scholarly journals The prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis A virus and its determinants in The Netherlands: a population-based survey

2000 ◽  
Vol 124 (3) ◽  
pp. 459-466 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. TERMORSHUIZEN ◽  
J. W. DORIGO-ZETSMA ◽  
H. E. de MELKER ◽  
S. van den HOF ◽  
M. A. E. CONYN-VAN SPAENDONCK
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Older Persons ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
World War ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Population Based Survey

The prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis A virus was assessed in a Dutch nationwide sample (n = 7367). A questionnaire was used to study the association with various sociodemographic characteristics. Overall, 33·8% (95% CI 31·6–36%) of the population had hepatitis A antibodies. The seroprevalence was less than 10% in people under 35; it increased from 25% at 35 years to 85% at 79 years. For those 15–49 years of age, Turks (90·9%) and Moroccans (95·8%) had greater seroprevalence than autochthonous Dutch (20·2%) and other Western people (25%). Low or middle socio-economic status, as indicated by the highest educational level achieved, was associated with greater seroprevalence, independently of age and reported immunization (OR 2·11 and 1·45; 95% CI 1·67–2·67 and 1·11–1·89, respectively). These data suggest autochthonous Dutch and other Westerners born after World War II were exposed to hepatitis A during childhood less frequently than older birth cohorts. Thus, more susceptibility is likely in the coming decades. Since this means a greater risk of outbreaks in future years, and since morbidity and mortality are more frequent in older persons, studying the cost effectiveness of selective and general vaccination might be worthwhile.

Changing risk profile of hepatitis A in The Netherlands: a comparison of seroprevalence in 1995–1996 and 2006–2007

2011 ◽  
Vol 139 (8) ◽  
pp. 1172-1180 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. VERHOEF ◽  
H. J. BOOT ◽  
M. KOOPMANS ◽  
L. MOLLEMA ◽  
F. VAN DER KLIS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Susceptible Population ◽  
Prophylactic Vaccination ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Second World

SUMMARYThe prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis A virus (HAV) was assessed in a nationwide sample (n=6229) in The Netherlands in 2006–2007, and compared to the seroprevalence in a similar study in 1995–1996 (n=7376). The overall seroprevalence increased from 34% in 1995–1996 to 39% in 2006–2007, mainly due to vaccination of travellers and an increased immigrant population. Risk factors remain travelling to, and originating from, endemic regions, and vaccination is targeted currently at these risk groups. Our results show a trend of increasing age of the susceptible population. These people would also benefit from HAV vaccination because they are likely to develop clinically serious symptoms after infection, and are increasingly at risk of exposure through imported viruses through foods or travellers. The cost-effectiveness of adding elderly people born after the Second World War as a target group for prophylactic vaccination to reduce morbidity and mortality after HAV infection should be assessed.

Combating the “Gimme More” Mindset in Modern Classrooms

2016 ◽  
pp. 734-746
Author(s):  
Marian Evelyn Irwin
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Research Methodology ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Individual Choice ◽  
World War ◽  
Attitudes And Behaviors ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
Qualitative Research Methodology ◽  
Core Issue

A primary goal of this chapter is to explore the phenomenon of increased attitudes and behaviors of entitlement among youth in modern America. With a basis that the increase is a result of social mindset shifts of post-World War II America, instances of the “Gimme More” mindset will be explored using qualitative research methodology stemming from the author's experiences and research as an educator. Moreover, the author will provide ways in which educators can combat this character-threatening mentality and help develop more accountable and empathetic citizens despite grade level, race, socio-economic status, and other elements that sometimes detract from a core issue and diverge from individual choice. This explanation will cover ideas that, if reflected accurately and consistently, can transcend to the human race, not certain races by exclusion or exception. While issues of intersectionality must be understood and discussed, they are not widely addressed in this chapter, and they do not ultimately thwart ambitions of global citizenship in the context that is explored here.

