One size does not fit all: Trajectories of body image development and their predictors in early adolescence

Abstract Background: Negative body image predicts many adverse outcomes. The current study prospectively examined patterns of body esteem development in early adolescence and identified predictors of developmental subtypes. Methods: 328 girls and 429 boys reported annually across a 4-year period (Mage at baseline = 11.14, SD = 0.35) on body esteem, appearance ideal internalization, perceived sociocultural pressures, appearance comparisons, appearance-related teasing, self-esteem, positive and negative affect, and dietary restraint. We performed latent class growth analyses to identify the most common trajectories of body esteem development and examine risk and protective factors for body image development. Results: Three developmental subgroups were identified: (a) high body esteem (39.1%); (b) moderate body esteem (46.1%); and (c) low body esteem (14.8%). Body esteem was stable within the low trajectory and there were minor fluctuations in the high and moderate trajectories. Greater appearance-related teasing, lower self-esteem, less positive affect, and higher dietary restraint predicted the low trajectory, whereas higher self-esteem and lower dietary restraint best predicted the high trajectory. Conclusions: Low body esteem appears to be largely stable from age 11 years. Prevention programming may be enhanced by incorporating components to address transdiagnostic resilience factors such as self-esteem and positive affect.

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272 Negative Body Image, Self Esteem and Coping Style among Iranian Women Seeking for Cosmetic Treatment

Asian Journal of Psychiatry ◽

10.1016/s1876-2018(11)60307-9 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 4 ◽

pp. S80

Author(s):

S. Bassak Nejad

Keyword(s):

Body Image ◽

Coping Style ◽

Self Esteem ◽

Iranian Women ◽

Negative Body Image ◽

And Coping

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Effects of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy(MBCT) on Body Image Satisfaction, Anxiety, and Self-Esteem in University Students with Negative Body Image

Korean Journal of Health Psychology ◽

10.17315/kjhp.2012.17.4.004 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 17 (4) ◽

pp. 823-840 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

임명철 ◽

ChongNak Son

Keyword(s):

Body Image ◽

University Students ◽

Cognitive Therapy ◽

Self Esteem ◽

Body Image Satisfaction ◽

Negative Body Image

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“I Like My Body; Therefore, I Like Myself”: How Body Image Influences Self-Esteem—A Cross-Sectional Study on Italian Adolescents

Europe’s Journal of Psychology ◽

10.5964/ejop.v10i2.703 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 301-317 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Elena Gatti ◽

Chiara Ionio ◽

Daniela Traficante ◽

Emanuela Confalonieri

Keyword(s):

Body Image ◽

Body Esteem ◽

Self Esteem ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Image Perception ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Male And Female ◽

Body Representations ◽

Body Image Perception

Puberty is a very important process for adolescents. Physiological changes and body modifications lead to great vulnerability. This vulnerability is connected to the adolescent’s perceptions of the uncertainty of outcomes due to the transformation of their infant body into an adult one. This cross-sectional study aims to better understand whether body image perception and satisfaction influence self-esteem in a sample of Italian male and female adolescents. A total of 242 adolescents (120 male and 122 female individuals) aged 11 to 17 years (M= 13.33;SD= 1.7) completed the study measures. Quantitative and qualitative instruments were used. In particular, adolescents completed self-report questionnaires to assess their pubertal status (Pubertal Developmental Scale, Peterson, Crockett, Richards, & Boxer, 1988), their body esteem (Body Esteem Scale, Mendelson, Mendelson, & White, 2001), their body image (Body Image Satisfaction Questionnaire, Rauste-von Wright, 1989), and their self-esteem (Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, Rosenberg,1965). Adolescent were also invited to depict themselves to assess their body representations by completing the Drawing Me test (Confalonieri, 2011). Results from MANOVAs confirm that gender and age are two factors that influence body image perception and satisfaction. SEM analyses show that good self-esteem is reached through good body satisfaction following different trajectories in male and female individuals. Data from adolescents’ body representations obtained via drawings confirm that females are more concerned about their body changes and about the appearance of secondary sexual features than males. This research, stressing the influence of various individual factors and highlighting the psychological distress and dissatisfaction of adolescents, especially females, confirms the importance of studying this topic in order to generate preventive measures to help adolescents through this developmental task.

