Artificial Intelligence and International Security: The Long View

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (02) ◽  
pp. 169-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amandeep Singh Gill
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Nuclear Weapons ◽  
Intelligent Systems ◽  
Outer Space ◽  
The United States ◽  
Consumer Products ◽  
Public Infrastructure ◽  
Weapon Systems ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Military Applications

AbstractHow will emerging autonomous and intelligent systems affect the international landscape of power and coercion two decades from now? Will the world see a new set of artificial intelligence (AI) hegemons just as it saw a handful of nuclear powers for most of the twentieth century? Will autonomous weapon systems make conflict more likely or will states find ways to control proliferation and build deterrence, as they have done (fitfully) with nuclear weapons? And importantly, will multilateral forums find ways to engage the technology holders, states as well as industry, in norm setting and other forms of controlling the competition? The answers to these questions lie not only in the scope and spread of military applications of AI technologies but also in how pervasive their civilian applications will be. Just as civil nuclear energy and peaceful uses of outer space have cut into and often shaped discussions on nuclear weapons and missiles, the burgeoning uses of AI in consumer products and services, health, education, and public infrastructure will shape views on norm setting and arms control. New mechanisms for trust and confidence-building measures might be needed not only between China and the United States—the top competitors in comprehensive national strength today—but also among a larger group of AI players, including Canada, France, Germany, India, Israel, Japan, Russia, South Korea, and the United Kingdom.

Nuclear Guarantees and Nonproliferation

1971 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 836-844 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph I. Coffey
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Nuclear Weapons ◽  
The United States ◽  
Atomic Weapons ◽  
The United Kingdom

On March 5, 1970, the Treaty on the Nonproliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) went into effect, having been ratified by 47 states including the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The treaty legally bars these three nuclear powers from transferring atomic weapons to nonnuclear states and formally pledges those nonnuclear states signing the treaty to refrain from developing such weapons or acquiring them from other powers. It thus caps a long effort by the United States to inhibit—so long as it could not preclude—the spread of nuclear weapons and to avoid the potential instabilities associated with that spread.

scholarly journals Protection of patent law objects, created by artificial intelligence (AI) technologies

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (44) ◽  
pp. 230-240
Author(s):  
Olha Pavlyuk ◽  
Nataliia Parasiuk ◽  
Alona Dutko ◽  
Vasyl Parasiuk ◽  
Oksana Stasiv
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
The United States ◽  
Research Process ◽  
Patent Law ◽  
European Patent ◽  
Legal Systems ◽  
Anglo Saxon ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Structural Methods

The aim of the article is to solve the scientific problem of outlining the issue of protection of patent law objects created using artificial intelligence technologies, and to establish whether it is possible to recognize artificial intelligence technologies as inventor at the present stage of development of legal systems. Philosophical, comparative-legal and system-structural methods were used in the research process. Based on the analysis of the European Patent Convention, the main generally accepted conditions of patentability of the invention are determined: novelty, inventive step, industrial applicability. It has been established that inventions created by artificial intelligence technologies will meet such criteria provided that certain requirements are met. In the context of the study, the case of the invention of artificial intelligence «DABUS» is analyzed and the results of its consideration in the European Patent Organization, the United Kingdom and the United States are summarized. In particular, it has been established that artificial intelligence technologies are currently not considered as inventors in either the Romano-Germanic or Anglo-Saxon legal systems.

scholarly journals In Search of a Legal Solution to the Weaponisation of Space: A Russian Perspective

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yevgeny Zvedre
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Outer Space ◽  
Use Of Force ◽  
Code Of Conduct ◽  
The United States ◽  
Positive Role ◽  
Weapon Systems ◽  
Universal Principles ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The Common

This article is primarily focused on the diplomatic efforts aimed at preventing the weaponisation of outer space, or development of weapon systems designed to destroy targets, either orbital or terrestrial, or from the ground in outer space. Along with that, a number of anti-satellite weapon projects that both the United States (US) and the Soviet Union/Russia have been developing since the 1950s are briefly described as examples of their military competition in space. Highlighted is the work that has been done within the United Nations (UN) context to develop a corpus of universal principles and norms governing international exploration of outer space as the common heritage of humankind, free from the use of force. The author also highlights the positive role that arms control treaties have been playing in preventing deployment of weapons in space. Particular emphasis is given to the potential consequences for global security should attack weapons appear in outer space, and to the importance of a further targeted effort by the international community to work out additional regulations strengthening space security. In this regard, draft treaties on the prevention of weapons in space introduced by Russia and China, and the European Union’s International Code of conduct for Space are emphasised.

Main Contents and Comment on the 1967 Outer Space Treaty

2021 ◽  
pp. 15-19
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Outer Space ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Moon ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Celestial Bodies ◽  
Outer Space Treaty

This chapter introduces the ratification by member states and main contents of the 1967 Outer Space Treaty (Title: Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, Including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies). Furthermore, the author explains the reason it the contents of the 1967 Outer Space Treaty should be amended. The treaty was opened for signature in the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union on 27 January 1967, and entered into force on 10 October 1967. As of June 2020, 110 countries are parties to the treaty, while another 23 have signed the treaty but have not completed ratification.

Can the Spread of Nuclear Weapons Be Stopped?

