scholarly journals The First Documented Detection in Taiwan of The Hepatitis E Virus in Rats

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pai-Shan Chiang ◽  
Wei-Lun Huang ◽  
Han-Hsuan Chung ◽  
Jyh-Yuan Yang ◽  
Hwa-Jen Teng
Keyword(s):  
Rattus Rattus ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Rat Serum ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
Human Sera ◽  
Wild Rats ◽  
Human Infections ◽  
Rodent Populations

Abstract Background: Human infections by rat HEV (HEV-C1) have been serially reported, including a case who had visited Taiwan before having the illness in 2019. The objective of this study was to investigate whether HEV-C1 is circulating and causing human infections in Taiwan.Methods: Fifty acute-phase human sera samples from HEV suspected patients with the negative results were randomly chosen for retrospective review. Rat sera were collected from 3 Rattus rattus and 47 R. norvegicus, which were captured at international airports or harbors. Identifying HEV-C1 RNA was performed by hemi-nested RT-PCR in human and rat serum samples. Rat sera were also tested for anti-rat HEV antibodies. Results: HEV-C1 RNA was not detected in either human or R. rattus samples, but the viral RNA was identified in two R. norvegicus samples. The 2 rat HEV strains shared identical partial sequences in the RNA polymerases gene. In serology, anti-HEV antibodies were detected in 52% (26/50) of the trapped wild rats.Conclusions: This study documents the first detection of HEV-C1 in Taiwan. The high homology between HEV-C1 sequences from rats observed in this study might result from viral circulation and transmission within certain rodent populations. The risk of indigenous human infection in Taiwan should not be ignored because of the domestic detection of HEV-C1 RNA.

scholarly journals Characterization of self-assembled virus-like particles of rat hepatitis E virus generated by recombinant baculoviruses

2011 ◽  
Vol 92 (12) ◽  
pp. 2830-2837 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tian-Cheng Li ◽  
Kumiko Yoshimatsu ◽  
Shumpei P. Yasuda ◽  
Jiro Arikawa ◽  
Takaaki Koma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis E Virus ◽  
Expression System ◽  
Recombinant Baculovirus ◽  
Baculovirus Expression System ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Rat Serum ◽  
Wild Rats ◽  
Self Assembled

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a causative agent of hepatitis E. Recently, a novel hepatitis E-like virus was isolated from Norway rats in Germany. However, the antigenicity, pathogenicity and epidemiology of this virus are unclear because of the lack of a cell-culture system in which to grow it. In this study, an N-terminally truncated ORF2 protein was expressed in insect Tn5 cells using a recombinant baculovirus expression system and a large amount of 53 kDa protein was expressed and efficiently released into the supernatant. Electron microscopic analyses of the purified 53 kDa protein revealed that the protein self-assembled into two types of empty HEV-like particles (rat HEVLPs). The smaller rat HEVLPs were estimated to be 24 nm in diameter, which is similar to the size of genotype G1, G3 and G4 HEVLPs. The larger rat HEVLPs were estimated to measure 35 nm in diameter, which is similar to the size of native rat HEV particles. An ELISA to detect antibodies was established using rat HEVLPs as the antigens, which demonstrated that rat HEVLPs were cross-reactive with G1, G3 and G4 HEVs. Detection of IgG and IgM antibodies was performed by examination of 139 serum samples from wild rats trapped in Vietnam, and it was found that 20.9 % (29/139) and 3.6 % (5/139) of the samples were positive for IgG and IgM, respectively. In addition, rat HEV RNA was detected in one rat serum sample that was positive for IgM. These results indicated that rat HEV is widespread and is transmitted among wild rats.

scholarly journals Seroprevalence of Rodent Pathogens in Wild Rats from the Island of St. Kitts, West Indies

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 228
Author(s):  
Kenneth Boey ◽  
Kanae Shiokawa ◽  
Harutyun Avsaroglu ◽  
Sreekumari Rajeev
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Pneumocystis Carinii ◽  
Rattus Rattus ◽  
Adenovirus Type ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Wild Rats ◽  
Group B ◽  
Monitoring Protocols

A pilot seroprevalence study was conducted to document exposure to selected pathogens in wild rats inhabiting the Caribbean island of St. Kitts. Serum samples collected from 22 captured wild rats (Rattus norvegicus and Rattus rattus) were tested for the presence of antibodies to various rodent pathogens using a rat MFI2 serology panel. The samples were positive for cilia-associated respiratory bacillus (13/22; 59.1%), Clostridium piliforme (4/22; 18.2%), Mycoplasma pulmonis (4/22; 18.2%), Pneumocystis carinii (1/22; 4.5%), mouse adenovirus type 2 (16/22; 72.7%), Kilham rat virus (15/22; 68.2%), reovirus type 3 (9/22; 40.9%), rat parvovirus (4/22; 18.2%), rat minute virus (4/22; 18.2%), rat theilovirus (2/22; 9.1%), and infectious diarrhea of infant rats strain of group B rotavirus (rat rotavirus) (1/22; 4.5%). This study provides the first evidence of exposure to various rodent pathogens in wild rats on the island of St. Kitts. Periodic pathogen surveillance in the wild rat population would be beneficial in assessing potential regional zoonotic risks as well as in enhancing the current knowledge when implementing routine animal health monitoring protocols in facilities with laboratory rodent colonies.