Immunity to Hepatitis-A virus: A nationwide population-based seroprevalence study from Iran

Vaccine ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (45) ◽  
pp. 7100-7107
Author(s):  
Kamran Bagheri Lankarani ◽  
Behnam Honarvar ◽  
Hossein Molavi Vardanjani ◽  
Ali Kharmandar ◽  
Mohammad Mehdi Gouya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Seroprevalence Study

Socio-Economic Status and Visits to Physicians by Adults in Ontario, Canada

1997 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 94-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Warren McLsaac ◽  
Vivek Goel ◽  
David Naylor
Keyword(s):  
General Practitioner ◽  
Medical Care ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
Specialist Services ◽  
Sectional Analysis ◽  
Universal Health ◽  
Population Based Survey

Objectives: To examine the association between socio-economic status, need for medical care and visits to physicians in a universal health insurance system. Methods: Cross-sectional analysis of the 1990 Ontario Health Survey, a population-based survey utilizing a multistage, randomized cluster sample. The analysis considered only those respondents who were 16 years of age or older from the province of Ontario, Canada: 21 272 males and 24 738 females. Results: There was no difference by education or income in persons having made at least one visit to a general practitioner in the previous year. High income persons were less likely to have made six or more visits to a general practitioner — odds ratio (OR) = 0.67, 95% CI = 0.52, 0.87 for men; OR = 0.66, 95% CI = 0.58, 0.75 for women — but more likely to have made at least one visit to a specialist — OR = 1.42, 95% CI = 1.15, 1.76 for men; OR = 1.25, 95% CI = 1.07, 1.45 for women. A person's need for medical care was the most important determinant of a physician visit. Conclusions: Self-reported visits to general practitioners in Canada are strongly influenced by a person's need for medical care and are appropriately related to socio-economic status. However, there is a residual association between higher socio-economic levels and greater use of specialist services.

The Cost of World War II to the Soviet People: Two Five-Year Plans?

1980 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 842-844 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Saraydar
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
National Income ◽  
Soviet Economy ◽  
World War ◽  
Direct Estimate ◽  
Total War ◽  
Upper Limit ◽  
Income Data ◽  
Output Ratio ◽  
The Cost

In a recent paper in this Journal, James Millar and Susan Linz seek “to determine the reasonableness of the Soviet claim that World War II cost the Soviet economy two Five-Year Plans.” They argue that Soviet direct estimates of non-human war cost (capital loss plus direct war outlays plus wartime loss of national income), made by a postwar Extraordinary Commission, imply a cost per employed member of the 1940 population of 7.4 years' earnings. Their own indirect approximation of war cost—based on a construct which incorporates estimates of prewar and wartime propensities to consume and invest, a 30 percent capital loss claimed by the Soviets, and an assumed capital-output ratio of 3—is 3.9 years' earnings. After hypothesizing various values for their parameters, they conclude that “[t]he popular Soviet claim that World War II cost ‘two Five-Year Plans’ is, therefore, above the upper limit [6.0 years' earnings] of the range of the total war cost estimates calculated using Soviet national income data.”2 The implication is that their results cast significant doubt on “the reasonableness” of Soviet claims of war cost. This paper will demonstrate that if the Soviet direct estimate of war cost is properly expressed in Sovietmeasured 1940 consumption years, Millar-Linz's perceived divergence between the Soviet direct and their indirect estimate of war cost disappears.

Technological Change: Some Effects on Three Canadian Fishing Villages

1952 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 17-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Richardson
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Technological Change ◽  
East Coast ◽  
Small Islands ◽  
World War ◽  
Fishing Villages ◽  
Sea Bed ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Traditional Fishing

There are two small islands off the east coast of Canada whose inhabitants make a livelihood by traditional fishing techniques. Since World War II they have been greatly disturbed by the encroachment of American and Canadian draggers onto the local fishing grounds. These draggers are motor-driven boats 60 to 90 feet in length which fish with a large bag-like net that is towed along the sea bed. At about the same time the draggers appeared off the islands the fish catches of the local fishermen began to decline, the cost of fishing equipment to rise, and the price of fish to fall.

Obesity in Pima Indians: Large increases among post-World War II birth cohorts

1993 ◽  
Vol 92 (4) ◽  
pp. 473-479 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Arlen Price ◽  
Marie Aline Charles ◽  
David J. Pettitt ◽  
William C. Knowler
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Pima Indians ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
World War ◽  
Post World War Ii
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