LIMITS OF VARIABILITY OF CONCENTRATION OF SODIUM IN SERUM OF NORMAL CHILDREN

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1961 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 597-602
Author(s):  
John B. Joseph ◽  
William H. Bergstrom
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Confidence Limits ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Normal Children ◽  
Laboratory Error ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Concentration

The mean concentration of sodium in serum of a group of normal children in Syracuse, N.Y., in midsummer was 146 meq/l. The total standard deviation for within-individual variation was 4 meq/l, comprising a laboratory error of ±2.5 meq/l and a "true" within-individual variability of ±3.2 meq/l. No significant difference between individuals was demonstrated. Within 90% confidence limits, the maximum chance difference between two successive concentrations of sodium in the serum, whose mean falls within the normal range for means of two samples was found to be 11 meq/l. Within 95% confidence limits, the maximum chance difference between any two values, duplicate or successive, due to laboratory error was 6.9 meq/l. The implications of these findings for the interpretation of sodium levels in serum of patients are discussed.

Serum ionic fluoride: normal range and relationship to age and sex.

1976 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 1884-1888 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Husdan ◽  
R Vogl ◽  
D Oreopoulos ◽  
C Gryfe ◽  
A Rapoport
Keyword(s):  
Significant Variation ◽  
Electrode System ◽  
Confidence Limits ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Ionic Fluoride ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Normal Women ◽  
Fluoride Electrode ◽  
Normal Men

Abstract We used the Orion fluoride electrode system to determine the normal range of serum ionic fluoride concentrations and to investigate its relationship to sex and age (A). 87 normal men, aged 18-92 years (mean, 46 years), and 49 normal women, age 19-64 years (mean, 38 years), participated in the study. At the 95% confidence limits, males less than 45 years old had a normal range of 0.29 to 1.52 mumol/litre and males greater than or equal to 45 years old 0.29 + 0.0101 (A-45) to 1.52 + 0.0101 (A-45) mumol/litre. Females, however, had a normal range of 0.022A - 0.32 to 0.022A + 1.07 mumol/litre. A group of 51 men 18-44 years old was compared with a group of 36 men 46-92 years old. The mean serum F- of the older group was shown to be significantly greater (P less than 0.01) than that of the younger group. Factors related to serum ionic fluoride values are (a) tea as an important source of dietary F-, (b) the lack of significant variation during daytime hours, and (c) the lack of significant difference in concentration between serum and plsma F-.

SPIROMETRIC MEASUREMENTS OF LUNG FUNCTION IN HEALTHY CHILDREN

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1951 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 360-371
Author(s):  
JAMES A. TURNER ◽  
ROSS L. MCLEAN
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Vital Capacity ◽  
Base Line ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Normal Children ◽  
Standing Height ◽  
Ventilatory Capacity ◽  
The Mean

A group of 50 normal children between the ages of 5¾ and 14 years has been studied by means of gross spirometry in an attempt to derive base line results for comparison with patients suffering from pulmonary disease. The results of these studies are summarized below: 1. The normal range of vital capacity for a given height is estimated on the basis of these observations to be given by the equation y = -2.41 + 0.0341 x ± 2(0.199), where y = vital capacity in liters, and x = standing height in cm. The subdivisions of vital capacity are expressed in terms of per cent of vital capacity. For this group the average inspiratory reserve was 76.0% and the standard deviation of the distribution was 4.6%. Correspondingly, the average expiratory reserve was 24.0%, and the standard deviation was 4.6%. 2. The normal range of maximum voluntary ventilatory capacity is estimated as y = -39.001 + 0.7712 x ± 2(8.077), where y = maximum voluntary ventilatory capacity in 1./min. and x = standing height in cm. 3. The average breathing reserve in the group studied was 89.7%, and the standard deviation 3.4%. These studies compared favorably with those observed by other investigators. 4. The results of resting ventilation, average tidal air and oxygen consumption revealed more variation than similar studies in adults as illustrated by wider standard deviations. This variability would be expected in view of the apprehension and excitability of young children. The mean resting ventilation for the group studied was 5.94 l./min./m2 with a standard deviation of 1.64. The mean oxygen consumption was 174.64 ml./min./m2 and the standard deviation was 39.20. The group studied was a relatively small one and the results must thus be subject to review as more data on pulmonary function in children becomes available.

