days after treatment, metribuzin concentration in runoff from the unfiltered treatment was 231 ng ml−1; filter strips reduced this amount to 119 ng ml−1or less. Similar trends were observed with metolachlor, with concentrations of 1,009 ng ml−1from the unfiltered, whereas filter strips of any width reduced this to 523 ng ml−1or less. Metribuzin loss during the growing season was 41 g ai ha−1, or 9.8% of the amount applied when no filter strip was present. The addition of a filter strip, regardless of width, reduced cumulative metribuzin losses to 11 g ha−1or less. Similar results were noted with metolachlor. Filter strips, regardless of width, reduced cumulative runoff and sediment loss at least 46 and 83%, respectively.

Effect of a cold-climate buffer zone on minimising diffuse pollution from agriculture

2002 ◽  
Vol 45 (9) ◽  
pp. 69-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Syversen
Keyword(s):  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Buffer Zone ◽  
Agricultural Runoff ◽  
Cold Climate ◽  
Diffuse Pollution ◽  
Runoff Water ◽  
Buffer Zones ◽  
Significant Difference

Vegetative buffer zones adjacent to streams can filter diffuse pollution from agriculture. Under Nordic climatic conditions, major runoff from agriculture occurs during winter and especially during snowmelt. Field experiments documenting runoff and retention processes in buffer zones during winter conditions are essential. Agricultural runoff and buffer zone retention of nutrients and particles during winter and summer are compared. The study is based upon 8 years of data collected from 5 to 10 m wide buffer zones compared to plots without buffer zones. Volume proportional samples were collected after each runoff episode. Results show that the difference between precipitation and runoff is much higher during summer than winter, due to higher evapotranspiration and infiltration during the summer. Over 90% of total particle and phosphorus runoff occurred during winter. There was no significant difference in retention of particles and particle-bound nutrients during winter compared to summer. Sedimentation is one of the most important retention processes in surface runoff buffer zones. High retention during winter is probably caused by higher surface runoff and erosion. High surface runoff and flow velocity could cause erosion of coarser particles, which were more easily trapped in the buffer zone. High particle concentration in the runoff water may also enhance the aggregation of fine particles.

Modeling the influence of tile drainage flow and tile spacing on phosphorus losses from two agricultural fields in southern Québec

2013 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 279-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Morrison ◽  
C. A. Madramootoo ◽  
M. Chikhaoui
Keyword(s):  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Subsurface Drainage ◽  
Tile Drainage ◽  
Agricultural Fields ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Drain Spacing ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
A Site

Tile drainage is a widely adopted water management practice in the eastern Canadian provinces of Québec and Ontario. It aims to improve the productivity of poorly drained agricultural fields. Nevertheless, studies have also shown that subsurface drainage is a significant pollution pathway to surface water. This study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of tile drain spacing on surface runoff, subsurface drainage flows, and phosphorus (P) loss from two tile-drained agricultural fields located near Bedford, Québec. Field data were used with the DRAINMOD model, and in developed regression models in order to perform the analysis. Both DRAINMOD and the regression models showed good performance. Simulation results indicated that when lateral tile drain spacing is increased, the volume of subsurface drain flow decreases, and the volume of surface runoff increases, at sites with sandy and clay loam soils. For every 5 m increase in drain spacing, total phosphorus (TP) loads in subsurface drainage decreased by 6% at a site with sandy loam soil, and increased by 20% at a site with clay loam soil. TP loads in surface runoff increased as a result of increased drain spacing.

Landfarming of Oily Wastes: Design and Operation

1987 ◽  
Vol 19 (8) ◽  
pp. 75-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. P. Amaral
Keyword(s):  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Groundwater Protection ◽  
Quality Monitoring ◽  
Design Stage ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Runoff Water ◽  
Oily Waste ◽  
Waste Degradation ◽  
Ground Characterization ◽  
Area Of Application

The technology of treatment through landfarming for oily wastes has been more and more often utilized in Brazil, always successfully. The definition, the processes which occur, as well as the factors which affect its performance are herein presented. Design parameters, such as location, ground characterization, dimensioning of the area of application, groundwater protection, drainage, treatment of surface runoff water and percolated liquid, among others, are presented. Operational procedures and quality monitoring of effluents and environment are also described. PETROBRÁS is already operating two landfarming systems and has several others in the design stage. We present data from these projects and report that oily waste degradation has been achieved in around six months. Finally, we expect to be contributing to the affirmation and development of this technology in our Country.