Rat hepatitis E virus derived from wild rats (Rattus rattus) propagates efficiently in human hepatoma cell lines

2014 ◽  
Vol 185 ◽  
pp. 92-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suljid Jirintai ◽  
Tanggis ◽  
Mulyanto ◽  
Joseph Benedictus Suparyatmo ◽  
Masaharu Takahashi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Lines ◽  
Hepatitis E Virus ◽  
Hepatoma Cell ◽  
Rattus Rattus ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Human Hepatoma ◽  
Human Hepatoma Cell ◽  
Hepatoma Cell Lines ◽  
Wild Rats

scholarly journals Novel hepatitis E like virus found in Swedish moose

2014 ◽  
Vol 95 (3) ◽  
pp. 557-570 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jay Lin ◽  
Heléne Norder ◽  
Henrik Uhlhorn ◽  
Sándor Belák ◽  
Frederik Widén
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis E Virus ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Stem Loop ◽  
Novel Virus ◽  
Human Infections ◽  
Transmission Pathways

A novel virus was detected in a sample collected from a Swedish moose (Alces alces). The virus was suggested as a member of the Hepeviridae family, although it was found to be highly divergent from the known four genotypes (gt1–4) of hepatitis E virus (HEV). Moose are regularly hunted for consumption in the whole of Scandinavia. Thus, the finding of this virus may be important from several aspects: (a) as a new diverged HEV in a new animal species, and (b) potential unexplored HEV transmission pathways for human infections. Considering these aspects, we have started the molecular characterization of this virus. A 5.1 kb amplicon was sequenced, and corresponded to the partial ORF1, followed by complete ORF2, ORF3 and poly(A) sequence. In comparison with existing HEVs, the moose HEV genome showed a general nucleotide sequence similarity of 37–63 % and an extensively divergent putative ORF3 sequence. The junction region between the ORFs was also highly divergent; however, two putative secondary stem–loop structures were retained when compared to gt1–4, but with altered structural appearance. In the phylogenetic analysis, the moose HEV deviated and formed its own branch between the gt1–4 and other divergent animal HEVs. The characterization of this highly divergent genome provides important information regarding the diversity of HEV infecting various mammalian species. However, further studies are needed to investigate its prevalence in the moose populations and possibly in other host species, including the risk for human infection.

scholarly journals UNA virus: first report of human infection in Argentina

2003 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Adrián Diaz ◽  
Lorena Ivana Spinsanti ◽  
Walter Ricardo Almiron ◽  
Marta Silvia Contigiani
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Neutralization Test ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
First Report ◽  
Central Argentina ◽  
Human Sera ◽  
Vertebrate Hosts ◽  
Human Infections

Una virus (UNAV), Togaviridae family, is widely distributed in South America, where infections have been detected in mosquitoes and vertebrate hosts (humans, birds and horses). We analyzed human sera from Córdoba inhabitants aged 44 to 89 years and using a neutralization test, we found a prevalence of UNAV antibodies of 3.8% (3/79). The low titers detected suggest past infections probably acquired in rural areas of the Province of Córdoba (central Argentina). None sera were found positive for MAYV neutralizing antibodies. This is the first report of human infections by UNAV in Argentina.

scholarly journals Population Structure of Rat-DerivedPneumocystis carinii in Danish Wild Rats

2000 ◽  
Vol 66 (11) ◽  
pp. 4954-4961 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Palmer ◽  
Osvald P. Settnes ◽  
Jens Lodal ◽  
Ann E. Wakefield
Keyword(s):  
Population Structure ◽  
Rat Model ◽  
Pneumocystis Carinii ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Spore Trap ◽  
Laboratory Rats ◽  
Wild Rats ◽  
Internally Transcribed Spacer ◽  
Human Infections ◽  
Its1 And Its2

ABSTRACT The rat model of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia is frequently used to study human P. carinii infection, but there are many differences between the rat and human infections. We studied naturally acquired P. carinii in wild rats to examine the relevance of the rat model for human infection. P. carinii DNA was detected in 47 of 51 wild rats and in 10 of 12 nonimmunosuppressed laboratory rats. Evidence for three novel formae speciales of rat-derived P. carinii was found, and these were provisionally named Pneumocystis carinii f. sp.rattus-secundi, Pneumocystis carinii f. sp.rattus-tertii, and Pneumocystis carinii f. sp.rattus-quarti. Our data suggest that low-level carriage ofP. carinii in wild rats and nonimmunosuppressed laboratory rats is common and that wild rats are frequently coinfected with more than one forma specialis of P. carinii. We also examined the diversity in the internally transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of the nuclear rRNA operon of Pneumocystis carinii f. sp.carinii by using samples from wild rats and laboratory rats and spore trap samples. We report a lack of variation in the ITS1 and ITS2 regions that is consistent with an evolutionary bottleneck in theP. carinii f. sp. carinii population. This study shows that human- and rat-derived P. cariniiorganisms are very different, not only in genetic composition but also in population structure and natural history.

