Impact of influenza vaccination on respiratory illness rates in children attending private boarding schools in England, 2013–2014: a cohort study

2015 ◽  
Vol 143 (16) ◽  
pp. 3405-3415 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. BROUSSEAU ◽  
H. K. GREEN ◽  
N. ANDREWS ◽  
R. PRYSE ◽  
M. BAGUELIN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary School ◽  
Influenza Vaccination ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
Boarding Schools ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Illnesses ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
The Impact

SUMMARYSeveral private boarding schools in England have established universal influenza vaccination programmes for their pupils. We evaluated the impact of these programmes on the burden of respiratory illnesses in boarders. Between November 2013 and May 2014, age-specific respiratory disease incidence rates in boarders were compared between schools offering and not offering influenza vaccine to healthy boarders. We adjusted for age, sex, school size and week using negative binomial regression. Forty-three schools comprising 14 776 boarders participated. Almost all boarders (99%) were aged 11–17 years. Nineteen (44%) schools vaccinated healthy boarders against influenza, with a mean uptake of 48·5% (range 14·2–88·5%). Over the study period, 1468 respiratory illnesses were reported in boarders (5·66/1000 boarder-weeks); of these, 33 were influenza-like illnesses (ILIs, 0·26/1000 boarder-weeks) in vaccinating schools and 95 were ILIs (0·74/1000 boarder-weeks) in non-vaccinating schools. The impact of vaccinating healthy boarders was a 54% reduction in ILI in all boarders [rate ratio (RR) 0·46, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0·28–0·76]. Disease rates were also reduced for upper respiratory tract infections (RR 0·72, 95% CI 0·61–0·85) and chest infections (RR 0·18, 95% CI 0·09–0·36). These findings demonstrate a significant impact of influenza vaccination on ILI and other clinical endpoints in secondary-school boarders. Additional research is needed to investigate the impact of influenza vaccination in non-boarding secondary-school settings.

scholarly journals Respiratory Morbidities among Children in a Grass Root Level Hospital in Bangladesh

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Rahat Bin Habib ◽  
ARM Luthful Kabir ◽  
Md Abdur Rouf ◽  
Md Sk Shahid Ullah ◽  
Md Nazmul Hossain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
Rural Setting ◽  
Respiratory Morbidity ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Multicentric Study ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
The Impact

Children mostly suffer from respiratory illnesses around the world. Situation is not different in Bangladesh as suggested by many studies on childhood illness. But most of these studies have been done in tertiary level hospitals located in urban areas and very few were done in rural setting. This study was conducted to estimate the frequency and to determine the pattern of respiratory morbidity among children and also to assess the impact of passive  smoking on the magnitude of acute respiratory tract infections (ARI) among children. This was an observational study. It was carried out on 1002 children over a period of about 180 days, who attended the Tungipara Upazila Health Complex (UHC), Gopalganj, Bangladesh between January 2018 and June 2018. Data were collected through face to face interview, physical examination, relevant investigations and collected data in the questionnaire for respiratory illness and others then respiratory data were not collected. Out of 1002 children, more then half (54%) were male and the age range was new born to 168 months. Among them upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) were 98.5% as against only 1.5% of lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI). In this study, 38% fathers were smoker and no mother found as smoker. Families of 63% patients used smoke producing substances for cooking. Respiratory illness was more prevalent among the children whose fathers used to smoke tobacco χ2 (1) 380   P 0.01. As well as babies more vulnerable for respiratory morbidity where smoke producing fuel used for cooking χ2 (1) 170   P 0.01. Children suffered more from diseases affecting the respiratory system than diseases of other systems. Simple cough related illness was the most common URTI. Under 05 children suffered most. Respiratory illness was more common among those whose fathers smoked tobacco. Children were more vulnerable to respiratory morbidity, where smoke producing fuel used for cooking. There need multicentric study to observe the real picture of respiratory morbidity. Bangladesh Med J. 2019 Jan; 48 (1): 1-4

