scholarly journals Nosocomial Legionnaires' disease in England and Wales, 1980–92

1994 ◽  
Vol 112 (2) ◽  
pp. 329-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. Joseph ◽  
J. M. Watson ◽  
T. G. Harrison ◽  
C. L. R. Bartlett
Keyword(s):  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Clinical History ◽  
National Surveillance ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Hospital Patients ◽  
Sporadic Cases ◽  
Legionnaires Disease ◽  
And Control ◽  
Surveillance Scheme

SUMMARYTwo hundred and eighteen nosocomial cases of Legionnaires' disease with 68 deaths were reported to the National Surveillance Scheme for Legionnaires Disease between 1980 and 1992, representing 15% of the reported infections acquired in England and Wales. Twenty–two nosocomial outbreaks accounted for 135 (62%) of these cases, the remainder occurring as single cases either in hospitals where other single cases or outbreaks had been reported in different years or as ‘sporadic’ cases in hospitals from which no other cases were reported. A clinical history prior to onset of Legionnaires' disease was available for 124 patients, 61 of whom had undergone recent transplant therapy or were immunosuppressed for other reasons.Sixty cases (27%) were diagnosed by culture of the organism and isolates from 56 patients were typed; 25 (42%) were nonL. pneumophilaserogroup 1 infections.Methods for prevention and control of nosocomial outbreaks are discussed, in particular the susceptibility to Legionnaires' disease of certain groups of hospital patients.

scholarly journals Community-acquired Legionnaires' Disease in Nottingham – too many cases?

2003 ◽  
Vol 131 (3) ◽  
pp. 1097-1103 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. S. LIM ◽  
R. SLACK ◽  
A. GOODWIN ◽  
J. ROBINSON ◽  
J. V. LEE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Cooling Tower ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
National Surveillance ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Legionnaires Disease ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Surveillance Scheme

The aim of this study was to compare the incidence of community-acquired Legionnaires' Disease in Nottingham with England and Wales and to explore reasons for any difference observed. Based on data from the National Surveillance Scheme for Legionnaires' Disease (1980–1999), the rate of infection in England and Wales was 1·3 per million/year compared with 6·6 per million/year in Nottingham. Domestic water samples were obtained from 41 (95%) of 43 Nottingham cases between 1997 and 2000. In 16 (39%) cases, Legionella sp. were cultured in significant quantities. Proximity to a cooling tower was examined using a 1[ratio ]4 case-controlled analysis. No significant difference in the mean distance between place of residence to the nearest cooling tower was noted (cases 2·7 km vs. controls 2·3 km; P=0·5). These data suggest that Nottingham does have a higher rate of legionella infection compared to national figures and that home water systems are a source.

scholarly journals Legionnaires' disease in Europe 2003-2004

2005 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 11-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
K D Ricketts ◽  
C Joseph
Keyword(s):  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Legionnaires Disease ◽  
Hospital Acquired ◽  
And Control ◽  
Surveillance Scheme ◽  
Epidemiological Information

Once a year, countries that collaborate in the European Surveillance Scheme for Travel Associated Legionnaires’ Disease (EWGLINET) are requested to submit a dataset that provides epidemiological and microbiological information on cases of legionnaires’ disease (nosocomial (hospital-acquired), community and travel related) detected in their country for that year. This paper presents the data collected for 2003 and 2004. For this period, 9166 cases were reported to the dataset by 35 countries, of which 941 cases were associated with outbreaks. Fourteen countries reported a total of 218 detected outbreaks. National infection rates varied between countries from 28.7 to less than one case per million population. This information is valuable in that it allows countries to assess the effectiveness of their national surveillance schemes in detecting cases. Over the two year period, 748 cases were reported to have died, giving a case fatality rate of 8.2%. The lack of detailed epidemiological information on deaths from legionnaires’ disease is highlighted. The establishment of the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control is seen as an opportunity to develop European collaborations more fully, and to increase further the protection of Europeans from outbreaks of legionnaires’ disease.

scholarly journals Legionnaires’ disease in Europe, 2011 to 2015

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (27) ◽  
Author(s):  
Julien Beauté ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Average Increase ◽  
Annual Average ◽  
Surveillance Network ◽  
Case Fatality Ratio ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Legionnaires Disease ◽  
And Control

Under the coordination of the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), the European Legionnaires’ disease Surveillance Network (ELDSNet) conducts surveillance of Legionnaires’ disease (LD) in Europe. Between 2011 and 2015, 29 countries reported 30,532 LD cases to ECDC (28,188 (92.3%) confirmed and 2,344 (7.7%) probable). Four countries (France, Germany, Italy and Spain) accounted for 70.3% of all reported cases, although their combined populations represented only 49.9% of the study population. The age-standardised rate of all cases increased from 0.97 cases/100,000 population in 2011 to 1.30 cases/100,000 population in 2015, corresponding to an annual average increase of 0.09 cases/100,000 population (95%CI 0.02–0.14; p = 0.02). Demographics and infection setting remained unchanged with ca 70% of cases being community-acquired and 80% occurring in people aged 50 years and older. Clinical outcome was known for 23,164 cases, of whom 2,161 (9.3%) died. The overall case fatality ratio decreased steadily from 10.5% in 2011 to 8.1% in 2015, probably reflecting improved reporting completeness. Five countries (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Italy, and Norway) had increasing age-standardised LD notification rates over the 2011−15 period, but there was no increase in notification rates in countries where the 2011 rate was below 0.5/100,000 population.

