The colonization resistance of the digestive tract in different animal species and in man; a comparative study

SUMMARYThe present study has attempted to determine the colonization resistance (CR) of the digestive tract by biotyping Enterobacteriaceae in four faecal samples per subject of five different animal species as well as man. The results indicate that the degree of bacterial contamination with Enterobacteriaceae from the environment may strongly influence the outcome. Both conventionally living chicken and man, showed a much wider range of the ‘confidence limits of the mean’ of the mean number of biotypes per faecal sample between individual subjects, than was found between subjects maintained under laboratory circumstances. Yet there appeared a statistically significant difference in CR between some of the animal species as a group. Man did not differ from monkeys, however, both differed from the rodents species studied. Monkeys differed also from dogs and the latter from rodents. It is concluded that the CR measured by determining the mean number of biotypes of Enterobacteriaceae can only be used for accurate comparison of the CR between subjects, if the ‘bacteriological environment’ is known; i.e. the sources of contamination.

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Comparison of a closed system and an open system for blood collection in feline donors

Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery ◽

10.1177/1098612x20907171 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 22 (12) ◽

pp. 1121-1128

Author(s):

Marie Binvel ◽

Julie-Hélène Fairbrother ◽

Valérie Lévesque ◽

Marie-Claude Blais

Keyword(s):

Open System ◽

Closed System ◽

Bacterial Contamination ◽

Blood Donors ◽

Blood Collection ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Mean ◽

Collection Methods ◽

Time Point

Objectives This research aimed to evaluate the performance of a closed blood collection system and to compare it with an open system in terms of feasibility, tolerability by the donor, quality of blood collected and bacterial contamination. Methods Eight feline blood donors were prospectively and randomly subjected to both collection methods. Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR) and blood pressure (BP) were evaluated before sedation, after sedation and after blood collection. The duration of the donation, the formation of a hematoma, and the degree of hemolysis and packed cell volume (PCV) of each blood unit were evaluated. Aliquot samples were aseptically collected from each unit and tested for bacterial contamination by culture and PCR on days 0, 14 and 28 of storage. Results There was no significant difference between collection methods for HR and RR at any time point. Before sedation, the mean systolic BP was significantly higher with the closed system (closed 169 mmHg, open 137 mmHg; P = 0.003). The average duration of collection was significantly shorter with the closed system (closed 3 mins 10 s, open 8 mins; P = 0.035); however, the prevalence of a successful blood collection with a single venipuncture and hematoma formation were not significantly different between systems. The mean unit PCV was significantly higher with the open system (closed 31%, open 34%; P = 0.026). On bacterial culture, 15/16 units were negative at all time points (closed 7; open 8). Using PCR, 5/16 units were positive for Ralstonia species for at least one time point (closed 3; open 2). Conclusions and relevance Our designed closed system appears to be well adapted to feline blood collection and was well tolerated by the donors, performing similarly to an open system, and could represent a valuable clinical device for the development of a feline blood bank, namely feline blood storage.

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Transfer areas and clean zones in operating suites

Journal of Hygiene ◽

10.1017/s0022172400041838 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 67 (3) ◽