PENGARUH PENDIDIKAN KESEHATAN REPRODUKSI PADA PEER GROUP (TEMAN SEBAYA) TERHADAP PENGETAHUAN DAN PERSEPSI REMAJA TENTANG PENDEWASAAN USIA PERKAWINAN DI SMA NEGERI 1 KECAMATAN NAMORAMBE KAB. DELI SERDANG 2018

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 56-66
Author(s):  
Irma Linda
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Health Education ◽  
Reproductive Health ◽  
Peer Group ◽  
Peer Groups ◽  
A Value ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Reproductive Health Education ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Adolescent Perceptions

Background: Early marriages are at high risk of marital failure, poor family quality, young pregnancies at risk of maternal death, and the risk of being mentally ill to foster marriage and be responsible parents. Objective: To determine the effect of reproductive health education on peer groups (peers) on the knowledge and perceptions of adolescents about marriage age maturity. Method: This research uses the Quasi experimental method with One group pre and post test design, conducted from May to September 2018. The statistical analysis used in this study is a paired T test with a confidence level of 95% (α = 0, 05). Results: There is an average difference in the mean value of adolescent knowledge between the first and second measurements is 0.50 with a standard deviation of 1.922. The mean difference in mean scores of adolescent perceptions between the first and second measurements was 4.42 with a standard deviation of 9.611. Conclusion: There is a significant difference between adolescent knowledge on the pretest and posttest measurements with a value of P = 0.002, and there is a significant difference between adolescent perceptions on the pretest and posttest measurements with a value of p = 0.001. Increasing the number of facilities and facilities related to reproductive health education by peer groups (peers) in adolescents is carried out on an ongoing basis at school, in collaboration with local health workers as prevention of risky pregnancy.

Comparative Analysis of the Exposure and Surgical Freedom of the Endoscopic Extended Minipterional Craniotomy and the Transorbital Endoscopic Approach to the Anterior and Middle Cranial Fossae

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 174-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raywat Noiphithak ◽  
Juan C Yanez-Siller ◽  
Juan M Revuelta Barbero ◽  
Raymond I Cho ◽  
Bradley A Otto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Minimally Invasive ◽  
Vertical Axis ◽  
Endoscopic Approach ◽  
Extended Version ◽  
Specific Approach ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Surgical Application ◽  
The Mean

AbstractBACKGROUNDNumerous minimally invasive approaches to the skull base have been successively developed. Knowledge of the surgical nuances of a specific approach may facilitate approach selection. This study sought to compare the nuances of an extended version of the minipterional craniotomy (EMPT) with those of the transorbital endoscopic approach (TOEA) to the anterior and middle cranial fossae (ACF and MCF, respectively).OBJECTIVETo quantitatively analyze and compare the area of exposure and surgical freedom between EMPT and TOEA to the ACF and MCF.METHODSEMPT and TOEA were carried out in 5 latex-injected cadaveric heads, bilaterally (10 sides). For each approach, the area of exposure, surgical freedom, and angle of attack were obtained with neuronavigation and statistically compared.RESULTSNo significant difference was found between the mean area of exposure of EMPT and TOEA at the ACF and MCF (P = .709 and .317, respectively). The mean exposure area at the ACF was of 13.4 ± 2.6 cm2 (mean ± standard deviation) and 13.0 ± 1.9 cm2 for EMPT and TOEA, respectively. Except for the crista galli, EMPT afforded a larger area of surgical freedom at all targets. EMPT also achieved significantly greater attack angles in vertical axis except to the crista galli. The horizontal attack angles to all targets were similar between approaches.CONCLUSIONEMPT and TOEA offer a comparable area of exposure at the ACF and MCF in the cadaver; however, the instrument maneuverability afforded by EMPT is superior. Further studies are necessary to better define their precise surgical application.

scholarly journals Using Questions Box in Teaching Simple Past Tense

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-140
Author(s):  
Shanty Halim
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Experimental Method ◽  
Past Tense ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Ujung Pandang ◽  
Research Show