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Body Image Dissatisfaction and Self-esteem among Korean Pre- and Early Adolescent Girls and Boys: A Five-year Longitudinal Panel Study

Family and Environment Research ◽

10.6115/fer.2020.012 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 58 (2) ◽

pp. 163-176

Author(s):

Woochul Park

Keyword(s):

Body Image ◽

Adolescent Girls ◽

Early Adolescence ◽

Structural Equation ◽

Panel Study ◽

Body Image Dissatisfaction ◽

Self Esteem ◽

Equation Modeling ◽

Adolescent Girls And Boys ◽

Reciprocal Influences

Longitudinal studies have shown mixed findings on the association between body image dissatisfaction and self-esteem among adolescents. This study examined the longitudinal, reciprocal influences between body image dissatisfaction and self-esteem among Korean pre- and early adolescents by using nationally representative longitudinal panel data from the Korean Youth Panel Study (KYPS). Analyses based on 2,230 participants indicated that girls’ body image dissatisfaction was significantly higher than boys’. The trajectory of body image dissatisfaction increased sharply during pre- and early adolescence, but stabilized afterwards for both boys and girls. Self-esteem deteriorated rapidly initially, but began to recover as adolescent girls and boys matured. Structural equation modeling showed that reciprocal influences between body image dissatisfaction and self-esteem were detected for boys. Body image dissatisfaction among girls predicted self-esteem during the entire period, while the opposite direction from self-esteem to body image dissatisfaction emerged two years later. The present study found that, during pre- and early adolescence, body image dissatisfaction and self-esteem develop in a circular fashion by forming a vicious cycle. Implications for the development of intervention and prevention programs are discussed in consideration of age and gender.

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Cross-cultural determinants of pre-adolescent self-esteem and body image

International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health ◽

10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20173320 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 4 (8) ◽

pp. 2767

Author(s):

Manuel De Gracia ◽

Patricia Trujano ◽

Carlos Nava ◽

Gilberto Limón

Keyword(s):

Body Image ◽

Linear Regression Analysis ◽

Body Esteem ◽

Multiple Linear Regression Analysis ◽

Self Esteem ◽

Eating Attitudes ◽

Cross Cultural ◽

Subjective Perception ◽

Relative Contribution ◽

And Behaviors

Background: The general framework of this research is that the sociocultural context and socio-economic conditions in different countries representing the macro-system of the transactional model of health, with varying degrees of cultural and linguistic familiarity and contact history. Culturally bound definitions of what is desirable and attractive play an important role in body image formation.Methods: The aim of this cross-cultural study was to evaluate the different effects of general self-esteem, eating attitudes and behaviors, and the subjective perception of body image in two representative samplings of urban pre-adolescents (9-12 years old). All the participants were given the following tests: LAWSEQ, ChEAT-26, CFD, and BEStudy.Results: The multiple linear regression analysis showed the relative contribution of each independent variable: the LAWSEQ score explained 12.8% of the variance of the BES score, followed by the BMI (9.3%), the ChEAT-26 score (9.1%), and the CFD (7.8%). The results showed a differential profile between the two samplings.Conclusions: General self-esteem was the strongest predictive variable associated with higher levels of body esteem, while habits and behaviors related to worry about food and the choice of a thinner body image ideal were predictive of lower body esteem, regardless of the nationality, sex, or age of the participants.

