scholarly journals Vero cytotoxin-producingEscherichia coli, particularly serogroup O 157, associated with human infections in the United Kingdom: 1989–91

1993 ◽  
Vol 110 (3) ◽  
pp. 591-600 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Thomas ◽  
H. Chart ◽  
T. Cheasty ◽  
H. R. Smith ◽  
J. A. Frost ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Infection ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
E Coli ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
O 157 ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Human Infections ◽  
Gene Probing ◽  
Cytotoxin Gene

This survey reports the results of investigations performed by the Laboratory of Enteric Pathogens (LEP), to identify evidence of human infection with Vero cytotoxin-producingEscherichia coli(VTEC) in the UK during the period 1989–91. Bacterial isolates, faecal specimens and serum samples were received from patients suffering from diarrhoea, bloody diarrhoea and haemolytic uraemic syndrome. Using serotyping, Vero cytotoxin gene probing and an ELISA for serum antibodies toE. coli0 157, evidence of infection was detected in 232, 428 and 615 individuals in 1989. 1990 and 1991 respectively. Of these individuals, 15% were reported as having HUS. Vero cytotoxin-producingE. coliO 157 was the most frequently encountered serogroup. with isolations from a total of 1092 individuals over the 3-year period. The incidence of VTEC infection increased from 0·41/ 100000 in 1989 to 1· 07/100000 in 1991. The area with the highest rate of infection in each year was Scotland, increasing from 1–37/100000 in 1989 to 3·97/ 100000 in 1991.

scholarly journals Vero cytotoxin-producingEscherichia coli, particularly serogroup O157, associated with human infections in England and Wales: 1992–4

1996 ◽  
Vol 117 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Thomas ◽  
T. Cheasty ◽  
J. A. Frost ◽  
H. Chart ◽  
H. R. Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Haemolytic Uraemic Syndrome ◽  
Enteric Pathogens ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Average Annual Rate ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Phage Types ◽  
Human Infections ◽  
Gene Probing ◽  
Cytotoxin Gene

SummaryInvestigations were performed by the Laboratory of Enteric Pathogens on Vero cytotoxin-producingEscherichia coli(VTEC) in England and Wales from 1992–4. Bacterial isolates, faeces and sera obtained from patients with diarrhoea, bloody diarrhoea and haemolytic uraemic syndrome were examined. Using serotyping, Vero cytotoxin gene probing and serodiagnostic tests forE. coliO157, evidence of infection was detected in 543, 434 and 491 individuals in 1992, 1993 and 1994 respectively; VTEC of serogroup O157 were isolated from 470, 385 and 411 cases. The O157 VTEC strains belonged to at least 19 different phage types (PT) although 84% belonged to PT2, PT49, PT8, PT1 or PT4. Antibodies toE. coliO157 lipopolysaccharide were detected in 13% of the cases. The average annual rate of infection with O157 VTEC was 0·83/100000 and 12% of the 1458 individuals with evidence of infection with VTEC orE. coliO157 developed haemolytic uraemic syndrome. There were at least 18 general outbreaks and many family outbreaks.

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2 neutralising antibodies in Dogs and Cats in the United Kingdom

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shirley Smith ◽  
Enyia Anderson ◽  
Cintia Cansado Utrilla ◽  
Tessa Prince ◽  
Sean Farrell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Companion Animals ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Neutralising Antibodies ◽  
Diagnostic Laboratory ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Human Infections ◽  
Second Wave

Companion animals are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection and sporadic cases of pet infections have occurred in the United Kingdom. Here we present the first large-scale serological survey of SARS-CoV-2 neutralising antibodies in dogs and cats in the UK. Results are reported for 688 sera (454 canine, 234 feline) collected by a large veterinary diagnostic laboratory for routine haematology during three time periods; pre-COVID-19 (January 2020), during the first wave of UK human infections (April-May 2020) and during the second wave of UK human infections (September 2020-February 2021). Both pre-COVID-19 sera and those from the first wave tested negative. However, in sera collected during the second wave, 1.4% (n=4) of dogs and 2.2% (n=2) cats tested positive for neutralising antibodies. The low numbers of animals testing positive suggests pet animals are unlikely to be a major reservoir for human infection in the UK. However, continued surveillance of in-contact susceptible animals should be performed as part of ongoing population health surveillance initiatives.