This research is aimed at finding out to find out whether the use of questions box effective in teaching simple past or not. This research used pre-experimental method. Furthermore, this research was conducted at Politeknik Negeri Ujung Pandang.  There were 20 students as sample.  The findings of this research show that using questions box is effective in teaching simple past tense. It was proven by the significant difference between the students’ mean score in pretest and posttest when used SPSS program. There was significant different ability of the students before giving treatment and after giving treatment. In the pretest, the mean score of the students pretest was 2.32 and the mean score of posttest was 7.52. Standard deviation of pretest was 1.42 and the standard deviation of posttest was 0.75. The researcher also found that the students have positive interest toward the use of questions box in teaching simple past tense at Politeknik Negeri Ujung Pandang.

scholarly journals Oral and Skin Lesions Among Yemeni Khat Abusers While Chewing and After Quitting：Crosse-Sectional Survey

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rowida A. Albarmaqi ◽  
Yi-Qun Kuang ◽  
Yu-Ye Li ◽  
Noha Saleh Gholais
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Dental Health ◽  
Skin Lesions ◽  
Routine Practice ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Khat Chewing ◽  
Skin Symptoms ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Symptoms And Signs

Abstract Background: Khat chewing is a routine practice in Yemen. Associations between Khat chewing and various adverse oral-dental health conditions have been recorded, however, adverse skin health evidence is still lacking. Objective: To investigate the difference between oral and skin symptoms and signs while chewing Khat and after quitting chewing among Yemeni khat abusers. Method: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on a sample of 300 Yemeni Khat ex-chewer participants in china. Khat chewing status data, a range of oral and skin symptoms and signs, and other pertinent variables were collected using self-administered questionnaires by WeChat. The mean differences between oral and skin symptoms and signs while chewing Khat and after quitting chewing were investigated using the Paired Samples t-test. Result: Of the 300 Yemeni who participated in the study, 255(85%) were men and 45(15%) were women. The oral symptoms and signs mean while chewing was 0.26, 0.022 (standard deviation [SD], whereas that after quitting chewing Khat was 0.10 (mean), 0.269 (standard deviation [SD], t (12.00), P=0.00. The skin symptoms and signs mean while chewing was 0.13, 0.28 (standard deviation [SD], whereas that after quitting chewing Khat was M=0.06, 0.21(standard deviation [SD], t (9.407), P=0.00. Conclusions: There is a statistically significant difference between the mean oral and skin symptoms and signs while chewing and after quitting, whereas long-term Khat chewing negatively affects oral and skin health.

Ventricular volume change in childhood

2002 ◽  
Vol 97 (3) ◽  
pp. 584-590 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Xenos ◽  
Spyros Sgouros ◽  
Kalyan Natarajan
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Difference ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Ventricular Volume ◽  
Intracranial Volume ◽  
Normal Children ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Ventricular Volumes ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Fine Print

Object. The aim of this study was to construct a model of age-related changes in ventricular volume in a group of normal children ages 1 month to 15 years, which could be used for comparative studies of cerebrospinal fluid circulation disorders and cerebral atrophy developmental syndromes. Methods. A magnetic resonance imaging—based segmentation technique was used to measure ventricular volumes in normal children; each volume was then plotted against the child's age. In addition, intracranial volumes were measured and the ratio of ventricular to intracranial volume was calculated and plotted against age. The study group included 71 normal children, 39 boys and 32 girls, whose ages ranged from 1 month to 15.3 years (mean 84.9 months, median 79 months). The mean ventricular volume was 21.3 cm3 for the whole group, 22.7 cm3 in boys and 19.6 cm3 in girls (p = 0.062, according to t-tests). The mean ventricular volume at 12 months for the whole group was 17 cm3 (20 cm3 in boys and 15 cm3 in girls), representing 65% of the volume achieved by 15 years of age (87% in boys and 53% in girls). The volume increased by a factor of 1.53, to 26 cm3 (23 cm3 in males and 28 cm3 in females, increase factors of 1.15 and 1.86, respectively) at 15 years of age. The change in ventricular volume with age is not linear, but follows a segmental pattern. These age periods were defined as: 0 to 3, 4 to 6, 7 to 10, and 11 to 16 years. A statistical difference based on sex was only demonstrated in the first 6 years of life. The mean ventricular volume for the first 6-year period was 22.4 cm3 in boys and 15.7 cm3 in girls, and the difference was significant for the two sexes (linear regression analysis for age and sex, significant according to analysis of variance regression at 0.007, p = 0.108 for age, p = 0.012 for sex). Thereafter, there was no significant difference in ventricular volume between boys and girls with further growth. The ratio of ventricular volume to intracranial volume was 0.0175 for the whole group, 0.017 in boys and 0.018 in girls (p = 0.272, according to t-tests). At 12 months of age the ratio was 0.019; it stabilized to 0.015 at 8 years of age, and increased to 0.018 at 15 years of age. No statistical difference based on sex was demonstrated with growth. Conclusions. The ventricular volume in normal children increases with age by a factor of 1.5; the increase is in a nonlinear segmental pattern. Boys have significantly higher ventricular volumes only in the first 6 years of life. The ventricular/intracranial volume ratio remains stable throughout childhood.

