scholarly journals Swarm learning for decentralized artificial intelligence in cancer histopathology

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver Lester Saldanha ◽  
Philp Quirke ◽  
Nicholas P. West ◽  
Jacqueline A. James ◽  
Maurice B. Loughrey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Data Transfer ◽  
Image Data ◽  
The United States ◽  
Data Governance ◽  
Molecular Alterations ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Mutational Status ◽  
Hematoxylin And Eosin ◽  
Histopathology Image Analysis

Artificial Intelligence (AI) can extract clinically actionable information from medical image data. In cancer histopathology, AI can be used to predict the presence of molecular alterations directly from routine histopathology slides. However, training robust AI systems requires large datasets whose collection faces practical, ethical and legal obstacles. These obstacles could be overcome with swarm learning (SL) where partners jointly train AI models, while avoiding data transfer and monopolistic data governance. Here, for the first time, we demonstrate the successful use of SL in large, multicentric datasets of gigapixel histopathology images comprising over 5000 patients. We show that AI models trained using Swarm Learning can predict BRAF mutational status and microsatellite instability (MSI) directly from hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained pathology slides of colorectal cancer (CRC). We trained AI models on three patient cohorts from Northern Ireland, Germany and the United States of America and validated the prediction performance in two independent datasets from the United Kingdom using SL-based AI models. Our data show that SL enables us to train AI models which outperform most locally trained models and perform on par with models which are centrally trained on the merged datasets. In addition, we show that SL-based AI models are data efficient and maintain a robust performance even if only subsets of local datasets are used for training. In the future, SL can be used to train distributed AI models for any histopathology image analysis tasks, overcoming the need for data transfer and without requiring institutions to give up control of the final AI model.

scholarly journals Protection of patent law objects, created by artificial intelligence (AI) technologies

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (44) ◽  
pp. 230-240
Author(s):  
Olha Pavlyuk ◽  
Nataliia Parasiuk ◽  
Alona Dutko ◽  
Vasyl Parasiuk ◽  
Oksana Stasiv
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
The United States ◽  
Research Process ◽  
Patent Law ◽  
European Patent ◽  
Legal Systems ◽  
Anglo Saxon ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Structural Methods

The aim of the article is to solve the scientific problem of outlining the issue of protection of patent law objects created using artificial intelligence technologies, and to establish whether it is possible to recognize artificial intelligence technologies as inventor at the present stage of development of legal systems. Philosophical, comparative-legal and system-structural methods were used in the research process. Based on the analysis of the European Patent Convention, the main generally accepted conditions of patentability of the invention are determined: novelty, inventive step, industrial applicability. It has been established that inventions created by artificial intelligence technologies will meet such criteria provided that certain requirements are met. In the context of the study, the case of the invention of artificial intelligence «DABUS» is analyzed and the results of its consideration in the European Patent Organization, the United Kingdom and the United States are summarized. In particular, it has been established that artificial intelligence technologies are currently not considered as inventors in either the Romano-Germanic or Anglo-Saxon legal systems.

Artificial Intelligence and International Security: The Long View

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (02) ◽  
pp. 169-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amandeep Singh Gill
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Nuclear Weapons ◽  
Intelligent Systems ◽  
Outer Space ◽  
The United States ◽  
Consumer Products ◽  
Public Infrastructure ◽  
Weapon Systems ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Military Applications

AbstractHow will emerging autonomous and intelligent systems affect the international landscape of power and coercion two decades from now? Will the world see a new set of artificial intelligence (AI) hegemons just as it saw a handful of nuclear powers for most of the twentieth century? Will autonomous weapon systems make conflict more likely or will states find ways to control proliferation and build deterrence, as they have done (fitfully) with nuclear weapons? And importantly, will multilateral forums find ways to engage the technology holders, states as well as industry, in norm setting and other forms of controlling the competition? The answers to these questions lie not only in the scope and spread of military applications of AI technologies but also in how pervasive their civilian applications will be. Just as civil nuclear energy and peaceful uses of outer space have cut into and often shaped discussions on nuclear weapons and missiles, the burgeoning uses of AI in consumer products and services, health, education, and public infrastructure will shape views on norm setting and arms control. New mechanisms for trust and confidence-building measures might be needed not only between China and the United States—the top competitors in comprehensive national strength today—but also among a larger group of AI players, including Canada, France, Germany, India, Israel, Japan, Russia, South Korea, and the United Kingdom.