scholarly journals First recognized community outbreak of haemorrhagic colitis due to verotoxin-producingEscherichia coliO 157.H7 in the UK

1988 ◽  
Vol 101 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Morgan ◽  
C. Newman ◽  
S. R. Palmer ◽  
J. B. Allen ◽  
W. Shepherd ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Adult Women ◽  
East Anglia ◽  
Haemorrhagic Colitis ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
O 157 ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Control Study

SUMMARYThe first recognized outbreak of haemorrhagic colitis due toEscherichia coliO 157. H7 in the United Kingdom affected at least 24 persons living in East Anglia over a 2-week period. Theillnesses were characterized by severe abdominal pain and bloody diarrhoea of short duration. Eleven patients were admitted to hospital and there was one death. Patients were mainly adult women who had not eaten out of the home in the 2 weeks before onset. Unlike previously reported outbreaks hamburgers were not the vehicle of infection, and a case-control study suggested that handling vegetables, and particularly potatoes, was the important risk factor.

scholarly journals Seaweed Extracts Effectiveness against Selected Gram-negative Bacterial Isolates

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-110
Author(s):  
Basel Saleh ◽  
Laila Al-Hallab ◽  
Ayman Al-Mariri
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Methanolic Extract ◽  
Brucella Melitensis ◽  
Shigella Flexneri ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Hypnea Musciformis ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
E Coli ◽  
O 157

Aqueous and six solvent extracts of four seaweeds Codium tomentosum (Chlorophyceae); Corallina mediterranea, Hypnea musciformis (Rhodophyceae), and Sargassum vulgare (Phaeophyceae) were screened for their antibacterial activity against 10 gram-negative bacterial isolates. Seaweeds crude extracts potent antibacterial activity have been evaluated based on zone of inhibition (ZI), minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values as reported in manyresearches. Overall, aqueous algal extracts were non active against all tested isolates regardless examined seaweed species. It was noticed that ZIs were in the following order: S. vulgare (17 mm) against Acinetobacter baumannii and C. mediteranea (17 mm) against Salmonella typhimurium > H. musciformis (13 mm) against Escherichia coli O:157 > C. tomentosum (11 mm) against S. typhimurium. Data revealed that the S. vulgare extracts showed the most inhibitory activity by showing the lowest MIC50 value of 0.08 mg/mL (methanolic extract against Shigella flexneri and hexane extract against E. coli O:157 isolate) and also the lowest MBC value of 1.00 mg/mL (methanolic extract against S. typhimurium, Serratia marcescens, E. coli O:157 and Brucella melitensis isolates; and also with ethanolic extract against S. marcescens and E. coli O:157 isolates). Future studies on the S. vulgare extracts are required due to their importance as a potent, promising and cheap source of bioactive compounds for antibacterial pretreatment.

The Microbiological Quality of Ice Used to Cool Drinks and Ready-to-Eat Food from Retail and Catering Premises in the United Kingdom

2000 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
GORDON NICHOLS ◽  
IAIN GILLESPIE ◽  
JOHN de LOUVOIS
Keyword(s):  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Commercial Production ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
E Coli ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Melt Water ◽  
Aerobic Plate Count ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Quality Evidence

A survey of 4,346 samples of ice from retail and catering premises examined 3,528 samples (81%) used to cool drinks and 144 samples (3%) from food displays. For 674 samples (15%), the origin was not recorded. Most samples of ice used to cool drinks or ready-to-eat food on displays did not contain coliforms, Escherichia coli, or enterococci. Of the ice used to cool drinks, 9% contained coliforms, 1% E. coli, and 1% enterococci in excess of 102 CFU/100 ml, and 11% had an aerobic plate count at 37°C in excess of 103 CFU/ml. The microbiological quality of ice used to cool drinks was poorer when melt water was present in the ice buckets. Ice used in food displays was more contaminated than ice used to cool drinks, with 23% containing coliforms, 5% E. coli, and 8% enterococci at 102 CFU/100 ml or more. Twenty-nine percent of samples had an aerobic plate count greater than 103 CFU/ml. Ice that had been used to cool shellfish was of a lower microbiological quality than samples used to cool ready-to-eat fish, salads, or dairy produce. Samples of ice produced in commercial production facilities were of higher microbiological quality than samples of ice that were not. The microbiological quality of ice was dependent on the type of use, the type of premises, and the type and place of production. Although most ice samples were of acceptable microbiological quality, evidence from this study suggests that the microbiological quality of ice prepared and used at certain premises in the UK is a cause for concern.

