Scales for Scope: A New Solution to the Scope Problem for Pro-Attitude-Based Well-Being

Utilitas ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 417-438
Author(s):  
HASKO VON KRIEGSTEIN

Theories of well-being that give an important role to satisfied pro-attitudes need to account for the fact that, intuitively, the scope of possible objects of pro-attitudes seems much wider than the scope of things, states or events that affect our well-being. Parfit famously illustrated this with his wish that a stranger may recover from an illness: it seems implausible that the stranger's recovery would constitute a benefit for Parfit. There is no consensus in the literature about how to rule out such well-being-irrelevant pro-attitudes. I argue, first, that there is no distinction in kind between well-being-relevant and irrelevant pro-attitudes. Instead, well-being-irrelevant pro-attitudes are the limiting cases on the scale measuring how much of a difference pro-attitudes make to the subject's well-being. Second, I propose a particular scalar model according to which the well-being-relevance of pro-attitudes is measured either by their hedonic tone, or by the subject's conative commitment.

Utilitas ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. M. Wilkinson

Ronald Dworkin argues on the basis of a theory of well-being that critical paternalism is self-defeating. People must endorse their lives if they are to benefit. This is the endorsement constraint and this paper rejects it. For certain kinds of important mistakes that people can make in their lives, the endorsement constraint is either incredible or too narrow to rule out as much paternalism as Dworkin wants. The endorsement constraint cannot be interpreted to give sensible judgements when people change their minds about the value of their lives. And the main argument for the endorsement constraint, which is based on the value of integrity, does not support Dworkin's anti-paternalism.


Author(s):  
Jaydeep J. Bhatu ◽  
Ankita B. Chaudhari ◽  
Nilesh R. Chauhan

Background: Pre labor Rupture of membranes is a common obstetrical problem, significant event as it transforms an ordinary pregnancy into a high risk one. Majority of cases of PROM - of about 60% occur after 37 completed weeks Induction of labour is artificial. Misoprostol is receiving attention as a cervical modifier and labour induction agent. This study compares the safety and efficacy of Misoprostol with Oxytocin in labour induction in term pre labour rupture of membranes. Objective of this study was to compare the safety and efficacy of Misoprostol with that of Oxytocin in labour induction in PROM. The effects were compared between primipara and multipara in a selected sample.Methods: General condition is assessed by pulse rate, blood pressure, height, weight with particular attention to pedal odema, anemia. Cardiovascular and respiratory systems were examined, rule out cephalo pelvic disproportion and for Bishop’s scoring. USG for foetal maturity, Liquor status and for foetal well-being. Admission CTG.Results: There is no significant difference was observed between two groups either in vaginal delivery or in incidence of LSCS. Mean induction delivery interval in misoprostol group for nullipara is 8.5 hours. For multipara it is 6.6 hours. And in oxytocin group for nullipara is 10:4 hours. In multipara it is 6.5 for primipara it was significantly reduced in misoprostol group compared to syntocinon group.Conclusions: Misoprostol is an effective, cheap, safe, stable at room temperature and easy to use if it is used in appropriate dosage for induction of labour in pre-labour rupture of membranes at term.


1989 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce R. De Forge ◽  
Jeffery Sobal ◽  
John P. Krick

Self-perceived health is related to physical health status and frequently assessed in research on elderly persons. The association of perceived health with sociodemographic, psychological, social functioning, and physical functioning variables was examined in 86 elderly osteoarthritis patients. Psychological well-being (especially depression and anxiety), size of household, physical activity, and education were the most important predictors of self-perceived health ( R = .70). Poor perceived health may suggest problems in elderly patients in several psychosocial areas, but good perceived health does not rule out psychosocial problems.