Association of Father's Smoking and Neonatal Respiratory Morbidities

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 30-33
Author(s):  
Rahat Bin Habib ◽  
ARM Luthful Kabir ◽  
Sunirmal Roy ◽  
Md Kamrul Ahsan Khan ◽  
Muzibur Rahman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Respiratory Morbidity ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Grass Root ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
The Impact

First 28 days are the most vulnerable period for every neonate. Children usually suffered from respiratory illness. Therefore it is important to observe the prevalence of neonatal respiratory sickness.  However, the disease profile among the neonates in rural areas is not exactly known. Many fathers in the rural area used smoke-producing tobacco. Therefore it is important to identify any relation of passive smoking with neonatal respiratory morbidities at the grass-root level.This study was conducted to estimate the frequency and to determine the pattern of respiratory illness of neonate and also to assess the impact of fathers smoking on the magnitude of acute respiratory tract infections (ARI) of newborns. This was a descriptive type of cross sectional study. It carried out on 62 neonates for 180 days, who attended the Tungipara UHC, Gopalganj in Bangladesh between January  to June 2018. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews, physical examination, relevant investigations, and data were collected by semi structured questionnaire for respiratory illness. In this observational study, out of 62 neonates, from 1st day to 28 days of age. Diseases of the respiratory system topped the list (32%).  Upper respiratory tract illnesses (URTI) were 22.5% as against only 9.5% of lower respiratory tract illness (LRTI). Most (47%) newborns were 28 days aged and 2nd most common (17.5%) was 15 days. The cumulative frequency was 37 percent up to 15 days of age. In the case of the father's occupation, most (19%) were in the private service. About one third (29%) fathers were engaged in business, whereas 18% done small business among them. However, it is a village area their cultivator was only 05 fathers. Consequently parent's education more than half (51.5%, 59.5%) were up to class 8. Nearly one-fifth of the fathers studied more than 12 classes. One-tenth of the fathers had no history of schooling and it was 1.5% of mothers. Most (32%) came in the OPD due to RTI and other than the respiratory problem was 26%. Among them, 42% did not require any treatment. In the inferential statistics fathers, smoking was responsible for neonatal respiratory illness. (Fisher's exact test 21.87  df  4  P 001). The respiratory illness affected more by second hand smoking whose fathers smoked tobacco. There need more grass-root level, multicentric, control-based study to find out the real picture of neonate respiratory morbidity, and other illness. Bangladesh Med J. 2020 May; 49(2) : 30-33

A short review on important drugs under clinical trial against Covid-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Namita Misra
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
Short Review ◽  
World Health ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Suspected Infection ◽  
Medicinal Treatment ◽  
Travel Restrictions ◽  
Personal Level ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Tract Infections

: Corona virus spreads from one to other person, either by touching the hands or by touching the surface contaminated with this virus, and then touching the nose or mouth. Covid-19 infected human symptoms are like any pneumonia symptoms, dry cough and high fever. Upper respiratory tract infections symptoms and sore throat are rare. First notified in china dated 12th December 2019 as a respiratory illness. In addition to travel restrictions and quarantine measures everyone should follow the World Health Organization advice guidelines on the management of humans infected with known or suspected infection with SARS-CoV-2 virus at the personal level. The development of vaccine or medicines for the same are under progress and this short review will summarize the most potential candidates such as Remdesivir, Lopinavir and Ritonavir, Chloroquine, Hydroxychloroquine, Hydroxychloroquine with Azithromycin, Favipiravir, Umifenovir, and Ribavirin for its medicinal treatment.

scholarly journals Rapid Multiplex Testing for Upper Respiratory Pathogens in the Emergency Department: A Randomized Controlled Trial

