scholarly journals A large outbreak of Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 associated with eggs from overseas

1989 ◽  
Vol 103 (3) ◽  
pp. 425-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Stevens ◽  
C. Joseph ◽  
J. Bruce ◽  
D. Fenton ◽  
M. O'Mahony ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Incubation Period ◽  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Phage Type ◽  
Case Definition ◽  
Unusual Feature ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Large Outbreak ◽  
Definition Of

SUMMARYIn February 1989 the largest reported outbreak to date in the United Kingdom of Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 (PT4) infection occurred following a wedding reception at a hotel. One hundred and seventy-three people met the case definition of illness of whom 118 had the organism isolated from their stools. A further 17 were found to be S. enteritidis PT4 positive, but were asymptomatic. Lightly-cooked, egg-based sauces were the epidemiologically proven vehicles of infection. Investigations showed this outbreak to be the first to implicate imported European eggs as the source of infection. An unusual feature of this outbreak was a reported incubation period of less than 3 h for some of the confirmed cases of salmonellosis.

Wheat offals: their grading, composition and digestibility

1923 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 483-507 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herbert Ernest Woodman
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
National Association ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Definition Of

In 1913 the National Association of Millers was invited by the Board of Agriculture to formulate a definition of the term “Millers' Offals.” After some discussion the Association forwarded the following resolution: “That millers' offals, or wheaten offals sold as such, are the products of wheat and of the vegetable substances extracted from the wheats of commerce in the process of cleaning; but the proportion of such extraneous matter shall not exceed the percentage found in the wheats imported into the United Kingdom.”

19. Breach of confidence: Trade secrets and private information

2019 ◽  
pp. 483-512
Author(s):  
Stavroula Karapapa ◽  
Luke McDonagh
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Private Information ◽  
Technical Information ◽  
European Convention ◽  
Trade Secrets ◽  
The Right To Privacy ◽  
Common Definition ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Right

This chapter studies breach of confidence. In the United Kingdom, the area of breach of confidence has traditionally been used to protect ideas and information, including trade secrets. The doctrine of breach of confidence is judge-made law, rooted in equitable principles. In consequence, it has developed in a piecemeal, and sometimes contradictory fashion, so that the rationale for the action has not always been clear. Nevertheless, the law of confidence is broad enough in the United Kingdom to encompass: the common definition of a trade secret (commercial, usually technical information); personal, private information which may also have a commercial value (including information which may be protected under the right to privacy under Art. 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR)); and information protected by the state. The chapter then looks at the role of trade secrets in intellectual property law and considers the EU Trade Secrets Directive.

scholarly journals Stakeholder-informed considerations for a food poverty definition

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma Beacom ◽  
Sinéad Furey ◽  
Lynsey Elizabeth Hollywood ◽  
Paul Humphreys
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Northern Ireland ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Food Bank ◽  
Social Phenomena ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Context Data ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Practical Implications

PurposeA number of food poverty definitions have been identified by academics and various government organisations globally; however, there exists no government-endorsed definition of food poverty in the United Kingdom (UK), and there remains a gap regarding how relevant current food poverty definitions are in the Northern Ireland (NI)/UK contexts.Design/methodology/approachInterviews (n = 19) with a range of stakeholders (e.g. policymakers, politicians, community advice centre workers, consumer sub-group representatives, food bank and food redistribution organisation representatives) were conducted to examine (1) the usefulness of a food poverty definition, (2) what a food poverty definition should include and (3) the applicability of an existing definition (Radimer et al., 1992) in the NI/UK context. Data was thematically analysed using QSR NVivo (v.12).FindingsDefinition was considered important to increase awareness and understanding. Any consideration of revising the Radimer et al. (1992) definition, or of establishing a new standardised definition, should seek to reduce/remove ambiguity and subjectivity of terminology used (i.e. more clearly defining what the terms “adequate”, “sufficient”, “quality” and “socially acceptable ways” mean in this context).Practical implicationsThis research emphasises the importance of appropriately conceptually defining social phenomena such as food poverty, as a first step to constructing and reviewing measurement approaches and ultimately assessing predictors and recommending solutions.Originality/valueThis research addresses the gap relating to stakeholders’ opinion on food poverty definition and contributes recommendations for modifying the Radimer et al. (1992) definition in the NI/UK and present-day contexts.