pp. 417-425 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

G. A. J. Ayliffe ◽

J. R. Babb ◽

B. J. Collins ◽

E. J. L. Lowbury

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Bacterial Contamination ◽

Operating Theatre ◽

Significant Difference ◽

High Street ◽

Operating Theatres ◽

The Mean ◽

Operating Suite ◽

Total Bacteria

SUMMARYThe value of clean zones and of transfer areas in operating suites was assessed by comparisons of the amounts of contamination on floors, trolleys and footwear in suites with and without a clean zone and a transfer area; counts of Clostridium welchii were used as an index of bacterial contamination introduced into the aseptic zone from outside.The mean counts of Cl. welchii on contact plates from the wheels of trolleys used to convey patients from wards to the operating suite (67·9 ± 7·68 per plate) were significantly higher than those from theatre trolleys (i.e. those used only inside a theatre suite provided with a transfer area) (3·13 ± 0·47 per plate); mean counts of total bacteria were only slightly lower on the wheels of theatre trolleys than on those of hospital trolleys. Other surfaces of hospital trolleys showed counts similar to those found on theatre trolleys.Contact plates from floors showed significantly lower counts of Cl. welchii in the aseptic zone and the clean zone than in the hospital corridor, the protective zone and (when present) the transfer area.The mean counts per 100 cm2 of Cl. welchii were approximately the same on the floor of a theatre with a clean zone and a transfer area (0·83) as in one with a clean zone but no transfer area (0·5). Counts of total bacteria were higher in the latter. A suite with no clean zone or transfer area showed a higher mean count of Cl. welchii on contact plates from the aseptic zone (operating theatre) (20·5 ± 12·33 per 100 cm2). These higher levels of contamination were due to sporadic high counts of Cl. welchii found near the door of the theatre with no clean zone; in another theatre with no clean zone the level of Cl. welchii on the floor was not higher than that in the theatres with clean zones.Theatres with plenum ventilation had lower mean counts of airborne Cl. welchii than those ventilated by windows: there was no significant difference in the levels of Cl. welchii on the floors of theatres with the two forms of ventilation.On sampling with contact plates, theatre footwear yielded fewer total organisms, Staphylococcus aureus and Cl. welchii than outdoor shoes removed before entering the clean zone.The hygienic value of transfer areas and clean zones is discussed. Bacteriological support could not be obtained for the former, but the latter appeared to contribute something to the cleanliness of the theatre by preventing heavy sporadic contamination.We wish to thank Mr M. Wilkins for valuable assistance, the staff of the operating theatres for their co-operation and Alne Engineering Limited, 57 High Street, Henley-in-Arden, Solihull, for supplying disposable contact plates.

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Prevalence of Eimeria infection and risk factors associated with domestic chickens raised in Nsukka LGA, Enugu State, Southeast Nigeria

Nigerian Journal of Parasitology ◽

10.4314/njpar.v42i2.14 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 42 (2) ◽

pp. 294-301

Author(s):

E.S. Okwuonu ◽

C.M. Eneh ◽

E.N. Elijah ◽

F.N. Nnaji ◽

F.A. Andong ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Management Practices ◽

Protozoan Parasite ◽

Poultry Production ◽

Protozoan Infection ◽

Faecal Samples ◽

Significant Difference ◽

High Incidence ◽

The Mean ◽

The Difference ◽

Eimeria Infection

Eimeria infection has been considered the most important protozoan infection of the poultry industry in Nigeria because of its high incidence. A total of 400 faecal samples were collected from 10 farms in Nsukka LGA and analyzed using the Wisconsin’s faecal floatation technique. Data on the management practices of these farms were collected using a wellstructured questionnaire. Eimeria tenella was the only identified species. A total of 158 (39.5%) of the domestic chickens sampled were infected with the protozoan parasite. There was significant difference (p < 0.0001) of E. tenella between towns and between the studied farms. Of the 5 towns sampled, the prevalence was highest at Obukpa town 52 (65.0%) and in birds aged 7 weeks 20 (83.3%) and least at Edem 2 (2.5%) and in birds aged 32 weeks 2 (5.0%). The mean intensity of infection was highest at Obukpa (9.35 ± 9.24) and in birds aged 4weeks (11.50 ± 11.09) and least in Edem town and in birds aged 32 weeks. The difference in prevalence between birds of different ages was significant (p <0.0001). Majority of the farms practiced deep litter housing compared to battery cage users (90% vs. 10%). The most used vaccine was combination 7 (70%). Fifty percent of the farms employed the expertise of veterinary doctors in vaccine administration. Eimeria infection, the main cause of coccidiosis in chicken, has continued to be a major challenge in poultry production and management. Conclusively, the prevalence of Eimeria infection is moderately low as a result of the widespread use of vaccines and anticoccidials.

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Morbidity Parameters Associated with Gastrointestinal Tract Nematodes in Sheep in Dabat District, Northwest Ethiopia

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2018/9247439 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Zewdu Seyoum ◽

Kalkidan Getnet ◽

Mersha Chanie ◽

Samuel Derso ◽

Shumye Fentahun

Keyword(s):

Gastrointestinal Tract ◽

Gastrointestinal Nematode ◽

Northwest Ethiopia ◽

Infected Sheep ◽

Smallholder Farms ◽

Faecal Samples ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Faecal Egg Count ◽