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larissa May ◽  
Grant Tatro ◽  
Eduard Poltavskiy ◽  
Benjamin Mooso ◽  
Simson Hon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Department ◽  
Length Of Stay ◽  
Usual Care ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Respiratory Pathogens ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Acute upper respiratory tract infections are a common cause of Emergency Department (ED) visits and often result in unnecessary antibiotic treatment.  Methods We conducted a randomized clinical trial to evaluate the impact of a rapid, multi-pathogen respiratory panel (RP) test versus usual care (control). Patients were eligible if they were ≥12 months old, had symptoms of upper respiratory infection or influenza like illness, and were not on antibiotics. The primary outcome was antibiotic prescription; secondary outcomes included antiviral prescription, disposition, and length of stay (ClinicalTrials.gov# NCT02957136). Results Of 191 patients enrolled, 93 (49%) received RP testing; 98 (51%) received usual care. Fifty-three (57%) RP and 7 (7%) control patients had a virus detected and reported during the ED visit (p=0.0001). Twenty (22%) RP patients and 33 (34%) usual care patients received antibiotics during the ED visit (-12% [95% CI -25%, 0.4%]; p=0.06/0.08); 9 RP patients received antibiotics despite having a virus detected. The magnitude of antibiotic reduction was greater in children (-19%) versus adults (-9%; post-hoc analysis). There was no difference in antiviral use, length of stay, or disposition. Conclusions Rapid RP testing was associated with a trend towards decreased antibiotic use, suggesting a potential benefit from more rapid viral tests in the ED. Future studies should determine if specific groups are more likely to benefit from testing and evaluate relative cost and effectiveness of broad testing, focused testing, and a combined diagnostic and antimicrobial stewardship approach.

scholarly journals Emergency department visits for children with acute asthma: discharge instructions, parental plans, and follow-through of care—a prospective study

CJEM ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 16 (06) ◽  
pp. 467-476 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pat G. Camp ◽  
Seamus P. Norton ◽  
Ran D. Goldman ◽  
Salomeh Shajari ◽  
M. Anne Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Department ◽  
Acute Care ◽  
Family Doctor ◽  
Emergency Department Visits ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Asthma Exacerbations ◽  
Initial Care ◽  
Children With Asthma ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Objective: Communication between emergency department (ED) staff and parents of children with asthma may play a role in asthma exacerbation management. We investigated the extent to which parents of children with asthma implement recommendations provided by the ED staff. Method: We asked questions on asthma triggers, ED care (including education and discharge recommendations), and asthma management strategies used at home shortly after the ED visit and again at 6 months. Results: A total of 148 children with asthma were recruited. Thirty-two percent of children were not on inhaled corticosteroids prior to their ED visit. Eighty percent of parents identified upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) as the primary trigger for their child’s asthma. No parent received or implemented any specific asthma strategies to reduce the impact of URTIs; 82% of parents did not receive any printed asthma education materials. Most (66%) parents received verbal instructions on how to manage their child’s future asthma exacerbations. Of those, one-third of families were told to return to the ED. Parents were rarely advised to bring their child to their family doctor in the event of a future exacerbation. At 6 months, parents continued to use the ED services for asthma exacerbations in their children, despite reporting feeling confident in managing their child’s asthma. Conclusion: Improvements are urgently needed in developing strategies to manage pediatric asthma exacerbations related to URTIs, communication with parents at discharge in acute care, and using alternate acute care services for parents who continue to rely on EDs for the initial care of mild asthma exacerbations.

scholarly journals Smoke-free legislation and childhood hospitalisations for respiratory tract infections

2015 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 697-706 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jasper V. Been ◽  
Christopher Millett ◽  
John Tayu Lee ◽  
Constant P. van Schayck ◽  
Aziz Sheikh
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Hospital Admissions ◽  
Negative Binomial Regression ◽  
Second Hand Smoke ◽  
Incidence Trends ◽  
Group Sex ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
The Impact