2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-76
Author(s):  
Istikomah Istikomah ◽  
Sumi Anggraeni

ABSTRAK Kehamilan dan persalinan adalah proses yang normal, tetapi tidak menutup kemungkinan akan timbul berbagai masalah. Oleh karena itu, dibutuhkan pemantauan kesejahteraan janin, serta persiapan persalinan dan kelahiran yang matang. Orang–orang disekitarnya seperti bidan dan terutama keluarga harus turut serta menjaga kesejahteraannya. Salah satu persiapan tersebut dapat dilakukan melalui pendekatan islami untuk mempersiapkan proses persalinan yang berhasil dengan baik. Kegiatan pengabdian masyarakat ini bertujuan untuk mempersiapkan ibu hamil secara fisik, psikologis dan mengamalkan ajaran islam pada proses persiapan persalinan. Tempat pengabdian ini dilakukan di Desa Fajar Agung Kecamatan Pringsewu dengan peserta pengabdian masyarakat sebanyak 12 orang ibu – ibu hamil. Hasil dari pengabdian masyarakat ini seluruh peserta pengabdian yaitu para ibu hamil dapat mengikuti kegiatan persiapan persalinan, indikator keberhasilan pada pengabdian ini adalah ibu – ibu hamil dapat mempraktikkan cara mengamalkan ajaran islam seperti membaca doa, surat pendek al-qur’an untuk proses persalinan. Dalam proses persiapan ini dengan dibantu oleh bidan desa dengan menggunakan buku kontrol atau kendali persiapan persalinan, buku kendali ini berisi tentang beberapa kegiatan yang harus dilakukan oleh ibu hami dari periksa kehamilan, senam hamil, membaca doa atau surat al - qur’an atau dzikir serta sholat wajib dan sunnah, dan tidak lupa menabung . Ibu – ibu hamil yang mengikuti pengabdian masyarakat ini bersedia dan paham dalam mengikuti serta mengisi kegiatan persiapan persalinan dengan baik.   Kata Kunci : Edukasi KIA, Ajaran Islam, Persalinan     ABSTRACT The pregnancy and childbirth are normal processes, but it does not rule out various problems. Therefore, it is necessary to monitor the well – being of the fetus, as well as the proper preparationfor labor and delivery. The People  around them, such as midwives and especially families, must take part in maintaining their welfare. One of these preparations can be done through an islmaic approach to prepare for asuccessful labor. This community service activity aims to prepare pregnant women physically, psychologically and to practice Islamic teachings in the process of preparing for childbirth. This service was carried out in Fajar Agung Village, Pringsewu District, with 12 pregnant womwn participatingin community service. The results of this community service of all community service participants, namely pregnant women can take part in childbirth preparation activities, an indicator of success in this serviceis that pregnant women can practice Islamic teaching such as reading prayes, short letters al – quran for childbirth. In this preparation process with the assistance of a village midwife using a control book for labor preparation, this control book contains several activities that must be carried out by pregnant women from pregnancy exercise, reading prayers or surah al – quran or dzikir as well as obligatory prayers and sunnah, and don’t forget to save money. Pregnant women who participate in this community serviceare willing and understanding to participate in and fill in the labor preparation activities properly.   Keywords :KIA Education, Islamic teachings, childbirth


2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzanne Fraser ◽  
Mats Ekendahl

The alcohol and other drug field is characterized by great diversity in kinds of treatment and treatment philosophies. Even the kinds of problems treatment is expected to address vary significantly, although agreement seems to exist that the general purpose is to help people “get better.” This article considers this diversity, drawing on a qualitative project conducted in three countries: Australia, Canada, and Sweden. Inspired by the project’s multisite approach and the questions it raises about comparative research, the article critically engages with the notion of “comparison” to think through what is at stake in making comparisons. Analyzing 80 interviews conducted with policy makers, service providers, and peer advocates, the article maps key ways treatment is conceptualized, identifying in them a central role for comparison. Participants in all sites invoked the need to consider addiction a multifaceted problem requiring a mix of responses tailored to individual differences. Related notions of “holism” were also commonly invoked, as was the need to concentrate on overall improvements in well-being rather than narrow changes in consumption patterns. In conducting this analysis, this article poses a series of critical questions. What kinds of comparisons about quality of life, the self, and well-being do treatments for addiction put into play? What categories and criteria of comparison are naturalized in these processes? What kinds of insights might these categories and criteria authorize, and what might they rule out? In short, what does it mean to understand alcohol and other drug use and our responses to it as intimately intertwined with the need to “get better,” and what happens when we scrutinize the politics of comparison at work in getting better through addiction treatment? We conclude by arguing for the need to find new, fairer, ways of constituting the problems we presently ascribe to drugs and addiction.