The Microbiological Quality of Cooked Rice from Restaurants and Take-Away Premises in the United Kingdom

1999 ◽  
Vol 62 (8) ◽  
pp. 877-882 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. L. NICHOLS ◽  
C. L. LITTLE ◽  
V. MITHANI ◽  
J. de LOUVOIS
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Point Of Sale ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Cooked Rice ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Bacillus Spp ◽  
Rice Samples ◽  
The Uk

The microbiological quality of 4,162 samples of cooked rice from restaurants and take-away premises in the United Kingdom was examined, including ready-to-eat rice purchased at point-of-sale and rice that was stored precooked for reheating on demand. The majority of point-of-sale cooked rice samples (1,855 of 1,972; 94%) were of acceptable microbiological quality, but 15 (1%) samples were of unacceptable quality (Bacillus spp. and B. cereus, ≥105 CFU/g; Escherichia coli, ≥104 CFU/g), indicating a potential risk to health. The prevalence of Bacillus spp., B. cereus, and E. coli was significantly greater in precooked stored rice than in point-of-sale cooked rice (P < 0.005 to 0.0005). Bacillus spp. (≥104 CFU/g), B. cereus (≥104 CFU/g), and E. coli (≥102 CFU/g) were present in 7%, 2%, and 9% of precooked stored samples, respectively, compared to 2%, 0.5%, and 1%, respectively in point-of-sale samples. Although final heating at the point of sale reduces the levels of microorganisms present in rice it will not inactivate the B. cereus emetic toxin if present. Rice from Indian premises was of poorer microbiological quality than that from Chinese and other premises. Although most point-of-sale cooked rice samples (94%) were of an acceptable microbiological quality, evidence from this study indicates that the microbiological quality of cooked rice sold from certain outlets in the UK is of concern.

scholarly journals The First Documented Detection in Taiwan of The Hepatitis E Virus in Rats

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pai-Shan Chiang ◽  
Wei-Lun Huang ◽  
Han-Hsuan Chung ◽  
Jyh-Yuan Yang ◽  
Hwa-Jen Teng
Keyword(s):  
Rattus Rattus ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Rat Serum ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
Human Sera ◽  
Wild Rats ◽  
Human Infections ◽  
Rodent Populations

Abstract Background: Human infections by rat HEV (HEV-C1) have been serially reported, including a case who had visited Taiwan before having the illness in 2019. The objective of this study was to investigate whether HEV-C1 is circulating and causing human infections in Taiwan.Methods: Fifty acute-phase human sera samples from HEV suspected patients with the negative results were randomly chosen for retrospective review. Rat sera were collected from 3 Rattus rattus and 47 R. norvegicus, which were captured at international airports or harbors. Identifying HEV-C1 RNA was performed by hemi-nested RT-PCR in human and rat serum samples. Rat sera were also tested for anti-rat HEV antibodies. Results: HEV-C1 RNA was not detected in either human or R. rattus samples, but the viral RNA was identified in two R. norvegicus samples. The 2 rat HEV strains shared identical partial sequences in the RNA polymerases gene. In serology, anti-HEV antibodies were detected in 52% (26/50) of the trapped wild rats.Conclusions: This study documents the first detection of HEV-C1 in Taiwan. The high homology between HEV-C1 sequences from rats observed in this study might result from viral circulation and transmission within certain rodent populations. The risk of indigenous human infection in Taiwan should not be ignored because of the domestic detection of HEV-C1 RNA.

scholarly journals Regional Immune Response to Immunization with Escherichia coli O157:H7-Derived Intimin in Cattle

2013 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 562-571 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn G. Boland ◽  
Andrea N. Hayles ◽  
Claire B. Miller ◽  
Tovah Kerr ◽  
Wendy C. Brown ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Escherichia Coli O157 ◽  
Content Type ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Local Responses ◽  
Human Infections