Europe's data privacy case looms over EU trade ties

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Data Privacy ◽  
Data Transfer ◽  
The United States ◽  
Court Ruling ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Privacy Law ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Court Of Justice ◽  
The Eu

Subject Schrems 2. Significance Earlier this month, the Court of Justice of the EU (CJEU) began hearings on the so-called ‘Schrems 2’ case on the protection of European citizens’ data transferred outside the EU, principally to the United States but also more broadly. Impacts Tensions between EU and US data protection policies could be resolved by a US federal privacy law. However, such a law is unlikely to be agreed before the 2020 elections. A Court ruling against Standard Contractual Clauses could jeopardise data transfer links between the EU and the United Kingdom post-Brexit.

AI adoption in UK healthcare will be slower than hoped

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Health Sector ◽  
Digital Technologies ◽  
Research Programme ◽  
The United States ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Uk

Subject Hopes of transforming NHS by rapidly deploying AI. Significance The government has announced a 370-million-pound (475-million-dollar) research programme to fund new PhDs in artificial intelligence (AI), with a focus on healthcare. The initiative comes in the wake of other steps to enhance the role of digital technologies and AI in particular in the UK health sector. Impacts The growing profile of private-sector app providers in the NHS will intensify the debate over privatising the service. Opacity in AI algorithms makes it difficult to question or recognise faults with the technology. The United Kingdom is likely to lag behind the United States and China on AI healthcare adoption.

scholarly journals A Comparative Study on the Examination System of CPA in the AI Evelopment Background Take China, Australia, the United States, the United Kingdom, Japan, and Germany as examples

2021 ◽  
Vol 233 ◽  
pp. 01162
Author(s):  
Chao Zhang ◽  
Xinglin Li ◽  
Yuzhu Qi ◽  
Yitong He ◽  
Jingwei Niu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
United States ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
The United States ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Examination System ◽  
Four Dimensions ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Technological Modernization

At present, the globalization of the world economy continues to intensify, and the pace of technological modernization is accelerating. Artificial intelligence methods such as big data and financial sharing are gradually replacing traditional working methods in all walks of life, and the accounting industry is no exception. Under the dual impact of globalization and the development of artificial intelligence, the demand for training international compound accounting professionals is large and increasing, "CPA examination system" as one of the most authoritative examinations in the field of accounting, its matching with the current environment is particularly important. Starting from the current status of CPA examination, the author has made an in-depth investigation and study on the CPA examination systems in many countries including China, the United States, Britain, Japan, Germany and Australia by consulting a large number of relevant literature. Meanwhile, they systematically analyzed the CPA examination systems in various countries from four dimensions: examination organization, examination threshold, examination cycle and examination subjects, explored the similarities and differences of CPA examination systems in the world's mainstream countries, and summarized the common problems and the advantages that can be used for reference, which has practical significance for the design and update of the CPA examination system in China. At the same time, it provides reference significance for improving the professional quality of accounting personnel and accelerating the pace of changing the functions of accounting personnel.

scholarly journals AI Hubs: Europe and CANZUK

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Max Langenkamp ◽  
Melissa Flagg
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
United States ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Private Equity ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Equity Funding ◽  
Global Nature

U.S. policymakers need to understand the landscape of artificial intelligence talent and investment as AI becomes increasingly important to national and economic security. This knowledge is critical as leaders develop new alliances and work to curb China’s growing influence. As an initial effort, an earlier CSET report, “AI Hubs in the United States,” examined the domestic AI ecosystem by mapping where U.S. AI talent is produced, where it is concentrated, and where AI private equity funding goes. Given the global nature of the AI ecosystem and the importance of international talent flows, this paper looks for the centers of AI talent and investment in regions and countries that are key U.S. partners: Europe and the CANZUK countries (Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom).

