scholarly journals Determination of colonization resistance of the digestive tract by biotyping of Enterobacteriaceae

1990 ◽  
Vol 105 (2) ◽  
pp. 355-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Z. Apperloo-Renkema ◽  
B. D. Van der Waaij ◽  
D. Van der Waaij
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Volunteer ◽  
Healthy Volunteers ◽  
Faecal Sample ◽  
Natural Variation ◽  
Colonization Resistance ◽  
Individual Variations ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Faecal Microflora

SUMMARYIn studies concerning the effect of antibiotics on faecal microflora, Colonization Resistance is an important parameter. Colonization Resistance correlates inversely with the number of different biotypes of Enterobacteriaceae isolated from faecal samples. Nine healthy volunteers were studied during 6 weeks, in order to determine the natural variation in the number of different biotypes of Enterobacteriaceae per faecal sample. The numbers of biotypes ranged from 1–15 per faecal sample, the mean number of biotypes varied between 2·6 and 7·3 different biotypes per faecal sample per healthy volunteer. Inter-individual variations of five biotypes in the mean number of biotypes per faecal sample are normal. We assessed the minimal number of faecal samples that should be taken for comprehensive biotyping so as to determine reliably the mean number of different biotypes representative for the Colonization Resistance of an individual. It was found that a minimum of four faecal samples was required.

scholarly journals The colonization resistance of the digestive tract in different animal species and in man; a comparative study

1990 ◽  
Vol 105 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Van Der Waaij ◽  
B. D. Van Der Waaij
Keyword(s):  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Bacterial Contamination ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Confidence Limits ◽  
Colonization Resistance ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Accurate Comparison ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Sources Of Contamination

SUMMARYThe present study has attempted to determine the colonization resistance (CR) of the digestive tract by biotyping Enterobacteriaceae in four faecal samples per subject of five different animal species as well as man. The results indicate that the degree of bacterial contamination with Enterobacteriaceae from the environment may strongly influence the outcome. Both conventionally living chicken and man, showed a much wider range of the ‘confidence limits of the mean’ of the mean number of biotypes per faecal sample between individual subjects, than was found between subjects maintained under laboratory circumstances. Yet there appeared a statistically significant difference in CR between some of the animal species as a group. Man did not differ from monkeys, however, both differed from the rodents species studied. Monkeys differed also from dogs and the latter from rodents. It is concluded that the CR measured by determining the mean number of biotypes of Enterobacteriaceae can only be used for accurate comparison of the CR between subjects, if the ‘bacteriological environment’ is known; i.e. the sources of contamination.

Bone Age in Children with Minimal Brain Dysfunction

1974 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 1127-1131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leon Oettinger ◽  
Lawrence V. Majovski ◽  
George A. Limbeck ◽  
Ronald Gauch
Keyword(s):  
Bone Age ◽  
Brain Dysfunction ◽  
Social Planning ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Minimal Brain Dysfunction ◽  
Left Wrist ◽  
Individual Variations ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Very High

53 children diagnosed as having minimal brain dysfunction by the criteria of Clements had X-rays of their left wrist and hand for the determination of bone age. All X-rays were read independently by three physicians skilled in radiology. The films were read blind, that is, sex and case numbers but not age were available. The degree of inter-rater reliability was very high ( r = 0.87). Bone age for the minimal brain dysfunction group was significantly retarded ( p < 0.01) compared with the standard group's norms. Bone ages of more than 2 SD below the mean occurred in 10 children, while only one child showed a bone age of more than 2 SD above the mean. Two-thirds of the children in the minimal brain dysfunction group fell below the mean of the standard norms. No correlation was found between bone age and thyroid level. These findings suggest that children diagnosed as having minimal brain dysfunction may be physiologically retarded in their bone age, although marked individual variations remain. The concept of physiological immaturity should be considered by professionals in the education and social planning for the child with minimal brain dysfunction.

scholarly journals Toxicokinetics and correlation of carbamazepine salivary and serum concentrations in acute poisonings

