scholarly journals Introduction: computability of the physical

2012 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 723-728
Author(s):  
CRISTIAN S. CALUDE ◽  
S. BARRY COOPER
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Community ◽  
Albert Einstein ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Natural Phenomena ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Constructive Theory ◽  
Special Contribution ◽  
Mathematical Structures ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual

Albert Einstein encapsulated a commonly held view within the scientific community when he wrote in his book Out of My Later Years (Einstein 1950, page 54) ‘When we say that we understand a group of natural phenomena, we mean that we have found a constructive theory which embraces them.’ This represents a dual challenge to the scientist: on the one hand, to explain the real world in a very basic, and if possible, mathematical, way; but on the other, to characterise the extent to which this is even possible. Recent years have seen the mathematics of computability play an increasingly vital role in pushing forward basic science and in illuminating its limitations within a creative coming together of researchers from different disciplines. This special issue of Mathematical Structures in Computer Science is based on the special session ‘Computability of the Physical’ at the International Conference Computability in Europe 2010, held at Ponta Delgada, Portugal, in June 2010, and it, together with the individual papers it contains, forms what we believe to be a special contribution to this exciting and developing process.

Religion and Constitutional Practices in Asia: Five ‘Cs’ for Reflection

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-225
Author(s):  
Arif A JAMAL
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Comparative Law ◽  
The Other ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Short Commentary ◽  
Five Cs ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual

AbstractIn considering the articles in this Special Issue, I am struck by the importance of a set of factors that, in my view, both run through the articles like a leitmotif, as well as shape the major ‘take away’ lesson(s) from the articles. In this short commentary, I elaborate on these factors and the lesson(s) to take from them through five ‘Cs’: context; complexity; contestation; the framework of constitutions; and the role of comparative law. The first three ‘Cs’ are lessons from the case studies of the articles themselves, while the second two ‘Cs’ are offered as lessons to help take the dialogue forward. Fundamentally, these five ‘Cs’ highlight the importance of the articles in this Special Issue and the conference from which they emerged on the one hand, while on the other hand, also making us aware of what are the limits of what we should conclude from the individual articles. In other words, taken together, the five ‘Cs’ are, one might say, lessons about lessons.

Debate on the concept of probability, and conclusions to this special issue on developments of the concepts of randomness, statistics and probability

2014 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
GIUSEPPE LONGO ◽  
MIOARA MUGUR-SCHÄCHTER ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Computer Science ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Mathematical Structures ◽  
Statistics And Probability ◽  
The One

The main promotor of this special issue, Mioara Mugur-Schächter, organised a final debate for the one day conference dedicated to the theme of this special issue of Mathematical Structures in Computer Science.

Language acquisition and linguistic theory: When linguistic theory meets empirical data

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 369-376
Author(s):  
Pedro Guijarro-Fuentes
Keyword(s):  
Language Acquisition ◽  
Linguistic Theory ◽  
Romance Languages ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Formal Approach ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Semantics And Pragmatics ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual

AbstractThis Special Issue brings together the current work of well-established and well-known researchers in the field of language acquisition from a formal approach across several languages and of bilingual acquisition (2L1 and adult simultaneous and successive bilinguals), focusing on the syntax, semantics and pragmatics of different linguistic phenomena. Specifically, the four papers that will encompass this Special Issue together with an afterword paper written by a leading researcher in the field, Itziar Laka, discuss two main issues for current linguistic theory, both related, in this discussion, to Spanish: on the one hand, how do data and phenomena from the acquisition of different Romance languages inform and shape generative linguistic theory? And, on the other, how does generative linguistic theory frame and constrain research on the acquisition of Romance languages? To that end, divergent bilingual populations are used in these studies, which present longitudinal or cross-sectional data using a diverse range of methodologies (more on this within the individual summaries).

scholarly journals Selbstbestimmung in der digitalen Welt: Über die Vorteile eines ebenenübergreifenden normativen Basiskonzepts für die empirische Erforschung der digitalen Kommunikation

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hartmut Wessler ◽  
Patrik Haffner ◽  
Eike Mark Rinke
Keyword(s):  
Social Connectedness ◽  
Political Efficacy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Digital World ◽  
Collective Levels ◽  
Collective Self ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual

In this introduction to the special issue we develop a conceptualization of self-determination in a digital world that spans the individual and collective levels. We take up the three empirical dimensions of self-determination that Ryan and Deci have distinguished in their motivational theory of psychological self-determination and transpose them to the collective level. On the dimension of autonomy, collective self-determination refers to the institutions and rules of a democratic communication order; on the competence dimension, it refers to citizens’ political efficacy beliefs; and on the dimension of social connectedness, collective self-determination denotes the existence of shared communicative spaces even across deep divides. This conception of self-determination allows us, on the one hand, to identify causal influences between the individual and collective levels and, on the other hand, helps bring into focus the problems of realizing self-determination in societal communication as well as potentials for their solution. In conclusion, we show how the contributions to this special issue relate to the three empirical dimensions and two levels of self-determination and highlight their respective normative relevance.

scholarly journals Foreword

1999 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 225-226
Author(s):  
J. P. Bahsoun ◽  
J. L. Fiadeiro ◽  
D. Galmiche
Keyword(s):  
System Development ◽  
Object Oriented ◽  
Object Oriented Programming ◽  
Theoretic Approach ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Mathematical Structures ◽  
Object Based ◽  
Operational Interpretation ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
The One

There are various logic-based approaches to modelling concurrent programming. The use of logic for system development concerns both the specification step and the study of the operational aspects (through proof analysis and construction) of such development. This means that we have to consider different logical systems for different uses of logic. Moreover, we can also consider concurrency from both points of view: we want to reason and to specify systems where some concurrency aspects are involved, but also to have some operational interpretation of concurrency within logic (focusing on the concept of proof). For this purpose, it seems clear that we have to identify and to study, on the one hand, the role and the treatment of objects (representation, inheritance, modularity, communication, and so on) in this context, and, on the other hand, the interaction of work on proofs and concurrency with the Object-Oriented Programming paradigm.The ECOOP’96 workshop on ‘Proof Theory of Concurrent Object-Oriented Programming’ took place in Linz, Austria, in July 1996. Its objective was to provide an integrated forum for the presentation of research and the exchange of ideas and experiences in the topics concerned with proofs, concurrency and object-oriented programming (specification, proof development, and so on). The call for papers for this Special Issue of Mathematical Structures in Computer Science can be considered to have been a natural scientific continuation of the workshop.The papers selected for this Special Issue address some of the topics discussed in the workshop. They present different alternative frameworks that are effectively based on a proof-theoretic approach. They illustrate, from different points of view, the interest, potentialities and difficulties of dealing with such an approach in the design of object-based concurrent systems.

scholarly journals IRRATIONALITY OF CONSUMERS CHOOSING PLANE TICKETS

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kateřina Pojkarová ◽  
Dalibor Gottwald
Keyword(s):  
Consumer Behavior ◽  
Economic Model ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
Economic Models ◽  
Air Transport ◽  
Consumer Decision Making ◽  
Homo Oeconomicus ◽  
Economic Man ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual

Economic models can be used to describe consumer behavior or to predict expected behavior of the consumers. In order for the application of the selected economic model to describe realistically the issue under study, it is necessary that the individual components of the economic model are able to reliably identify and possibly even quantify main characteristics of the studied problematique. In the last few years, one of the basic theses based on which several economic models are built upon has been "questioned" within the scientific community, namely the one that portraits human as always rationally behaving individual. The goal of this article is to verify whether, in the framework of predicting consumer behavior, one can still use a person as a so-called homo oeconomicus (economic man who always behaves rationally) or whether this theory has been already overcome, and human behavior should be rather described as irrational. To validate the theory of irrationality in the context of consumer behavior, an experiment in the field of air transport will be used, monitoring consumer decision making while choosing the plane tickets.

Within Two Tyrannies: The Soviet Academic Refugees of the Second World War

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Yu. Sorokina
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Community ◽  
Political Regime ◽  
Medical Institute ◽  
Communist State ◽  
Occupied Territories ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right ◽  
Oriental Studies ◽  
Second World

This chapter places the exodus of Russian scholars in the context of the country's turbulent twentieth-century experience of ‘three revolutions, two world wars, civil strife, and several changes of political regime’. It presents an account of the plight of Russian academics in German occupied territories who were caught ‘in the dead space between two tyrannies’. For some the price of survival in the 1940s involved temporary collaboration with the Nazi invaders, which is illustrated in the morally ambiguous wartime experiences of Nikolas Poppe, Professor of Oriental Studies in Leningrad University, a leading expert of the languages and literatures of northern inner Asia; and of Ivan Malinin, professor and head of the department of pathology in the Krasnodar Medical Institute. Both found a way of resisting the communist state through temporary ‘collaboration’, and thus, reaffirmed ‘the right of the individual to make choices’. The chapter concludes by noting the change in Soviet policy towards the emigration of scientists after perestroika and its double-edged effect: ‘On the one hand, emigration impoverishes home institutions, but, on the other, the free migration of scientists has become one of the most effective mechanisms for integrating the country into the global scientific community’.