Strategies adopted for the hospital infections´s prevention and control caused by serratia marcescens in the neonatal intensive unit- the nursing participating of the process

2010 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 1761
Author(s):  
Iara Chaves Ribeiro ◽  
Beatriz Gerbassi Costa Aguiar
Keyword(s):  
Serratia Marcescens ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Intensive Therapy ◽  
Hospital Infection ◽  
First Year ◽  
Hospital Infections ◽  
Intensive Therapy Unit ◽  
Sporadic Cases ◽  
Terapia Intensiva ◽  
And Control

ABSTRACTObjective: to describe the hospital infection and deaths cases associated with the Serratia marcescens and describe the strategies adopted for hospital infections prevention and control in the UTIN. Method: it was realized a descriptive study, in which there were used the variables: weight, diagnosis and microbiological results, during the period of 2000 to 2005. Results: in the first year of surveillance, the infection rate was of 43.7%. After having been implemented specific measures for the Hospital Infection´s Prevention and Control, there was a significant reduction of the hospital infection´ s rate.  Conclusion: it concludes that the measures were satisfactory and the team´ s training in the hospital infection´ s prevention and control was effective. The control in habitual procedures in the unit, and the permanent surveillance were strategies maintained to identify sporadic cases. Descriptors: neonatal intensive therapy unit, hospital infection, serratia marcescens.RESUMOObjetivos: descrever os casos de infecção hospitalar e óbitos associados à Serratia marcescens e as estratégias adotadas para prevenção e o controle das infecções hospitalares na UTIN. Método: trata-se de um estudo descritivo com abordagem quantitativa. Foi realizado durante o período de 2000 a 2005, em uma unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal de uma instituição privada do Rio de Janeiro, no qual se utilizou as variáveis: peso, diagnóstico e resultados microbiológicos. Os dados foram coletados através de um formulário e analisados por meio de frequências percentual e relativa. A pesquisa foi avaliada pelo Comitê de Ética e Pesquisa do Hospital de Clinicas Mario Lioni (HCML), sendo apreciado e aprovado sob o Nº 008/2007. Resultados: no primeiro ano de vigilância, a taxa de infecção foi de 43,7%. Depois de implementadas as medidas específicas para a Prevenção e Controle da Infecção Hospitalar, houve uma redução significativa da taxa de infecção hospitalar. Conclusão: conclui-se que as medidas foram satisfatórias e o treinamento da equipe na prevenção e controle da infecção hospitalar causada por serratia marcescens foi efetivo. O controle em procedimentos habituais na unidade, e a vigilância permanente, foram estratégias mantidas para identificar casos esporádicos. Descritores: unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal; infecção hospitalar; serratia marcescens.RESUMENObjetivo: describir los casos de infección hospitalaria y óbitos asociados a Serratia marcescens y las estrategias adoptadas  para prevención y control de las  infecciones hospitalarias en la UTIN. Método: fue realizado un estudio descriptivo, en lo cual fueron utilizadas las variables: peso, diagnóstico y resultados microbiológicos, durante el período de 2000 à 2005. Resultados: en lo primero ano de vigilancia, la taza de infección  fue de 43,7%. Después de implementadas medidas específicas para la Prevención y Control de la Infección Hospitalaria, hube una reducción significante de la taza de infección hospitalaria. Conclusión: se concluye que las medidas fueron satisfactorias y el entrenamiento del  equipo en la prevención y control de la infección hospitalaria fue efectiva. El control en procedimientos habituales en la unidad y la vigilancia permanente, fueron estrategias mantenidas para identificar casos esporádicos. Descriptores: unidad de terapia intensiva neonatal, infección hospitalaria, serratia marcescens.  

scholarly journals The relationship between meteorological variables and sporadic cases of Legionnaires' disease in residents of England and Wales

2014 ◽  
Vol 142 (11) ◽  
pp. 2352-2359 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. D. HALSBY ◽  
C. A. JOSEPH ◽  
J. V. LEE ◽  
P. WILKINSON
Keyword(s):  
Conditional Logistic Regression ◽  
Time Lag ◽  
Time Lags ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Sporadic Cases ◽  
Risk Of Disease ◽  
Legionnaires Disease ◽  
Short Time ◽  
The Relationship