The Mean ◽

On Farm

Gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) infections of sheep and their interaction with selected morbidity parameters were studied in smallholder farms. 120 faecal samples were collected and examined using faecal flotation to determine nematode infection in sheep. Thus, the study demonstrated overall prevalence of 57.5% GIN infections, while the mean faecal egg count (FEC) was 517.5 EPG. The severity of GIN infection was determined based on EPG as a mild infection (EPG <500), 55.1%, moderate infection (EPG = 500–1500), 30.4%, and heavy infection (EPG >1500), 14.6%. Five genera of nematodes were identified using coproculture: Haemonchus (33.3%), Trichostrongylus (26.7%), Bunostomum (20%), Oesophagostomum (13.3%), and Cooperia (6.7%). A significant difference was observed in the mean FEC among the FC (P<0.001), FAMACHA© score (P<0.01), and the BCS of the animals (P<0.001). FEC was positively correlated with the FAMACHA© score (FS), while FC and BCS were negatively correlated. Thus, FAMACHA© chart can suggest well the severity of nematode infections and can serve as a suitable on-farm tool to identify nematode-infected sheep and gives a guide to identify sheep that need to be treated with an anthelmintic.

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Biotyping of Enterobacteriaceae as a test for the evaluation of isolation systems

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0022172400022506 ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 70 (4) ◽

pp. 639-650 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

D. van der Waaij ◽

T. M. Speltie ◽

J. M. Vossen

Keyword(s):

Kidney Transplantation ◽

Acute Myeloid Leukaemia ◽

Myeloid Leukaemia ◽

Digestive Tract ◽

Kidney Transplant ◽

Colonization Resistance ◽

The Mean ◽

Isolation Systems ◽

Healthy Persons ◽

Acute Myeloid

SUMMARYArguments in favour of biotyping of Enterobacteriaceae excreted in the faeces of isolated patients, as a method of investigating the efficiency of the isolation procedures, are presented as well as a technical outline of the procedure. The study included three kidney transplantation patients, five acute myeloid leukaemia patients and four healthy persons as controls.The results show, apart from new colonizations during isolation, a difference in the mean number of contaminations and colonizations with different Enterobacteriaceae biotypes. It is concluded from these results, that the isolation procedures were not completely effective and that the AML patients studied had a decreased colonization resistance of their digestive tract. This was less evident in the kidney transplant group.

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Determination of colonization resistance of the digestive tract by biotyping of Enterobacteriaceae

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0950268800047944 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 105 (2) ◽

pp. 355-361 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

H. Z. Apperloo-Renkema ◽

B. D. Van der Waaij ◽

D. Van der Waaij

Keyword(s):

Healthy Volunteer ◽

Healthy Volunteers ◽

Faecal Sample ◽

Natural Variation ◽

Colonization Resistance ◽

Individual Variations ◽

Faecal Samples ◽

The Mean ◽

Faecal Microflora

SUMMARYIn studies concerning the effect of antibiotics on faecal microflora, Colonization Resistance is an important parameter. Colonization Resistance correlates inversely with the number of different biotypes of Enterobacteriaceae isolated from faecal samples. Nine healthy volunteers were studied during 6 weeks, in order to determine the natural variation in the number of different biotypes of Enterobacteriaceae per faecal sample. The numbers of biotypes ranged from 1–15 per faecal sample, the mean number of biotypes varied between 2·6 and 7·3 different biotypes per faecal sample per healthy volunteer. Inter-individual variations of five biotypes in the mean number of biotypes per faecal sample are normal. We assessed the minimal number of faecal samples that should be taken for comprehensive biotyping so as to determine reliably the mean number of different biotypes representative for the Colonization Resistance of an individual. It was found that a minimum of four faecal samples was required.

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Serum ionic fluoride: normal range and relationship to age and sex.

