scholarly journals Incidence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in women in England: two methods of estimation

2013 ◽  
Vol 142 (3) ◽  
pp. 562-576 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. PRICE ◽  
A. E. ADES ◽  
D. DE ANGELIS ◽  
N. J. WELTON ◽  
J. MACLEOD ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chlamydia Trachomatis ◽  
Dynamic Models ◽  
Credible Interval ◽  
Annual Incidence Rate ◽  
Prevalence Data ◽  
Chlamydia Trachomatis Infection ◽  
Transmission Rates ◽  
Relative Risks ◽  
Using Data

SUMMARYInformation on the incidence of Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) is essential for models of the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of screening programmes. We developed two independent estimates of CT incidence in women in England: one based on an incidence study, with estimates ‘recalibrated’ to the general population using data on setting-specific relative risks, and allowing for clearance and re-infection during follow-up; the second based on UK prevalence data, and information on the duration of CT infection. The consistency of independent sources of data on incidence, prevalence and duration, validates estimates of these parameters. Pooled estimates of the annual incidence rate in women aged 16–24 and 16–44 years for 2001–2005 using all these data were 0·05 [95% credible interval (CrI) 0·035–0·071] and 0·021 (95% CrI 0·015–0·028), respectively. Although, the estimates apply to England, similar methods could be used in other countries. The methods could be extended to dynamic models to synthesize, and assess the consistency of data on contact and transmission rates.

LETTER TO THE EDITOR: No incident cases of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in Spanish studentsafter two years of follow-up

2002 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 589
Author(s):  
C. Stock ◽  
A. Krämer ◽  
I. Aguinaga-Ontoso ◽  
F. Guillén-Grima ◽  
L. Sainz-Suberviola
Keyword(s):  
Chlamydia Trachomatis ◽  
Chlamydia Trachomatis Infection ◽  
Letter To The Editor ◽  
Incident Cases

scholarly journals High risk groups for severe COVID-19 in a whole of population cohort in Australia

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bette Liu ◽  
Paula Spokes ◽  
Wenqiang He ◽  
John Kaldor
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
New South ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Prevention Strategies ◽  
Complete Case ◽  
Relative Risks ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Hazard Ratios

Abstract Background Increasing age is the strongest known risk factor for severe COVID-19 disease but information on other factors is more limited. Methods All cases of COVID-19 diagnosed from January–October 2020 in New South Wales Australia were followed for COVID-19-related hospitalisations, intensive care unit (ICU) admissions and deaths through record linkage. Adjusted hazard ratios (aHR) for severe COVID-19 disease, measured by hospitalisation or death, or very severe COVID-19, measured by ICU admission or death according to age, sex, socioeconomic status and co-morbidities were estimated. Results Of 4054 confirmed cases, 468 (11.5%) were classified as having severe COVID-19 and 190 (4.7%) as having very severe disease. After adjusting for sex, socioeconomic status and comorbidities, increasing age led to the greatest risk of very severe disease. Compared to those 30–39 years, the aHR for ICU or death from COVID-19 was 4.45 in those 70–79 years; 8.43 in those 80–89 years; 16.19 in those 90+ years. After age, relative risks for very severe disease associated with other factors were more moderate: males vs females aHR 1.40 (95%CI 1.04–1.88); immunosuppressive conditions vs none aHR 2.20 (1.35–3.57); diabetes vs none aHR 1.88 (1.33–2.67); chronic lung disease vs none aHR 1.68 (1.18–2.38); obesity vs not obese aHR 1.52 (1.05–2.21). More comorbidities was associated with significantly greater risk; comparing those with 3+ comorbidities to those with none, aHR 5.34 (3.15–9.04). Conclusions In a setting with high COVID-19 case ascertainment and almost complete case follow-up, we found the risk of very severe disease varies by age, sex and presence of comorbidities. This variation should be considered in targeting prevention strategies.

scholarly journals Years of potential life lost in pre-diabetes and diabetes mellitus: data from a 40-year follow-up of the Israel study on Glucose intolerance, Obesity and Hypertension

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. e001981
Author(s):  
Micha Rapoport ◽  
Angela Chetrit ◽  
Dror Cantrell ◽  
Ilya Novikov ◽  
Jesse Roth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glucose Intolerance ◽  
Lifestyle Modification ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Tolerance Test ◽  
High Risk Group ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Average Difference ◽  
Using Data

IntroductionWe examined years of potential life lost (YPLL) associated with pre-diabetes as compared with either normoglycemia or diabetes, using data of the Israel cohort of Glucose intolerance, Obesity and Hypertension 40-year follow-up.Research design and methodsMen and women (N=2844, mean age 52.0±8.2 years) who underwent oral glucose tolerance test and anthropometric measurements, during 1976–1982, were followed for mortality until May 2019. Multiple imputation procedures for missing mortality dates and multivariable regression mixed models were applied.ResultsAt baseline, 35.8%, 48.8% and 15.4% individuals were found with normoglycemia, pre-diabetes, and diabetes, respectively. The average difference in YPLL associated with pre-diabetes as compared with normoglycemia was 4.3 years (95% CI 3.3 to 5.2; p<0.001). YPLL were 1 year higher in women with pre-diabetes than in men with pre-diabetes. These differences persisted mainly in individuals younger than 60 years, and those with body mass index (BMI) <25 kg/m2, at baseline. Adjusting for age, sex, country of origin, smoking status, BMI, and blood pressure, the average difference in YPLL associated with pre-diabetes as compared with normoglycemia was 2.0 years (95% CI 1.2 to 2.8; p<0.001). Significant reductions of 5.9 years (95% CI 4.8 to 7.0) on average were observed for diabetes as compared with pre-diabetes and 7.9 years (95% CI 6.7 to 9.1) as compared with individuals with normoglycemia.ConclusionsThis study reveals that life expectancy of middle-aged individuals with pre-diabetes is shorter than of normoglycemic ones. These findings are especially relevant in view of the rising worldwide prevalence of pre-diabetes within younger age groups and underscore the crucial importance of interventions by either lifestyle modification or drug therapy capable of delaying progression from pre-diabetes to diabetes to reduce the YPLL in this high-risk group.

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