ABSTRACTEscherichia coliO157:H7 is an enteric pathogen of animals and humans that can result in deadly sequelae. Cattle are asymptomatic carriers and shedders of the bacteria and serve as an important reservoir of human infection.E. coliO157:H7 colonizes the gastrointestinal tract, most frequently at the rectoanal junction mucosa in cattle. Vaccination is a potentially highly effective means of decreasing cattle colonization and shedding and thereby decreasing human infections. Currently available vaccines are administered subcutaneously or intramuscularly, and immune responses have been evaluated solely by systemic immunoglobulin responses. This study evaluated local and systemic lymphoproliferative responses in addition to immunoglobulin responses following subcutaneous or mucosal (rectal) immunization withE. coliO157:H7 outer membrane protein intimin over three trials. In all three trials, significant local and systemic lymphoproliferative responses (P< 0.05) occurred following immunization in the majority of animals, as well as significant immunoglobulin responses (P< 0.001) in all animals. Surprisingly, local responses in the mesorectal lymph nodes were very similar between the subcutaneous and mucosal immunization groups. Moreover, the responses in mesorectal lymph nodes appeared targeted rather than generalized, as minimal or no significant responses were observed in the associated prescapular lymph nodes of subcutaneously immunized animals. The results indicate that both subcutaneous and mucosal immunizations are effective methods of inducing immune responses againstE. coliO157:H7 in cattle.

scholarly journals Studies of the presence of verocytotoxic Escherichia coli O157 in bovine faeces submitted for diagnostic purposes in England and Wales and on beef carcases in abattoirs in the United Kingdom

1998 ◽  
Vol 120 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. S. RICHARDS ◽  
J. D. CORKISH ◽  
A. R. SAYERS ◽  
I. M. McLAREN ◽  
S. J. EVANS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Gastrointestinal Disease ◽  
Neck Muscle ◽  
Escherichia Coli O157 ◽  
Cross Contamination ◽  
Confidence Limits ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
E Coli ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Uk

A survey of beef carcases in abattoirs in the UK was carried out in order to estimate the prevalence of contamination with verocytotoxin – producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) serogroup O157. Contamination with verocytotoxin-producing E. coli (VTEC) O157 was confirmed in 0·47% of the 4067 (95% confidence limits 0·22–1·00%) of neck muscle samples. A significant tendency for carcases present in the same abattoir on the same day to have similar results was found, thus suggesting cross contamination.VTEC O157 was found in 0·83% of 6495 bovine faeces samples routinely submitted for diagnostic purposes to Veterinary Investigation Centres in England and Wales. Of the samples from cattle less than 6 months old, 3·7% of 68 samples from animals without gastrointestinal disease were positive for E. coli O157, in contrast to 0·75% of 2321 samples from cases of gastrointestinal disease. No association with season or herd type (beef or dairy) was found.

scholarly journals The role of Escherichia coli O 157 infections in the classical (enteropathic) haemolytic uraemic syndrome: Results of a Central European, multicentre study

1993 ◽  
Vol 110 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Bitzan ◽  
K. Ludwig ◽  
M. Klemt ◽  
H. König ◽  
J. Büren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Haemolytic Uraemic Syndrome ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Central European ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Iga Antibodies ◽  
O 157 ◽  
Kinetics Of

SUMMARYTo assess the importance of infection by Verotoxin (VT) producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) in children with HUS in Central Europe, stool and/or serum samples obtained from 147 patients from 28 paediatric centres were prospectively examined for the presence of VTEC and the kinetics of faecal VT titres (FVT), and for VT neutralization titres and antibodies against E. coli O 157 lipopolysaccharide, respectively. Ninety-two percent of the patients had classic (enteropathic) HUS (E+ HUS). Evidence of VTEC infection was obtained in 86% of them. VTEC/FVT were identified in 55/118 E+ cases (47%). A prominent feature was the frequent isolation of sorbitol-fermenting, VT2-producing E. coli O 157. H−. VT1 (C600/H19) was neutralized by 9%, and VT2 (C600/933W) by 99% of the initial serum samples from E+ patients, compared to 3% (VT1) and 100% (VT2) from age-related controls. Fourfold titre rises against VT1 and/or VT2 were observed in 13/70 (19%), and significantly elevated O 157 LPS IgM and/or IgA antibodies in 106/128 (83%) of the E+ patients. The ubiquitous VT2 neutralizing principle in the serum of HUS patients as of healthy controls warrants further investigations.

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