The continuous spread of West Nile virus (WNV): seroprevalence in asymptomatic horses

2009 ◽  
Vol 137 (8) ◽  
pp. 1163-1168 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. ALONSO-PADILLA ◽  
E. LOZA-RUBIO ◽  
E. ESCRIBANO-ROMERO ◽  
L. CÓRDOBA ◽  
S. CUEVAS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Gulf Of Mexico ◽  
Neutralization Test ◽  
Haemagglutination Inhibition ◽  
Igg Antibodies ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Plaque Reduction Neutralization Test ◽  
Northern Mexico ◽  
Independent Events ◽  
The Usa

SUMMARYWest Nile virus (WNV) was probably introduced in southern and northern Mexico from the USA in two independent events. Since then, WNV activity has been reported in several Mexican states bordering the USA and the Gulf of Mexico, but disease manifestations seen there in humans and equids are quite different to those observed in the USA. We have analysed WNV seroprevalence in asymptomatic, unvaccinated equids from two Mexican states where no data had been previously recorded. WNV IgG antibodies were detected in 31·6% (91/288) of equine sera from Chiapas and Puebla states (53·3% and 8·0%, respectively). Analysis by plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) showed good specificity (99·4%) and sensitivity (84·9%) with the ELISA results. Further analyses to detect antibodies against three different flaviviruses (WNV, St Louis encephalitis virus, Ilheus virus) by haemagglutination inhibition (HI) tests on a subset of 138 samples showed that 53% of the 83 HI-positive samples showed specific reaction to WNV. These data suggest continuous expansion of WNV through Mexico.

scholarly journals Serum Neutralization Assay Can Efficiently Replace Plaque Reduction Neutralization Test for Detection and Quantitation of West Nile Virus Antibodies in Human and Animal Serum Samples

2014 ◽  
Vol 21 (10) ◽  
pp. 1460-1462 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annapia Di Gennaro ◽  
Alessio Lorusso ◽  
Claudia Casaccia ◽  
Annamaria Conte ◽  
Federica Monaco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Neutralization Test ◽  
Neutralization Assay ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Plaque Reduction Neutralization Test ◽  
Serum Neutralization ◽  
Human Sera

ABSTRACTA serum neutralization assay (SN) was compared with the official plaque reduction neutralization test for the quantitation of West Nile virus antibodies. A total of 1,348 samples from equid sera and 38 from human sera were tested by these two methods. Statistically significant differences were not observed, thus supporting the use of SN for routine purposes.

scholarly journals Persistence of Antibodies to West Nile Virus in Naturally Infected Rock Pigeons (Columba livia)

2005 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 665-667 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samantha E. J. Gibbs ◽  
Douglas M. Hoffman ◽  
Lillian M. Stark ◽  
Nicole L. Marlenee ◽  
Bradley J. Blitvich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Neutralization Test ◽  
Columba Livia ◽  
Maternal Antibodies ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Entire Study ◽  
Plaque Reduction Neutralization Test ◽  
Antibody Persistence

ABSTRACT Wild caught rock pigeons (Columba livia) with antibodies to West Nile virus were monitored for 15 months to determine antibody persistence and compare results of three serologic techniques. Antibodies persisted for the entire study as detected by epitope-blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and plaque reduction neutralization test. Maternal antibodies in squabs derived from seropositive birds persisted for an average of 27 days.

scholarly journals Is West Nile virus a potential cause of central nervous system infection in Brazil?

2010 ◽  
Vol 68 (5) ◽  
pp. 761-763 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristiane N Soares ◽  
Mauro J. Cabral Castro ◽  
José M Peralta ◽  
Marcos R.G. de Freitas ◽  
Marzia Puccioni-Sohler
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Rio De Janeiro ◽  
Viral Encephalitis ◽  
Neutralization Test ◽  
Dengue Infection ◽  
Central Nervous System Infection ◽  
Viral Meningitis ◽  
Unknown Etiology ◽  
West Nile ◽  
The City