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Experience of Palestinian Women After Hysterectomy Using a Descriptive Phenomenological Study

The Open Nursing Journal ◽

10.2174/1874434602014010074 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 74-79 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Eman Alshawish ◽

Miss Shurouq Qadous ◽

Miss Ala'a Yamani

Keyword(s):

Health Care ◽

Body Image ◽

Defense Mechanisms ◽

Phenomenological Study ◽

Eating Habits ◽

Self Esteem ◽

Adverse Outcomes ◽

Reproductive Age ◽

Main Concern ◽

Phenomenological Research Design

Background: Universally, hysterectomy is considered as the second most frequent surgery after cesarean section performed on women in the reproductive age. After a hysterectomy, women no longer have menstrual periods, so they cannot become pregnant. Like most other countries, hysterectomy is the most common major gynecological operation in Palestine. However, the psychological, physical, and sexual consequences of hysterectomy are conflicting, and the findings are mixed. While some studies report that patients experience more significant improvement in their mental health, sexual desire, and overall satisfaction, other studies show that patients report various adverse outcomes, with detrimental effects on sexual functioning being the main concern. Objective: This study aimed to describe women's experiences of hysterectomy and identify their fears, concerns, and what coping mechanisms do they adopt to enhance the quality of their lives. Methodology: Qualitative descriptive phenomenological research design was used in this study. The study aims to gain insight into the experiences of fifteen patients after hysterectomy using semi-structured in-depth interviews. The interview was conducted in both private and governmental hospitals using purposeful sampling. Results: Giorgi's phenomenological analysis process was used as a tool for analyzing data. Analysis of the interview transcripts led to five themes, including a total of eighteen subthemes. The first theme is physical change that has pain, insomnia, eating habits, and immobility as subthemes. The second theme is psychological changes with depression, de-socialization, anxiety, and aggressiveness as its subthemes. The third theme is defense mechanisms with praying, listening to music, reciting the Holy Quran, walking, and sports as subthemes. The fourth theme is self-esteem and body image with confidence, appearance, and concerns as subthemes. Lastly, the fifth them is sexuality with excitement and sexual pattern as subthemes. Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrated that hysterectomy had significant adverse effects on patients' body image, and self-esteem. Moreover, the study identified common meanings and themes associated with hysterectomy stressors. These are difficulties or limitations in physical and psychological aspects perceived by patients after hysterectomy. The health care provider must be aware of these potentially problematic issues to provide competent health care.

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Influence of the fear of death on body image evaluation.

HIGHER SCHOOL’S PULSE ◽

10.5604/01.3001.0013.3016 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 29-34

Author(s):

Alicja Głębocka ◽

Magdalena Rudlicka ◽

Grzegorz Kulik

Keyword(s):

Body Image ◽

Physical Attractiveness ◽

Body Shape ◽

Critical Evaluation ◽

Body Esteem ◽

Self Esteem ◽

The Body ◽

Fear Of Death ◽

Control Group ◽

Body Shapes

Background: Research on the consequences of fear of death often consists of classical investigations within the sphere of social psychology. However, the aspect of body image regarding this issue remains largely unexplored. Aim of the study: The goal of the conducted experiment was to examine the mechanisms reducing the fear of death. The respondents had two options to choose from: (1) increasing self-esteem in terms of physical attractiveness, or (2) lowering the rating of the body image presented in the photographs. Material and methods: The study was conducted using the following tests: (1) the Memory Test, developed by Łukaszewski and Buczny; (2) the Body-Esteem Scale (BE S), developed by Franzoi and Shields; (3) the UMACL Mood Adjective Checklist, developed by Mathews, Chamberlain, and Jones; and (4) the Body Shape Attractiveness Questionnaire. In this report, we present results of an analysis of 221 respondents (108 women and 113 men). Results: Death-related thoughts influence the perception of female body attractiveness. Respondents with awareness of mortality salience rated the attractiveness of body shape as lower than respondents from the control group. Conclusions: The present experiment confirmed the influence of fear of death on the evaluation of cultural and biological standards of female physical attractiveness, as well as, the hesitation of participants’ self-esteem and mood related to sex. The lack of critical evaluation of others and a positive self-evaluation effectively protects an individual against mood deterioration, and these effects were observed among men. However, these mechanisms do not apply to women, since women reacted critically to both body shapes in the photographs and their own bodies.