1965 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 851-869 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. L. M. Burns
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Nuclear Weapons ◽  
Prime Minister ◽  
The United States ◽  
Nuclear War ◽  
Atomic Weapons ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Intractable Problems ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
Set Up

Preventing the spread of nuclear weapons is one facet of the problem of preventing nuclear war, a problem which has engaged the statesmen of the world ever since the dust of the Nagasaki explosion settled. In the Truman-Attlee-King declaration of November 15, 1945, the President of the United States, the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, and the Prime Minister of Canada proposed that the United Nations set up a commission to study how atomic energy could be controlled so as to limit its use to peaceful purposes, how atomic weapons could be eliminated from national armaments, and how safeguards could be set up so as to ensure that all nations would comply widi the obligations which they undertook to these ends. Thus fell to the United Nations one of the most intractable problems of international organization, a problem which might be looked on as the creation of a new sphere of international law.

The UN and Disarmament

1965 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 463-483 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel S. Cheever
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Outer Space ◽  
The United States ◽  
Weapons Of Mass Destruction ◽  
Mass Destruction ◽  
Fissionable Material ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Test Ban ◽  
The Military

In 1964 Secretary-General U Thant asserted that more significant progress in achieving some measures of disarmament has taken place since the summer of 1963 than in all the years since the founding of the United Nations.The evidence cited included five achievements: 1) the coming into force in October 1963 of the Moscow Treaty, a partial test-ban treaty banning nuclear-weapons tests in the atmosphere, in outer space, and under water to which more than 100 states had subscribed by 1965; 2) the establishment of the direct communications link between Moscow and Washington; 3) the resolution of the General Assembly to ban nuclear and other weapons of mass destruction from outer space; 4) the unilateral reductions of the military budgets of the Soviet Union and the United States; and 5) the mutual cutbacks in production of fissionable material for military purposes by these two countries and the United Kingdom.

scholarly journals Interdependência Securitária: o Caso da Proliferação e Controlo de Armamentos no Domínio da Inteligência Artificial

2020 ◽  
pp. 67-86
Author(s):  
Maria Saraiva
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Autonomous Systems ◽  
Control Architecture ◽  
Military Strategy ◽  
Global Regulation ◽  
Weapon Systems ◽  
Disruptive Technologies ◽  
Military Applications ◽  
Armed Violence ◽  
Artificial Intelligence Systems

This article examines the more obscure dimensions of the use of Artificial Intelligence systems in Defense, with a particular focus on lethal autonomous weapon systems. Based on the need to regulate these disruptive technologies in military applications, this paper defends the preventive prohibition of these armaments and makes proposals for a global regulation of the use of Artificial Intelligence in military strategy. The article argues that autonomous systems aggravate the difficulties in managing the instruments of armed violence, which may undermine the foundations of strategy. It also defends the need to promote a global arms control architecture, taking into account that today it is already possible to use Artificial Intelligence applications in all military operational domains and that these are increasingly interrelated.

scholarly journals Swarm learning for decentralized artificial intelligence in cancer histopathology

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver Lester Saldanha ◽  
Philp Quirke ◽  
Nicholas P. West ◽  
Jacqueline A. James ◽  
Maurice B. Loughrey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Data Transfer ◽  
Image Data ◽  
The United States ◽  
Data Governance ◽  
Molecular Alterations ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Mutational Status ◽  
Hematoxylin And Eosin ◽  
Histopathology Image Analysis

Artificial Intelligence (AI) can extract clinically actionable information from medical image data. In cancer histopathology, AI can be used to predict the presence of molecular alterations directly from routine histopathology slides. However, training robust AI systems requires large datasets whose collection faces practical, ethical and legal obstacles. These obstacles could be overcome with swarm learning (SL) where partners jointly train AI models, while avoiding data transfer and monopolistic data governance. Here, for the first time, we demonstrate the successful use of SL in large, multicentric datasets of gigapixel histopathology images comprising over 5000 patients. We show that AI models trained using Swarm Learning can predict BRAF mutational status and microsatellite instability (MSI) directly from hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained pathology slides of colorectal cancer (CRC). We trained AI models on three patient cohorts from Northern Ireland, Germany and the United States of America and validated the prediction performance in two independent datasets from the United Kingdom using SL-based AI models. Our data show that SL enables us to train AI models which outperform most locally trained models and perform on par with models which are centrally trained on the merged datasets. In addition, we show that SL-based AI models are data efficient and maintain a robust performance even if only subsets of local datasets are used for training. In the future, SL can be used to train distributed AI models for any histopathology image analysis tasks, overcoming the need for data transfer and without requiring institutions to give up control of the final AI model.

scholarly journals Artificial Intelligence in China: The Current State of Industry and Development Trends

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 588-606
Author(s):  
Polina E. Strukova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Intelligent Systems ◽  
The United States ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Government Control ◽  
High Tech Industry ◽  
Current State ◽  
Historical Factors ◽  
Recent Trends

Currently, in many countries of the world, developments in the field of artificial intelligence are given priority. Among the main countries competing for leadership in this area, China is gaining more and more weight, surpassing the United States of America in America who is considered the undisputed market leader. Despite tight government control and generous financial support for the artificial intelligence sector, which leads to the industry’s boom, China faces certain difficulties in developing this high-tech industry. Some of these difficulties are due to historical factors, while others are due to the state of the industry’s market. The country’s leaders are planning to overcome some of them by reforming related industries and introducing specific approaches to strengthen the position of Chinese companies involved in developments in machine learning, deep learning, natural language processing, computer vision fields, as well as working on projects in the field of big data analysis, autonomous intelligent systems, etc. This article provides an overview of the current state of the artificial intelligence industry in China and analyzes the recent trends of this market in China.

scholarly journals Messier than Oil: Assessing Data Advantage in Military AI

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Husanjot Chahal ◽  
Ryan Fedasiuk ◽  
Carrick Flynn
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Military Applications

Both China and the United States seek to develop military applications enabled by artificial intelligence. This issue brief reviews the obstacles to assessing data competitiveness and provides metrics for measuring data advantage.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document