Modelling of Solute Transfer to Surface Runoff

1992 ◽  
Vol 26 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 1851-1856 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Lai ◽  
K. S. L. Lo
Keyword(s):  
Potassium Chloride ◽  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Overland Flow ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Runoff Water ◽  
Mixing Depth ◽  
Change Rate ◽  
Solute Transfer ◽  
The Media

A mixing-based model for describing solute transfer to overland flow was developed. This model included a time-dependent mixing depth of the top layer and a complete-mixed surface runoff zone. In a series of laboratory experiments, runoff was passed at various velocities and depths over a medium bed. The media were saturated with uniform concentration of potassium chloride solution. Runoff water was sampled at the beginning and end of the flume and the potassium chloride concentration analyzed. Using this model, dimensionless ultimate mixing depth and dimensionless change rate of mixing depth from experimental data were investigated and implemented. The results showed that the Reynolds number and relative roughness are two important factors.

Agricultural best management practices and surface water improvement and management

1995 ◽  
Vol 31 (8) ◽  
pp. 109-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. Anderson ◽  
E. G. Flaig
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Best Management Practices ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Agricultural Runoff ◽  
South Florida ◽  
Lake Okeechobee ◽  
Runoff Water ◽  
Best Management ◽  
Management Plans

Restoration and enhancement of Lake Okeechobee and the Florida Everglades requires a comprehensive approach to manage agricultural runoff. The Florida Surface Water Improvement and Management (SWIM) Act of 1987 was promulgated to develop and implement plans for protecting Florida waters. The South Florida Water Management District was directed by Florida legislature to develop management plans for Lake Okeechobee (SWIM) and the Everglades ecosystem (Marjory Stoneman Douglas Everglades Protection Act of 1991). These plans require agriculture to implement best management practices (BMPs) to reduce runoff phosphorus (P) loads. The Lake Okeechobee SWIM plan established a P load reduction target for Lake Okeechobee and set P concentration limitations for runoff from non-point source agricultural sources. Agricultural water users in the Everglades Agricultural Area (EAA) are required to develop farm management plans to reduce P loads from the basin by 25%. The Everglades Forever Act of 1994 additionally emphasized linkage of these landscapes and consequent protection and restoration of the Everglades. Agricultural BMPs are being developed and implemented to comply with water management, environmental, and regulatory standards. Although BMPs are improving runoff water quality, additional research is necessary to obtain the best combination of BMPs for individual farms. This paper summarizes the development of comprehensive water management in south Florida and the agricultural BMPs carried out to meet regulatory requirements for Lake Okeechobee and the Everglades.

Comparison of oxidoreductive enzyme activities in three coal tar creosote-contaminated soils

Soil Research ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (8) ◽  
pp. 814 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arkadiusz Telesiński ◽  
Teresa Krzyśko-Łupicka ◽  
Krystyna Cybulska ◽  
Barbara Pawłowska ◽  
Robert Biczak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Contaminated Soils ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Coal Tar ◽  
Loamy Sand ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Oxidoreductase Activity ◽  
Sandy Clay Loam ◽  
Sandy Clay ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Negative Effect

This study used laboratory experiments to compare the effects of coal tar creosote on the activity of oxidoreductive enzymes in sandy loam, loamy sand and sandy clay loam soils. Different amounts of coal tar creosote were added to soil samples as follows: 0 (control), 2, 10 or 50 g kg–1 dry matter. The activity of soil dehydrogenases (DHAs), o-diphenol oxidase (o-DPO), catalase (CAT), nitrate reductase (NR) and peroxidases (POX) was determined. Contamination of soil with coal tar creosote affected oxidoreductase activity. Oxidoreductive enzyme activity following soil contamination with coal tar creosote was in the following order: DHAs > CAT > NR > POX > o-DPO in loamy sand and in sandy loam; and DHAs > POX > CAT > NR > o-DPO in sandy clay loam. The index of soil oxidoreductive activity (IOx) introduced in this study confirms the negative effect of coal tar creosote on oxidoreductase activity in soil. DHAs were the most sensitive to the contamination of soil with coal tar creosote. Moreover, the greatest changes in oxidoreductase activities were observed in loamy sand. Knowledge of the mechanism underlying the effects of coal tar creosote on oxidoreductive processes may enable development of a method for the bioremediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-contaminated soils.

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