Second-hand smoke exposure is a major risk factor for respiratory tract infections (RTIs). Although evidence suggests important early-life health benefits of smoke-free public environments, the impact on childhood RTIs is unclear. We investigated the association between England's smoke-free legislation and childhood RTI hospitalisations.We used the Hospital Episode Statistics database to obtain nationwide data on hospital admissions for acute RTIs among children (<15 years of age) from 2001 to 2012. Hospitalisation counts were disaggregated by month, age group, sex and small-area level, and linked to urbanisation, region, deprivation index and corresponding population estimates. Negative binomial regression analyses were adjusted for confounders, seasonal variation, temporal autocorrelation, population-size changes and underlying incidence trends. Models allowed for sudden and gradual changes following the smoke-free legislation. We performed sensitivity and subgroup analyses, and estimated number of events prevented.We analysed 1 651 675 hospital admissions. Introduction of smoke-free legislation was followed by an immediate reduction in RTI admissions (−3.5%, 95% CI −4.7– −2.3%), this mainly being attributable to a decrease in lower RTI admissions (−13.8%, 95% CI −15.6– −12.0%). The reductions in admissions for upper RTI were more incremental.The introduction of national smoke-free legislation in England was associated with ∼11 000 fewer hospital admissions per year for RTIs in children.

scholarly journals Temperature Dependent Viral Tropism (TDVT): Understanding Viral Seasonality and Pathogenicity as Applied to the Avoidance and Treatment of Endemic Viral Respiratory Illnesses

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick D. Shaw Stewart ◽  
Julia Bach
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Sensitivity ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
Respiratory Viruses ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Viral Tropism ◽  
Local Climate ◽  
Respiratory Illnesses ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Viral Respiratory

This review seeks to explain four features of viral respiratory illnesses that have perplexed generations of virologists: (1) the seasonal timing of respiratory illness; (2) the common viruses causing respiratory illness worldwide, including year-round disease in the Tropics; (3) the rapid response of outbreaks to weather, specifically temperature; (4) the rapid arrival and termination of epidemics caused by influenza and other viruses. The inadequacy of the popular explanations of seasonality is discussed, and a simple hypothesis is proposed, called Temperature Dependent Viral Tropism (TDVT), that is compatible with the above features of respiratory illness. TDVT notes that viruses can transmit themselves more effectively if they moderate their pathogenicity (thereby maintaining host mobility) and suggests that endemic respiratory viruses accomplish this by developing thermal sensitivity within a range that supports organ-specific viral tropism within the human body, whereby they replicate most rapidly at temperatures below body temperature. This allows them to confine themselves to the upper respiratory tract and to avoid infecting the lungs, heart, gut etc. Biochemical and tissue-culture studies show that &ldquo;wild&rdquo; respiratory viruses show such natural thermal sensitivity. The typical early autumn surge of colds and the existence of respiratory illness in the Tropics year-round at intermediate levels are explained by the tendency for strains to adapt their thermal sensitivity to their local climate and season. The TDVT hypothesis has important practical implications for preventing and treating respiratory illness including Covid-19. TVDT is testable with many options for experiments to increase our understanding of viral seasonality and pathogenicity.

scholarly journals Impact of Selected Behavioral and Environmental Factors on the Antibiotic Therapy in Polish Children With Upper Respiratory Tract Infections

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Ślęzak ◽  
Łukasz Dembiński ◽  
Artur Konefał ◽  
Mikołaj Dąbrowski ◽  
Artur Mazur ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Antibiotic Therapy ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
The Impact

Antibiotic therapy must be carried out consistently and according to the guidelines. Viruses are the dominant cause of upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) in children, as has been shown in many previous studies. Unnecessary antibiotic therapy should be avoided so that it does not affect patients' health and lead to the development of resistant bacterial strains. Here we report a national survey conducted in a group of 4,389 children to assess the impact of selected behavioral and environmental factors on antibiotic therapy in patients with URTIs. We found that selected environmental factors influenced the type of treatment. The place of residence, having siblings, an absence of vaccinations, the presence of allergies, and attendance at educational institutions were conducive to antibiotic therapy. These factors also influenced the frequency of hospitalization of children and their absence from nurseries, kindergartens, and schools, as well as the absence of their guardians from work.

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