SPECTRA: A program for processing electron images of crystals

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 132-133
Author(s):  
M.F. Schmid ◽  
R. Dargahi ◽  
M. W. Tam
Keyword(s):  
Lattice Distortion ◽  
Data Transfer ◽  
Reciprocal Lattice ◽  
Data Entry ◽  
Image Data ◽  
Distortion Correction ◽  
Specimen Preparation ◽  
Electron Image ◽  
Computer Controlled ◽  
Program Modules

Electron crystallography is an emerging field for structure determination as evidenced by a number of membrane proteins that have been solved to near-atomic resolution. Advances in specimen preparation and in data acquisition with a 400kV microscope by computer controlled spot scanning mean that our ability to record electron image data will outstrip our capacity to analyze it. The computed fourier transform of these images must be processed in order to provide a direct measurement of amplitudes and phases needed for 3-D reconstruction.In anticipation of this processing bottleneck, we have written a program that incorporates a menu-and mouse-driven procedure for auto-indexing and refining the reciprocal lattice parameters in the computed transform from an image of a crystal. It is linked to subsequent steps of image processing by a system of data bases and spawned child processes; data transfer between different program modules no longer requires manual data entry. The progress of the reciprocal lattice refinement is monitored visually and quantitatively. If desired, the processing is carried through the lattice distortion correction (unbending) steps automatically.

Effectiveness of Programs for the Prevention of Child Sexual Abuse

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amaia Del Campo ◽  
Marisalva Fávero
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Sexual Abuse ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Prevention Programs ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sexual Abuse Prevention ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Methodological Considerations

Abstract. During the last decades, several studies have been conducted on the effectiveness of sexual abuse prevention programs implemented in different countries. In this article, we present a review of 70 studies (1981–2017) evaluating prevention programs, conducted mostly in the United States and Canada, although with a considerable presence also in other countries, such as New Zealand and the United Kingdom. The results of these studies, in general, are very promising and encourage us to continue this type of intervention, almost unanimously confirming its effectiveness. Prevention programs encourage children and adolescents to report the abuse experienced and they may help to reduce the trauma of sexual abuse if there are victims among the participants. We also found that some evaluations have not considered the possible negative effects of this type of programs in the event that they are applied inappropriately. Finally, we present some methodological considerations as critical analysis to this type of evaluations.

Creating a ‘Masala’ Self: Bicultural Identity in Desi Young Adult Novels

2010 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle Superle
Keyword(s):  
Young Adult ◽  
Young People ◽  
Identity Development ◽  
Small Body ◽  
The United States ◽  
Young Adult Fiction ◽  
Bicultural Identity ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Institutional Forces ◽  
Cultural Identity Development

In the past two decades, the previously silent voices of diasporic Indian writers for young people have emerged, and a small body of texts has begun to develop in the United States and the United Kingdom. One of the major preoccupations of these texts is cultural identity development, especially in the novels published for a young adult audience, which often feature protagonists in the throes of an identity crisis. For example, the novels The Roller Birds of Rampur (1991) by Indi Rana, Born Confused (2002) by Tanuja Desai Hidier, and The Not-So-Star-Spangled Life of Sunita Sen (2005) by Mitali Perkins all focus on an adolescent girl coping with her bicultural identity with angst and confusion, and delineate the ways her self-concept and relationships are affected. The texts are empowering in their suggestion that young people have the agency to explore and create their own balanced bicultural identities, but like other young adult fiction, they ultimately situate adolescents within insurmountable institutional forces that are much more powerful than any individual.

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