Meningitis and encephalitis are complications of West Nile virus (WNV) infection. Although WNV is endemic in North America, the virus has recently been reported in Colombia and Argentina. Investigation of WNV in Brazil is important since this virus has never been studied previously in this country. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the presence of WNV infection in viral encephalitis/meningitis cases of unknown etiology in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. METHOD: Thirty-seven adults with viral meningitis/encephalitis had their serum and CSF tested for WNV antibodies using the ELISA method. RESULTS: Only one case was WNV-positive, but this case was also positive for dengue. The plaque reduction neutralization test distinguished infections, and was negative for WNV. CONCLUSION: WNV can be confused with dengue infection. Their symptoms and neurological picture are similar. We did not find WNV in any patients with encephalitis and meningitis in the city of Rio de Janeiro. Up to now, it has not been detected in Brazil

Estimated cumulative incidence of West Nile virus infection in US adults, 1999–2010

2012 ◽  
Vol 141 (3) ◽  
pp. 591-595 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. R. PETERSEN ◽  
P. J. CARSON ◽  
B. J. BIGGERSTAFF ◽  
B. CUSTER ◽  
S. M. BORCHARDT ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Cumulative Incidence ◽  
West Nile Virus Infection ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
National Surveillance ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Central Plains ◽  
Neuroinvasive Disease ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Age And Sex

SUMMARYWest Nile virus (WNV) was first recognized in the USA in 1999. We estimated the cumulative incidence of WNV infection in the USA from 1999 to 2010 using recently derived age- and sex-stratified ratios of infections to WNV neuroinvasive disease (WNND) and the number of WNND cases reported to national surveillance. We estimate that over 3 million persons have been infected with WNV in the USA, with the highest incidence rates in the central plains states. These 3 million infections would have resulted in about 780 000 illnesses. A substantial number of WNV infections and illnesses have occurred during the virus' first decade in the USA.

scholarly journals First serological evidence of West Nile virus among equines and birds in Kosovo, 2018-2019

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agim Rexhepi ◽  
Kurtesh Sherifi ◽  
Kristaq Berxholi ◽  
Betim Xhekaj ◽  
Nesade Muja-Bajraktari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Neutralization Test ◽  
Virus Detection ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
Domestic Bird ◽  
Domestic Birds ◽  
Public Health Authorities

Abstract Background: This study was conducted to survey the presence of the West Nile virus (WNV) in Kosovo by serological testing of the healthy autochthonous equine population and virus detection in birds and mosquitoes. Between January 2018 and June 2019, 260 equine serum samples, 626 mosquitoes (60 pools), 50 domestic birds and 51 wild birds were collected from different regions of Kosovo. Equine and domestic bird serum samples were tested by IgG ELISA while mosquitoes and bird viscera were tested for WNV RNA by RT-PCR. Positive ELISA samples were confirmed by Plaque Reduction Neutralization Test (PRNT) and eight by Virus Neutralization Test (VNT). Results: This is the first report providing evidence of WNV antibodies among animals in Kosovo. WNV antibodies were present in 27 out of 260 equine sera (10.38%) and one out of 50 samples in domestic birds by ELISA and PRNT. Eight of 27 positive equine serum samples were confirmed by VNT. No WNV RNA was detected in birds or mosquitoes.Conclusions: The occurrence of WNV antibodies in autochthonous equines from all regions of Kosovo indicates that the virus is circulating within the country. Public health authorities should therefore plan a risk assessment and disease control program.

scholarly journals Prevalence of IgM and IgG antibodies to West Nile virus among blood donors in an affected area of north-eastern Italy, summer 2009

2011 ◽  
Vol 16 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
P Pezzotti ◽  
C Piovesan ◽  
L Barzon ◽  
R Cusinato ◽  
M Cattai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Blood Donors ◽  
Igg Antibodies ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Affected Area ◽  
Binary File ◽  
North Eastern

Binary file ES_Abstracts_Final_ECDC.txt matches

scholarly journals West Nile Virus in Slovenia

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 720
Author(s):  
Nataša Knap ◽  
Miša Korva ◽  
Vladimir Ivović ◽  
Katja Kalan ◽  
Mateja Jelovšek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Urine Sample ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Igg Antibodies ◽  
West Nile Fever ◽  
West Nile ◽  
The North ◽  
Neuroinvasive Disease ◽  
First Case ◽  
Dead End