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Effects of full-body mirror exposure on eating pathology, body image and emotional states: Comparison between positive and negative verbalization

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0257303 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (9) ◽

pp. e0257303

Author(s):

Julia A. Tanck ◽

Andrea S. Hartmann ◽

Jennifer Svaldi ◽

Silja Vocks

Keyword(s):

Body Image ◽

Negative Affect ◽

Positive Affect ◽

Body Satisfaction ◽

Self Esteem ◽

Eating Pathology ◽

Whole Body ◽

Emotional States ◽

Mirror Exposure ◽

Full Body

Mirror exposure (ME) is an effective technique to improve body image. However, evidence on the underlying mechanisms and the optimal verbalization instruction during ME is lacking. Therefore, this experimental study analyzed mechanisms of ME and therapeutic outcomes by comparing positive (PV) and negative (NV) full-body verbalization. N = 73 healthy females were randomized to a PV or an NV condition. PV participants verbalized positively while NV participants verbalized negatively about their whole body. Each participant underwent three standardized ME sessions. Before and after each ME session, positive affect, negative affect and body satisfaction were assessed. Before the first and after the third ME, participants completed questionnaires on cognitive-affective and behavioral aspects of body image, eating pathology and self-esteem. Regarding within-ME changes, the results indicate that positive affect and body satisfaction decreased while negative affect increased in the NV group but not in the PV group. In contrast, regarding between-ME changes, decreased negative affect as well as positive affect and increased body satisfaction were observed in both groups. However, eating pathology remained stable, whereas body-checking behavior increased and the PV condition was followed by higher levels of self-esteem compared to the NV condition. These findings suggest that both PV and NV improve negative affect and body satisfaction between-ME, and thus seem to be effective ME instructions. Given that NV led to increased negative affect within-ME and did not influence self-esteem, PV might represent the favorable instruction during ME for body-satisfied women.

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The comments of voices on the appearance of patients with psychosis: ‘the voices tell me that I am ugly’

BJPsych Open ◽

10.1192/bjo.2019.66 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 5 (5) ◽

Author(s):

Felicity Waite ◽

Rowan Diamond ◽

Nicola Collett ◽

Eleanor Chadwick ◽

Emily Bold ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Image ◽

Psychiatric Symptoms ◽

Social Withdrawal ◽

Body Esteem ◽

Well Being ◽

Self Esteem ◽

Daily Basis ◽

Hearing Voices ◽

Negative Beliefs ◽

Positive Comment

Background There are high rates of obesity and low self-esteem in patients with psychosis. The occurrence of negative voice content directly about appearance is therefore plausible. Derogatory comments about appearance are likely to be distressing, increase depression and contribute to social withdrawal. Aims To systematically assess the occurrence of voice content regarding appearance and identify correlates. Method Sixty patients experiencing verbal auditory hallucinations at least once a week in the context of non-affective psychosis completed a measure assessing positive and negative voice content about appearance. They also completed assessments about body image, self-esteem, psychiatric symptoms and well-being. Results Fifty-five (91.7%) participants reported hearing voices comment on their appearance. A total of 54 (90%) patients reported negative voice content about their appearance with 30 (50%) patients experienced negative appearance comments on a daily basis. The most common negative comment was ‘the voices tell me that I am ugly’ (n = 48, 80%). There were 39 (65%) patients who reported positive voice content on appearance. The most frequent positive comment was ‘I look as nice as other people’ (n = 26, 43.3%). Negative voice content about appearance was associated with body image concerns, paranoia, voice hearing severity, depression, worry, negative self-beliefs and safety-seeking behaviours. Positive appearance voice content was associated with greater body esteem and well-being and lower levels of depression and insomnia. Conclusions Voice content about appearance is very common for patients seen in clinical services. Negative voice content may reflect – and subsequently reinforce – negative beliefs about one's appearance, low self-esteem, worry and paranoia. Declaration of interest None.

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