2012 ◽  
Vol 69 (5) ◽  
pp. 389-393 ◽  
Author(s):  
Snezana Djordjevic ◽  
Vesna Kilibarda ◽  
Slavica Vucinic ◽  
Tomislav Stojanovic ◽  
Biljana Antonijevic
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Body Fluid ◽  
Acute Poisoning ◽  
Serum Concentrations ◽  
Therapeutic Application ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Individual Variations ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Therapeutic Doses

Background/Aim. Saliva is a body fluid which, like serum, can be used for determination of concentrations of certain drugs, both in pharmacotherapy as well as in acute poisonings. The aim of this study was to determine carbamazepine concentrations in both saliva and serum in acute poisoning in order to show if there is a correlation between the obtained values, as well as to monitor toxicokinetics of carbamazepine in body fluides. Methods. Saliva and serum samples were obtained from 26 patients treated with carbamazepine and 20 patients acutely poisoned by the drug immediately after their admission in the Emergency Toxicology Unit. Determination of salivary and serum carbamazepine concentrations was performed by the validated high pressure liquid chromatographyultraviolet (HPLC-UV) method. Results. A significant correlation of salivary and serum carbamazepine concentrations in both therapeutic application and acute poisoning (r = 0.9481 and 0.9117, respectively) was confirmed. In acute poisonings the mean ratio between salivary and serum concentrations of carbamazepine (0.43) was similar to the mean ratio after its administration in therapeutic doses (0.39), but there were high inter-individual variations in carbamazepine concentrations in the acutely poisoned patients, as a consequence of different ingested doses of the drug. In acute poisoning the halftime of carbamazepine in saliva and serum was 12.57 h and 6.76 h, respectively. Conclusion. Our results suggest a possible use of saliva as an alternative biological material for determination of carbamazepine concentrations in therapeutic application and acute poisoning as well, and a possible extrapolation of the results obtained in saliva to serum concentrations of carbamazepine.

scholarly journals Study of colonization resistance for Enterobacteriaceae in man by experimental contamination and biotyping as well as the possible role of antibodies in the clearance of these bacteria from the intestines

1991 ◽  
Vol 107 (3) ◽  
pp. 619-626 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Z. Apperloo-Renkema ◽  
D. Van Der Waaij
Keyword(s):  
Serum Antibody ◽  
Processing System ◽  
Video Camera ◽  
Colonization Resistance ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Igm Antibody ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Antibody Titres

SUMMARYThe colonization resistance (CR) of the digestive tract was determined in 10 healthy volunteers by oral contamination with a neomycin resistant Escherichia coli (NR-E. coli) strain and measurement of the faecal concentration of this strain during 14 days after the contamination. This ‘gold standard’ was compared with another parameter of CR; the determination of the mean number of different biotypes of Enterobacteriaceae isolated from four faecal samples per volunteer. Both measures are significantly correlated (P < 0.01). The NR-E. coli strain could be cultured from faecal samples of 4/10 volunteers as long as 300 days after contamination. Serum antibody titres against endogenous E. coli strains and the NR-E. coli strain used for experimental oral contamination were measured by an indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) assay. The assay was read by a video camera connected to an image processing system. The 95% confidence limits of antibody titres (log2) against endogenous E. coli strains ranged between < 3 and 7.1 for IgA, between < 3 and 8.7 for IgG and between < 3 and 7.4 for IgM. Antibody titres against the NR-E. coli 4 strain were within this (normal) range. The serum antibody titres against the NR-E. coli strain increased slowly after oral contamination, especially IgG and IgM. Little increase in IgA titres could be observed. An increase of serum antibody titres did not correlate with the elimination of the oral contaminant from the intestines. Therefore, we conclude that the CR is not IgG nor IgM antibody mediated.

scholarly journals The human gut archaeome: identification of diverse haloarchaea in Korean subjects

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joon Yong Kim ◽  
Tae Woong Whon ◽  
Mi Young Lim ◽  
Yeon Bee Kim ◽  
Namhee Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
East Asian ◽  
Abundance Estimation ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Individual Variations ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Archaeal Communities