West Nile virus (WNV) is a flavivirus transmitted by mosquitoes. Birds are the reservoir for the virus; humans, horses and other mammals are dead-end hosts. Infections caused by WNV in humans can vary from asymptomatic infections to West Nile fever (WNF) or West Nile neuroinvasive disease (WNND). In 1995, a serosurvey was performed in Slovenia on forest workers, and WNV specific IgG antibodies were confirmed in 6.8% of the screened samples, indicating that WNV is circulating in Slovenia. No human disease cases were detected in Slovenia until 2013, when the first case of WNV infection was confirmed in a retrospective study in a 79-year old man with meningitis. In 2018, three patients with WNND were confirmed by laboratory tests, with detection of IgM antibodies in the cerebrospinal fluid of the patients. In one of the patients, WNV RNA was detected in the urine sample. In 2017, 2018 and 2019, a mosquito study was performed in Slovenia. Mosquitoes were sampled on 14 control locations and 35 additional locations in 2019. No WNV was detected in mosquitoes in 2017 and 2019, but we confirmed the virus in a pool of Culex sp. mosquitoes in 2018. The virus was successfully isolated, and complete genome sequence was acquired. The whole genome of the WNV was also sequenced from the patient’s urine sample. The whole genome sequences of the WNV virus detected in Slovenian patient and mosquito indicate the virus most likely spread from the north, because of the geographic proximity and because the sequences cluster with the Austrian and Hungarian sequences. A sentinel study was performed on dog sera samples, and we were able to confirm IgG antibodies in 1.8% and 4.3% of the samples in 2017 and 2018, respectively. Though Slovenia is not a highly endemic country for WNV, we have established that the virus circulates in Slovenia.

Serological investigations on West Nile virus in birds and horses in Shanghai, China

2012 ◽  
Vol 141 (3) ◽  
pp. 596-600 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. LAN ◽  
C. S. WANG ◽  
B. DENG ◽  
J. P. ZHOU ◽  
L. CUI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Neutralization Test ◽  
Horse Serum ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Competitive Elisa ◽  
False Positives ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
West Nile

SUMMARYWest Nile virus (WNV) infection is an emerging zoonosis that threatens global public health. In this study, a total of 95 bird serum samples from 14 species and 341 horse serum samples were collected from 2008 to 2010 in Shanghai, China. All serum samples were screened initially for WNV-reactive antibodies using a competitive ELISA. The positive samples detected by ELISA were further confirmed using a plaque-reduction neutralization test (PRNT) for WNV and its most closely related flaviviruses in the area to avoid false positives due to cross-reactivity. Five (5·3%) of the bird serum samples and none (0·0%) of the horse serum samples tested positive for WNV antibodies. The findings strongly suggest that some of the birds, specifically the resident birds in China, had been exposed to WNV.

Transmission dynamics and changing epidemiology of West Nile virus

2008 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bradley J. Blitvich
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
Transmission Dynamics ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Transmission Cycle ◽  
Neuroinvasive Disease ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Caribbean

AbstractWest Nile virus (WNV) is a flavivirus that is maintained in a bird–mosquito transmission cycle. Humans, horses and other non-avian vertebrates are usually incidental hosts, but evidence is accumulating that this might not always be the case. Historically, WNV has been associated with asymptomatic infections and sporadic disease outbreaks in humans and horses in Africa, Europe, Asia and Australia. However, since 1994, the virus has caused frequent outbreaks of severe neuroinvasive disease in humans and horses in Europe and the Mediterranean Basin. In 1999, WNV underwent a dramatic expansion of its geographic range, and was reported for the first time in the Western Hemisphere during an outbreak of human and equine encephalitis in New York City. The outbreak was accompanied by extensive and unprecedented avian mortality. Since then, WNV has dispersed across the Western Hemisphere and is now found throughout the USA, Canada, Mexico and the Caribbean, and parts of Central and South America. WNV has been responsible for >27,000 human cases, >25,000 equine cases and hundreds of thousands of avian deaths in the USA but, surprisingly, there have been only sparse reports of WNV disease in vertebrates in the Caribbean and Latin America. This review summarizes our current understanding of WNV with particular emphasis on its transmission dynamics and changing epidemiology.

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