Survey of Salmonella Contamination of Non–United Kingdom-Produced Raw Shell Eggs on Retail Sale in the Northwest of England and London, 2005 to 2006

2007 ◽  
Vol 70 (10) ◽  
pp. 2259-2265 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. L. LITTLE ◽  
S. WALSH ◽  
L. HUCKLESBY ◽  
S. SURMAN-LEE ◽  
K. PATHAK ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Phage Type ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Retail Sale ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Shell Eggs ◽  
Phage Types ◽  
Weighted Prevalence

This survey was prompted by a change in the epidemiology of Salmonella Enteritidis infections in England and Wales and elsewhere in Europe and, to our knowledge, is the first survey to provide information on Salmonella contamination of non–United Kingdom eggs on retail sale. Based on 10,464 non–United Kingdom eggs (1,744 pooled samples of six eggs) purchased between March 2005 and July 2006, the total weighted prevalence estimate for all Salmonella detected in non–United Kingdom eggs was 3.3%. Of the eggs sampled, most were produced in Spain (66.3%), France (20.0%), or The Netherlands (7.4%). Salmonella was detected from 4.4 and 0.3% of eggs produced in Spain and France, respectively, with weighted prevalence estimates. Eight different Salmonella serotypes were recovered from non–United Kingdom eggs, of which Salmonella Enteritidis predominated, with an estimated prevalence of 2.6%. Salmonella Enteritidis was obtained only from Spanish eggs. Nine different phage types of Salmonella Enteritidis were identified, with phage type 1 found to be the predominant phage type. Most of the Salmonella Enteritidis isolates obtained from Spanish eggs in the survey were resistant to nalidixic acid with concomitant decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin (0.125 to 1.0 mg/liter) or ampicillin (8.0 mg/liter). Salmonella Enteritidis phage type 1 until now had not been detected in eggs examined as part of previous United Kingdom egg surveys but has been detected in eggs of Spanish origin examined during recent national outbreaks of Salmonella Enteritidis non–phage type 4 infections in England and Wales. Eggs are a commonly consumed food that may occasionally be contaminated with Salmonella. The rates of contamination may be linked to the origin of the eggs. Consumers and caterers need to be aware of this continuing hazard, adopt appropriate control measures, and follow advice provided by national food agencies in order to reduce the risk of infection.

scholarly journals Commercial factor VIII associated hepatitis, 1974–75, in the United Kingdom: a retrospective survey

1978 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 327-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Craske ◽  
P. Kirk ◽  
B. Cohen ◽  
Elise M. Vandervelde
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Factor Viii ◽  
Incubation Period ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Retrospective Survey ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Surface Antibody

SummaryA retrospective survey of transfusion hepatitis associated with a brand of commercial Factor VIII was carried out in 24 Haemophilia Centres from January 1974 until December 1975. Of 371 patients who were transfused with this product, and were followed up, 78 cases of hepatitis affecting 66 patients were found (17·7%). Two types of hepatitis were observed: hepatitis B and non-B hepatitis, the latter with an incubation period of between 8 and 60 days. Twelve patients contracted two types of hepatitis, non-B followed by hepatitis B. Only one patient died after contracting hepatitis B. Four of the suspect batches of concentrate were found to be positive for HBsAg by radioimmunoassay.There was evidence that the presence of hepatitis B surface antibody in a patient's serum prior to exposure was associated with immunity to hepatitis B. Evidence was presented suggesting that the non-B hepatitis observed was not due to hepatitis A. The factors affecting the incidence of transfusion hepatitis in haemophiliacs were discussed.