Abstract Background Archaea are the least-studied members of the gut-dwelling autochthonous microbiota. Few studies have reported the exclusive dominance of methanogens in the archaeal microbiome (archaeome) of the human gut, although information regarding the diversity and abundance of other archaeal phylotypes is limited. Results We surveyed the archaeome in the faecal samples collected from 897 normal East Asian subjects living in South Korea. In total, 42.47% faecal samples were positive for archaeal colonization, which were subsequently subjected to archaeal 16S rRNA gene deep sequencing and abundance estimation. The mean archaeal abundance was 9.89 ± 4.48% of the total bacterial and archaeal abundance. We observed extensive colonization of haloarchaea (95.53%) in the Korean gut, with 9.63% mean relative abundance in archaeal communities. Haloarchaea were relatively more abundant than methanogens in certain samples. The presence of haloarchaea was also verified by fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis. Owing to large inter-individual variations, we categorized the human gut archaeome into four archaeal enterotypes. Conclusions The study demonstrated that the human gut archaeome is indigenous, responsive, and functional, expanding our understanding of the archaeal signature in the gut of normal healthy individuals.

scholarly journals Effect of isomalt consumption on faecal microflora and colonic metabolism in healthy volunteers

2006 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Gostner ◽  
M. Blaut ◽  
V. Schäffer ◽  
G. Kozianowski ◽  
S. Theis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Volunteers ◽  
Colonic Mucosa ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Sucrose Diet ◽  
Neutral Sterols ◽  
Microbiological Analyses ◽  
Faecal Microflora

Due to its low digestibility in the small intestine, a major fraction of the polyol isomalt reaches the colon. However, little is known about effects on the intestinal microflora. During two 4-week periods in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over design, nineteen healthy volunteers consumed a controlled basal diet enriched with either 30g isomalt or 30g sucrose daily. Stools were collected at the end of each test phase and various microbiological and luminal markers were analysed. Fermentation characteristics of isomalt were also investigatedin vitro. Microbiological analyses of faecal samples indicated a shift of the gut flora towards an increase of bifidobacteria following consumption of the isomalt diet compared with the sucrose diet (P<0·05). During the isomalt phase, the activity of bacterial β-glucosidase decreased (P<0·05) whereas β-glucuronidase, sulfatase, nitroreductase and urease remained unchanged. Faecal polyamines were not different between test periods with the exception of cadaverine, which showed a trend towards a lower concentration following isomalt (P=0·055). Faecal SCFA, lactate, bile acids, neutral sterols, N, NH3, phenol andp-cresol were not affected by isomalt consumption.In vitro, isomalt was metabolized in several bifidobacteria strains and yielded high butyrate concentrations. Isomalt, which is used widely as a low-glycaemic and low-energy sweetener, has to be considered a prebiotic carbohydrate that might contribute to a healthy luminal environment of the colonic mucosa.

An Improved Quantitative Assay of Glycogen in Erythrocytes

2002 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 612-613 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ichitomo Miwa ◽  
Sakiko Suzuki
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Determination ◽  
Healthy Volunteers ◽  
Perchloric Acid ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Glycogen Content ◽  
Enzymatic Method ◽  
Freezing And Thawing ◽  
A Value ◽  
The Mean

Background Current methods for the quantitative determination of glycogen in erythrocytes are unsatisfactory. Methods Erythrocytes were deproteinized with perchloric acid either after haemolysing by freezing and thawing twice or without freezing and thawing, and the glycogen content was determined by an enzymatic method. Results Freezing and thawing resulted in a significantly higher glycogen content, and the recovery of added glycogen using this method was nearly 100%. The mean erythrocyte glycogen content in healthy volunteers ( n=17) was 69·5 μg/g haemoglobin, a value much higher than the previously reported values in healthy subjects. Conclusion Freezing and thawing improves the assay of erythrocyte glycogen.

Direct determination of cadmium in urine with use of a stabilized temperature platform furnace and Zeeman background correction.