SUMMARYWe studied the timing of occurrence of 1676 sporadic, community-acquired cases of Legionnaires' disease in England and Wales between 1993 and 2008, in relation to temperature, relative humidity, rainfall, windspeed and ultraviolet light using a fixed-stratum case-crossover approach. The analysis was conducted using conditional logistic regression, with consideration of appropriate lag periods. There was evidence of an association between the risk of Legionnaires' disease and temperature with an apparently long time lag of 1–9 weeks [odds of disease at 95thvs. 75th centiles: 3·91, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2·06–7·40], and with rainfall at short time lags (of 2–10 days) (odds of disease at 75thvs.50th centiles: 1·78, 95% CI 1·50–2·13). There was some evidence that the risk of disease in relation to high temperatures was greater at high relative humidities. A higher risk of Legionnaires' disease may be indicated by preceding periods of warmer wetter weather.

scholarly journals Legionnaires´ disease clusters associated with travel to Spain during the period January 2001 to July 2003

2004 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 14-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Cano ◽  
N Prieto ◽  
C Martin ◽  
C Pelaz ◽  
S Mateo
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Response Criteria ◽  
Disease Clusters ◽  
European Guidelines ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Legionnaires Disease ◽  
And Control ◽  
Surveillance Scheme

Epidemiological surveillance and control of travel associated cases of legionnaires´ disease are necessary tasks for public health and collaboration between countries is necessary to do this. Within the framework of the European Surveillance Scheme for Travel Associated Legionnaires' Disease (EWGLINET), European Guidelines for Control and Prevention of Travel Associated Legionnaires' Disease have been produced . This has established the reporting and response criteria when cases or clusters appear. In this paper the analysis of the information corresponding to the 46 reported clusters related to Spain is presented. Data corresponds to the period January 2001 to July 2003.

scholarly journals Hepatitis E in Pakistan

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iftikhar A. Malik ◽  
Waheed Uz Tariq
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Features ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Water Supplies ◽  
Sporadic Cases ◽  
And Control

In Pakistan, sporadic cases of hepatitis E occur throughout the year. However, small outbreaks and epidemics of hepatitis E have been reported from the cities of Peshawar, Mardan, Abbottabad, Rawalpindi-Islamabad, Sargodha, Multan, Hyderabad, Quetta and Karachi. A large epidemic of hepatitis E occurred in one of the army garrisons at Lahore in early 1995, when more than 600 cases were treated as inpatients. Wherever epidemiological investigations have been carried out, the cause of the outbreak has always been found to be contamination of water supplies with sewage. This paper considers the epidemiology, diagnosis, clinical features, treatment, prevention and control of hepatitis E in Pakistan

scholarly journals Hacia la inclusión de los pequeños agricultores, población vulnerable, en programas de vigilancia toxicológica mediante la implementación de marcadores biológicos de fácil acceso en zonas rurales de Colombia / Towards Inclusion of Small Farmers -Vulnerable Populationin Toxicological Monitoring Programs by Implementing Easily Accessible Biomarkers in Rural Colombia

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-102
Author(s):  
Karen López ◽  
Maira Fernanda Zambrano Carrillo
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Disease ◽  
Informal Sector ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Vulnerable Population ◽  
Agricultural Workers ◽  
Small Farmers ◽  
National Surveillance ◽  
Pesticide Poisoning ◽  
Chronic Poisoning ◽  
And Control

ABSTRACTCurrently, the information regarding morbidity caused by chronic poisoning from activities associated with agrochemicals exposure in Colombian population is poor; further, there is no evidence of programs neither to monitor or control the level of exposure to pesticides nor to prevent the onset of chronic disease in agricultural workers of the informal sector. Small farmers are an extremely vulnerable population that has been overlooked in national surveillance pesticide poisoning programs. This research aims to demonstrate the relevance of using easily accessible biomarkers to evaluate small farmers as part of prevention and control of chronic pesticide poisoning and thus contribute to work humanization.RESUMENEn la actualidad la información referente a la morbilidad causada por intoxicación crónica a causa de actividades asociadas al trabajo con agroquímicos en la población colombiana es muy pobre, adicionalmente no existen evidencias de programas de seguimiento y control del nivel de exposición a tóxicos como medida de prevención en la aparición de enfermedades crónicas de origen toxicológico en trabajadores del sector agrícola informal. Los pequeños agricultores son una población extremadamente vulnerable que ha sido pasada por alto en los programas nacionales de vigilancia y control de intoxicaciones ocasionadas por plaguicidas. Esta investigación, pretende demostrar la pertinencia del uso de biomarcadores de fácil acceso en pequeños agricultores dentro de programas de prevención y control de intoxicaciones crónicas generadas por plaguicidas como aporte en la humanización del trabajo.

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