Clinical Chemistry ◽

10.1093/clinchem/22.11.1884 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 22 (11) ◽

pp. 1884-1888 ◽

Cited By ~ 37

Author(s):

H Husdan ◽

R Vogl ◽

D Oreopoulos ◽

C Gryfe ◽

A Rapoport

Keyword(s):

Significant Variation ◽

Electrode System ◽

Confidence Limits ◽

Normal Range ◽

Ionic Fluoride ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Mean ◽

Normal Women ◽

Fluoride Electrode ◽

Normal Men

Abstract We used the Orion fluoride electrode system to determine the normal range of serum ionic fluoride concentrations and to investigate its relationship to sex and age (A). 87 normal men, aged 18-92 years (mean, 46 years), and 49 normal women, age 19-64 years (mean, 38 years), participated in the study. At the 95% confidence limits, males less than 45 years old had a normal range of 0.29 to 1.52 mumol/litre and males greater than or equal to 45 years old 0.29 + 0.0101 (A-45) to 1.52 + 0.0101 (A-45) mumol/litre. Females, however, had a normal range of 0.022A - 0.32 to 0.022A + 1.07 mumol/litre. A group of 51 men 18-44 years old was compared with a group of 36 men 46-92 years old. The mean serum F- of the older group was shown to be significantly greater (P less than 0.01) than that of the younger group. Factors related to serum ionic fluoride values are (a) tea as an important source of dietary F-, (b) the lack of significant variation during daytime hours, and (c) the lack of significant difference in concentration between serum and plsma F-.

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LIMITS OF VARIABILITY OF CONCENTRATION OF SODIUM IN SERUM OF NORMAL CHILDREN

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.27.4.597 ◽

1961 ◽

Vol 27 (4) ◽

pp. 597-602

Author(s):

John B. Joseph ◽

William H. Bergstrom

Keyword(s):

Standard Deviation ◽

Individual Variability ◽

Confidence Limits ◽

Normal Range ◽

Normal Children ◽

Laboratory Error ◽

Two Samples ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Mean ◽

Mean Concentration

The mean concentration of sodium in serum of a group of normal children in Syracuse, N.Y., in midsummer was 146 meq/l. The total standard deviation for within-individual variation was 4 meq/l, comprising a laboratory error of ±2.5 meq/l and a "true" within-individual variability of ±3.2 meq/l. No significant difference between individuals was demonstrated. Within 90% confidence limits, the maximum chance difference between two successive concentrations of sodium in the serum, whose mean falls within the normal range for means of two samples was found to be 11 meq/l. Within 95% confidence limits, the maximum chance difference between any two values, duplicate or successive, due to laboratory error was 6.9 meq/l. The implications of these findings for the interpretation of sodium levels in serum of patients are discussed.

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Vowel Recognition Threshold as a Function of Temporal Segmentations

Journal of Speech and Hearing Research ◽

10.1044/jshr.1304.715 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 715-724 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Richard L. Powell ◽

Oscar Tosi

Keyword(s):

Normal Hearing ◽

Recognition Threshold ◽

Vowel Sound ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Mean ◽

Vowel Recognition ◽

Temporal Segment

Vowels were segmented into 15 different temporal segments taken from the middle of the vowel and ranging from 4 to 60 msecs, then presented to 6 subjects with normal hearing. The mean temporal-segment recognition threshold of 15 msecs with a range from 9.3 msecs for the /u/ to 27.2 milliseconds for the /a/. Misidenti-fication of vowels was most often confused with the vowel sound adjacent to it on the vowel-hump diagram. There was no significant difference between the cardinal and noncardinal vowels.

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Left Ventricular Dysfunction and Blood Glycohemoglobin Levels in Young Diabetics

Nuklearmedizin ◽

10.1055/s-0038-1629573 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 30 (05) ◽

pp. 183-188

Author(s):

A. Aydrner ◽

A. Oto ◽

E. Oram ◽

O. Gedik ◽

C. F. Bekdik ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ejection Fraction ◽

Left Ventricular Function ◽

Ventricular Function ◽

Left Ventricular ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Filling Fraction ◽

Time To Peak ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Mean ◽

Hba1c Levels

Left ventricular function including regional wall motion (RWM) was evaluated by 99mTc first-pass and equilibrium gated blood pool ventriculography and glycohemoglobin (HbA1c) blood levels determined by a quantitative column technique in 25 young patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus without clinical evidence of heart disease, and in healthy controls matched for age and sex. Phase analysis revealed abnormal RWM in 19 of 21 diabetic patients. The mean left ventricular global ejection fraction, the mean regional ejection fraction and the mean 1/3 filling fraction were lower and the time to peak ejection, the time to peak filling and the time to peak ejection /cardiac cycle were longer in diabetics than in controls. We found high HbA1c levels in all diabetics. There was no significant difference between patients with and without retinopathy and with and without peripheral neuropathy in terms of left ventricular function and HbA1c levels.

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