1983 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 477-480 ◽  
Author(s):  
E Pruszkowska ◽  
G R Carnrick ◽  
W Slavin
Keyword(s):  
Direct Determination ◽  
Background Correction ◽  
Matrix Modifier ◽  
Cadmium In Urine ◽  
Individual Variations ◽  
Analytical Recovery ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Zeeman Background Correction

Abstract In this determination of Cd in urine, simple aqueous standards were used to which NaCl and the matrix modifier were added. The urine was diluted fivefold with water. The mean analytical recovery of added Cd for urine samples was 101%, with individual variations of less than 4%. We used the stabilized temperature platform furnace, Zeeman background correction, pyrolytically coated graphite tubes, and (NH4)2HPO4 plus HNO3 as a matrix modifier. The sensitivity of the method provided a characteristic amount of 0.35 pg of Cd per 0.0044 A X s, obtained with integrated absorbance readings. The absolute Cd detection limit in urine was 0.15 pg, corresponding to 0.04 microgram/L of urine. Lower relative detection limits for Cd in urine can be attained if the analytical situation demands it.

Detection of Circulating Tissue Factor and Factor VII in a Normal Population

1996 ◽  
Vol 75 (05) ◽  
pp. 772-777 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sybille Albrecht ◽  
Matthias Kotzsch ◽  
Gabriele Siegert ◽  
Thomas Luther ◽  
Heinz Großmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Factor ◽  
Normal Population ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Factor Vii ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Age Dependent ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
And Gender

SummaryThe plasma tissue factor (TF) concentration was correlated to factor VII concentration (FVIIag) and factor VII activity (FVIIc) in 498 healthy volunteers ranging in age from 17 to 64 years. Immunoassays using monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were developed for the determination of TF and FVIIag in plasma. The mAbs and the test systems were characterized. The mean value of the TF concentration was 172 ± 135 pg/ml. TF showed no age- and gender-related differences. For the total population, FVIIc, determined by a clotting test, was 110 ± 15% and the factor VIlag was 0.77 ± 0.19 μg/ml. FVII activity was significantly increased with age, whereas the concentration demonstrated no correlation to age in this population. FVII concentration is highly correlated with the activity as measured by clotting assay using rabbit thromboplastin. The ratio between FVIIc and FVIIag was not age-dependent, but demonstrated a significant difference between men and women. Between TF and FVII we could not detect a correlation.

Predicting Daily Maintenance Dose of Fluindione, an Oral Anticoagulant Drug

1996 ◽  
Vol 75 (05) ◽  
pp. 731-733 ◽  
Author(s):  
V Cazaux ◽  
B Gauthier ◽  
A Elias ◽  
D Lefebvre ◽  
J Tredez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Effective Dose ◽  
Maintenance Dose ◽  
Successive Approximations ◽  
Hemorrhagic Complication ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Individual Variations ◽  
Anticoagulant Drug ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Time ◽  
Daily Maintenance Dose

SummaryDue to large inter-individual variations, the dose of vitamin K antagonist required to target the desired hypocoagulability is hardly predictible for a given patient, and the time needed to reach therapeutic equilibrium may be excessively long. This work reports on a simple method for predicting the daily maintenance dose of fluindione after the third intake. In a first step, 37 patients were delivered 20 mg of fluindione once a day, at 6 p.m. for 3 consecutive days. On the morning of the 4th day an INR was performed. During the following days the dose was adjusted to target an INR between 2 and 3. There was a good correlation (r = 0.83, p<0.001) between the INR performed on the morning of day 4 and the daily maintenance dose determined later by successive approximations. This allowed us to write a decisional algorithm to predict the effective maintenance dose of fluindione from the INR performed on day 4. The usefulness and the safety of this approach was tested in a second prospective study on 46 patients receiving fluindione according to the same initial scheme. The predicted dose was compared to the effective dose soon after having reached the equilibrium, then 30 and 90 days after. To within 5 mg (one quarter of a tablet), the predicted dose was the effective dose in 98%, 86% and 81% of the patients at the 3 times respectively. The mean time needed to reach the therapeutic equilibrium was reduced from 13 days in the first study to 6 days in the second study. No hemorrhagic complication occurred. Thus the strategy formerly developed to predict the daily maintenance dose of warfarin from the prothrombin time ratio or the thrombotest performed 3 days after starting the treatment may also be applied to fluindione and the INR measurement.

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