2003 ◽  
Vol 93 (2) ◽  
pp. 595-602 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michiyo Ando

The present study investigates the effects of short- and long-term life review interviews on young adults' psychological well-being. Study 1 investigates mood using the Japanese UWIST adjective checklist (yielding two scores: Tense Arousal which represents low hedonic tone and Energetic Arousal which represents high hedonic tone). Results show that Energetic Arousal significantly increased after life review, although Tense Arousal did not change. Study 2 investigates self-esteem and mental health (measured by the General Health Questionnaire—6 factors: General Illness, Somatic Symptoms, Sleep Disturbance, Social Dysfunction, Anxiety and Dysphoria, Suicidal Depression). Both self-esteem and mental health scores increased after life review. With regard to factors of mental health, General Illness and Anxiety Dysphoria scores were much higher than those on Somatic Symptoms, Sleep Disturbance, Social Dysfunction, and Suicidal Depression. There was also a significant difference between before and after scores on General Illness, Somatic Symptoms, Sleep Disturbance, and Anxiety Dysphoria, but not in Social Dysfunction and Suicidal Depression. That is, short-term life review led to higher hedonic tone scores, and long-term life review led to better mental health scores in healthy young adults. These results suggest that both short- and long-term life review in an interview promote young adults' immediate psychological well-being. Further research is required for young adults who have psychological problems.


2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (07) ◽  
pp. 762-768
Author(s):  
Ann M. Bruno ◽  
Julia D. López ◽  
Molly J. Stout ◽  
Methodius G. Tuuli ◽  
George A. Macones ◽  
...  

Objective Electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) is intended to assess fetal well-being during labor. Our objective was to test the hypothesis that findings of a category I tracing at any time in the 60 minutes prior to delivery would rule out neonatal acidemia. Study Design This was a planned secondary analysis of a single-center prospective cohort study of 8,580 singleton pregnancies undergoing labor with nonanomalous infants at term. Monitoring was reviewed by obstetric research nurses at 10-minute intervals in the 60 minutes prior to delivery. The primary outcome was acidemia, defined as an umbilical cord arterial pH of 7.10 or less. Results Of the 4,274 patients included, 42 (0.98%) infants had acidemia at birth. Of the 42 infants with acidemia, 13 (31%) had category I tracings in the 30 minutes prior to delivery. Three (7%) infants had neonatal acidemia despite category I tracing for >40 minutes in the 60 minutes prior to delivery. Conclusion Even in the presence of category I tracing in the 60 minutes prior to delivery, neonatal acidemia can still occur. Periods of category I should be interpreted within the clinical context of a priori risk for acidemia, knowing that it does not completely rule out acidemia.


2019 ◽  
Vol 83 ◽  
pp. 103880 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank D. Mann ◽  
Colin G. DeYoung ◽  
Valerie Tiberius ◽  
Robert F. Krueger
Keyword(s):  

Healthcare ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 415
Author(s):  
Huamin Chai ◽  
Rui Fu ◽  
Peter C. Coyte

Unpaid family caregivers might suffer losses in income as a result of care provision. Here we used data from the baseline survey of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study to assess the relationship between hours of weekly caregiving provided to grandchildren/parents/parents-in-law and individual’s monthly employment income. Our study sample comprised 3718 middle-aged Chinese adults who were of working age (45–60 years). For women and men separately, we used a likelihood-based method to determine a caregiving threshold in a two-stage Heckman selection procedure. Instrumental variables were used to rule out the endogeneity of caregiving hours. Our analysis revealed a negative association between caregiving and income for women that depended on a caregiving threshold of 63 h per week. There was an absence of caregiving-income relationship among men. These results offer new insights into the opportunity costs of unpaid caregiving and support tailored policies to protect the financial well-being of female caregivers.


Utilitas ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klemens Kappel

The lifetime equality view (the view that it is good if people's lives on the whole are equally worth living) has recently been met with the objection that it does not rule out simultaneous inequality: two persons may lead equally good lives on the whole and yet there may at any time be great differences in their level of well-being. And simultaneous inequality, it is held, ought to be a concern of egalitarians. The paper discusses this and related objections to the lifetime equality view. It is argued that rather than leading to a revision of the lifetime equality view, these objections, if taken seriously, should make us account for our egalitarian concerns in terms of the priority view rather than the equality view. The priority view claims that there is a greater moral value to benefiting the worse off. Several versions of the priority view are also distinguished.


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