scholarly journals Genome Sequences of Equine Herpesvirus 1 Strains from a European Outbreak of Neurological Disorders Linked to a Horse Gathering in Valencia, Spain, in 2021

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (20) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nick Vereecke ◽  
Flora Carnet ◽  
Stéphane Pronost ◽  
Katleen Vanschandevijl ◽  
Sebastiaan Theuns ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Common Source ◽  
Equine Herpesvirus ◽  
Genome Sequences ◽  
Equine Herpesvirus 1 ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Herpesvirus 1

ABSTRACT Five equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) genome sequences with links to an EHV-1 outbreak with neurological disorders after a horse gathering in Valencia, Spain, in February 2021, were determined. All strains showed the closest relationships to strains from Belgium and the United Kingdom, indicating a common source of infection.

scholarly journals National outbreak of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 linked to mixed salad leaves, United Kingdom, 2016

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (18) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maya Gobin ◽  
Jeremy Hawker ◽  
Paul Cleary ◽  
Thomas Inns ◽  
Daniel Gardiner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Shiga Toxin ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Escherichia Coli O157 ◽  
Control Case ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Large Outbreak ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Predominately Female

We investigated a large outbreak of Escherichia coli O157 in the United Kingdom (UK) with 165 cases between 31 May and 29 July 2016. No linked cases were reported in other countries. Cases were predominately female (n = 128) and adult (n = 150), 66 attended hospital and nine had features of haemorrhagic uraemic syndrome. A series of epidemiological studies (case–control, case–case, ingredients-based and venue-based studies) and supply chain investigations implicated mixed salad leaves from Supplier A as the likely outbreak vehicle. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) indicated a link with strains from the Mediterranean and informed the outbreak control team to request that Supplier A cease distributing salad leaves imported from Italy. Microbiological tests of samples of salad leaves from Supplier A were negative. We were unable to confirm the source of contamination or the contaminated constituent leaf although our evidence pointed to red batavia received from Italy as the most likely vehicle. Variations in Shiga toxin-producing E. coli surveillance and diagnosis may have prevented detection of cases outside the UK and highlights a need for greater standardisation. WGS was useful in targeting investigations, but greater coverage across Europe is needed to maximise its potential.

scholarly journals Nosocomial outbreak of Salmonella Enteritidis PT 6a (Nx, CpL) in the United Kingdom

2002 ◽  
Vol 6 (43) ◽  
Author(s):  
S O’Brien ◽  
L Ward
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Communicable Disease ◽  
Medical Officer ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Nosocomial Outbreak ◽  
Laboratory Service ◽  
Shell Eggs ◽  
The United Kingdom

During an ongoing investigation into a nosocomial outbreak of S. Enteritidis PT 6a (Nx, CpL) in London, where raw shell eggs were being used, the London Food, Water and Environmental Microbiology Laboratory (LFWE) tested 402 raw shell eggs obtained from the premises. Two hundred and forty of these were labelled as imported, and four of the 40 samples of six pooled whole eggs were positive. The Laboratory of Enteric Pathogens (LEP) at the Public Health Laboratory Service Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre (PHLS CDSC) confirmed the presence of S. Enteritidis PT 6 (one sample), S. Enteritidis PT 13a (one sample) and S. Enteritidis PT 14b (one sample). Of the 27 samples from the unlabelled eggs (162 eggs) one sample was positive for S. Enteritidis PT 6. Results are awaited on the final isolate. Since the raw eggs have been withdrawn from use no further cases have occurred. Hospitals in the United Kingdom are reminded that advice issued by the Chief Medical Officer in 1988 that raw shell eggs should be replaced with pasteurised eggs in recipes in institutions with high risk groups (1) is extant and must be adhered to if vulnerable patients are not to be put at risk.

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