OBSERVATIONS OF TOTAL SERUM BASE IN CHILDREN AND YOUNG ADULTS BY A CONDUCTIVITY METHOD

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1949 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 805-809
Author(s):  
W. M. KELSEY ◽  
L. B. LEINBACH
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Total Serum ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Conductivity Method ◽  
Normal Children ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Children And Young Adults ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Standard Deviations

Values for total serum base in 96 normal children under 12 years of age as determined by the conductivity method fell between 143 to 160.5 mEq./l. The mean was 153. Standard deviations for each age group are given. The values in 73 normal persons above the age of 12 varied from 142 to 160.5 mEq./l. The mean was 147 mEq./l. A statistically significant difference between the total serum base in children and adults was found.

scholarly journals The Comparison of Semen Collection in Electroejaculation, Rectal Massage and Combination of Both Methods in the Critically Endangered Malayan Pangolin, Manis javanica

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1948
Author(s):  
Reza Tarmizi ◽  
Yap Keng Chee ◽  
Symphorosa Sipangkui ◽  
Zainal Zahari Zainuddin ◽  
Wan-Nor Fitri
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Progressive Motility ◽  
Semen Collection ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Semen Characteristics ◽  
Manis Javanica ◽  
Consistent Method ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Genetic Pool ◽  
Collection Methods

This article describes the semen characteristics from different collection methods between captive and confiscated Malayan pangolins, Manis javanica. Semen was collected from 15 pangolins; two captive and 13 confiscated individuals at the mean weight of 9.36 ± 1.94 kg. The three semen collection methods employed were electroejaculation, rectal massage and a combination of both techniques. The semen characteristics (mean ± standard deviation) of the Malayan pangolin are volume (73.75 ± 144.57 µL), pH (7.63 ± 0.53), spermatozoa concentration (997.19 ± 728.98 × 106 /mL), total motility (59.60% ± 30.00%), progressive motility (48.95% ± 30.93%), mass motility (3.50 ± 1.50) and live spermatozoa (80.25% ± 13.45%). There was no significant difference in semen characteristics between the three collection methods. The percentages of live spermatozoa were significantly different, suggesting better samples from captive compared to confiscated animals. However, there was no significant difference in spermatozoa kinetics between the captive and confiscated samples, suggesting the potential of utilizing confiscated individuals for gamete recovery to conserve the genetic pool of pangolins. All three methods of semen collection were successfully performed in pangolins and should be considered; however, electroejaculation remains the most consistent method of obtaining semen from the species.

Colorimetric Method for Rapid Determination of Serum Arginase

1967 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 900-908 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brigitta Mellerup
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Determination ◽  
Colorimetric Method ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Clinical Routine ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Enzymatic Formation ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Normal Men

Abstract A method for the determination of serum arginase is given which combines the enzymatic formation of urea with the sensitive method of Coulombe (1) for measuring this substance. This procedure allows more accurate determinations in the normal range than do previous methods described and is convenient for clinical routine. Significant difference is found between the mean values of normal men and women, 3.9 units/L. for the former and 2.9 units/L. for the latter.

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