scholarly journals Vero cytotoxin-producingEscherichia coli, particularly serogroup O 157, associated with human infections in the United Kingdom: 1989–91

1993 ◽  
Vol 110 (3) ◽  
pp. 591-600 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Thomas ◽  
H. Chart ◽  
T. Cheasty ◽  
H. R. Smith ◽  
J. A. Frost ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Infection ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
E Coli ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
O 157 ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Human Infections ◽  
Gene Probing ◽  
Cytotoxin Gene

This survey reports the results of investigations performed by the Laboratory of Enteric Pathogens (LEP), to identify evidence of human infection with Vero cytotoxin-producingEscherichia coli(VTEC) in the UK during the period 1989–91. Bacterial isolates, faecal specimens and serum samples were received from patients suffering from diarrhoea, bloody diarrhoea and haemolytic uraemic syndrome. Using serotyping, Vero cytotoxin gene probing and an ELISA for serum antibodies toE. coli0 157, evidence of infection was detected in 232, 428 and 615 individuals in 1989. 1990 and 1991 respectively. Of these individuals, 15% were reported as having HUS. Vero cytotoxin-producingE. coliO 157 was the most frequently encountered serogroup. with isolations from a total of 1092 individuals over the 3-year period. The incidence of VTEC infection increased from 0·41/ 100000 in 1989 to 1· 07/100000 in 1991. The area with the highest rate of infection in each year was Scotland, increasing from 1–37/100000 in 1989 to 3·97/ 100000 in 1991.

Frequent detection and characterization of hepatitis E virus variants in wild rats (Rattus rattus) in Indonesia

2012 ◽  
Vol 158 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mulyanto ◽  
Sulaiman Ngongu Depamede ◽  
Made Sriasih ◽  
Masaharu Takahashi ◽  
Shigeo Nagashima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis E Virus ◽  
Rattus Rattus ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Wild Rats

scholarly journals Complete Genome Sequences of Two Rat Pegivirus Strains in Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tsutomu Nishizawa ◽  
Mulyanto ◽  
Yumi Hatano ◽  
Kazumoto Murata ◽  
Hiroaki Okamoto
Keyword(s):  
Complete Genome ◽  
Rattus Rattus ◽  
Coding Region ◽  
Genome Sequences ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Entire Genome ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Wild Rats

ABSTRACT The entire genome sequences of two pegivirus strains recovered from serum samples of wild rats (Rattus rattus) in Indonesia were determined. They possessed 11,013 to 11,014 nucleotides and differed from the reported rodent pegivirus strains within the Pegivirus J species of the genus Pegivirus by 12.7% to 40.9% in the near-entire coding region sequences.

An epidemiological study of A. cantonensis in Jamaica subsequent to an outbreak of human cases of eosinophilic meningitis in 2000

Parasitology ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 143 (9) ◽  
pp. 1211-1217 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. WAUGH ◽  
J. F. LINDO ◽  
J. LORENZO-MORALES ◽  
R. D. ROBINSON
Keyword(s):  
Rattus Norvegicus ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Multivariate Analyses ◽  
Rattus Rattus ◽  
Infection Intensity ◽  
Eosinophilic Meningitis ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Major Outbreak ◽  
Wild Rats ◽  
Human Infections

SUMMARYThe infection status of angiostrongylosis in Jamaica was assessed in wild rats and molluscs in the 5 years following the major outbreak of eosinophilic meningitis (EM) in 2000. Parasitological analyses of 297 Rattus rattus and 140 Rattus norvegicus, and 777 terrestrial molluscs from all 14 Parishes on the island revealed Angiostrongylus cantonensis in 32·0% of the rats and in 12·5% of the molluscs. Multivariate analyses confirmed that A. cantonensis occurred significantly more frequently in R. rattus (Odds Ratio [OR] = 1·76), while mean infection intensity in R. rattus was also significantly higher (16·8) than R. norvegicus (11·3) (Mann–Whitney U-test: P = 0·01). Third-stage larvae of A. cantonensis were detected in 29% of 86 Pleurodonte spp.; in 20% of five Poteria spp.; in 18·7% of 369 Thelidomus asper; in 11% of 18 Sagda spp.; and in 6% of 24 veronicellid slugs. Most rodent infections occurred in Northeastern Jamaica (OR = 11·66), a region where infected molluscs were also abundant. Given the prevalence of A. cantonensis infection in rats has significantly increased since the 2000 outbreak, and that a survey of human infections revealed at least ten autochthonous cases in the last 15 years, angiostrongylosis persists as an important zoonosis in Jamaica.

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