Die Emergenz von Wissen und das Plagiat in Goethes wissenschaftstheoretischen Schriften

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne-Kathrin Reulecke
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
Scientific Practice ◽  
Logical Consequence ◽  
Natural Phenomena ◽  
Scientific Culture ◽  
Individual Subject ◽  
Valid Knowledge ◽  
Specific Practice ◽  
The Individual

In Johann Wolfgang von Goethes wissenschaftstheoretischen Texten Der Versuch als Vermittler von Objekt und Subjekt (1793) und Meteore des literarischen Himmels (1820) geht es um die grundlegende epistemologische Frage, wie Wissen entsteht: Sie fragen danach, wie Wissenschaftler aus den Beobachtungen der Naturphänomene allgemeingültige Erkenntnisse gewinnen können und inwieweit der einzelne Forscher von der wissenschaftlichen Gemeinschaft beeinflusst wird. Goethes Schriften werden hier als Alternativen zu den aktuellen Diskussionen um wissenschaftliche Plagiate – mit ihrer Neigung zur Personalisierung und zum Skandal – vorgestellt. Goethe zeigt, dass die enge Kopplung von Wissen an ein einziges Subjekt weniger der wissenschaftlichen Praxis entspricht, als vielmehr das Ergebnis einer spezifischen Zuschreibungspraxis ist. Das kritikwürdige Plagiat erscheint somit auch als eine logische Konsequenz des Prioritätsgebots der modernen Wissenschaftskultur. </br></br>Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's texts on the philosophy of science (The Experiment as Mediator Between Object and Subject, 1793) and (Meteors of the Literary Sky, 1820) both discuss the fundamental epistemological question how knowledge emerges: They ask how scientists can gain universally valid knowledge by observing natural phenomena and to what extent the individual researcher is affected by the scientific community. In this paper, Goethe's writings are presented as alternatives to the contemporary discussions on scientific plagiarism. Goethe shows that the linking of knowledge to an individual subject is less an effect of scientific practice than the result of a specific practice of attribution. Plagiarism thus appears as a logical consequence of the principle of priority in modern scientific culture.

scholarly journals Occupational Health: A Bibliometric Study on Stress

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 248
Author(s):  
Alexandre Rodrigues Inácio De Azevedo ◽  
Adriana Maria Lamego Rezende ◽  
Matelane dos Anjos Rezende ◽  
Jéferson Valente Vieira ◽  
Elaine Santana de Souza Ferreira
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Development ◽  
Occupational Stress ◽  
Work Stress ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Quantitative Methodology ◽  
Physical And Mental Health ◽  
Number Of Publications ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual

Occupational stress is responsible for numerous diseases in the behavioral, physiological, psychological and social field of workers. This study has as main objective to analyze the content of the works referenced, through bibliographical analysis, qualifying and quantifying the data collected on the work stress in the organizations of the present time, from the perspective of the scientific community. Firstly, the concepts, causes and consequences of occupational stress were identified, presenting solutions in the context of human rights, based on the analysis of the predictors of efficacy. Then, the method used was a bibliometric survey, based on electronic  research platforms SPELL and SciELO and searching for the keywords were found 167 articles in the last ten years to find out which are the most researched areas on stress, what types of research and what groups are most searched. From the data collection, a quantification of the data was performed. The justification for this research was the authors' interest in contributing to the scientific community and to the groups of workers who are daily exposed to stressors. It could be concluded that stress is extremely dangerous for physical and mental health, as well as for organizational development. Harassment, totalitarianism, prejudice and exclusion are one of the main factors that lead the individual to work stress. In addition, based on research in Scielo alone, the Public sector is the one that most has research related to stress, with 46% of articles analysed. The Health area has the largest number of publications, with 50% of publications. Together, the qualitative and bibliographic researches account for 38%, against 62% of publications of quantitative methodology. This does not mean that stress is exclusive to public health workers, but an indication that the private sector lacks research related to organizational illness.

scholarly journals Introduction: From Conceptual Debates to Practical Applications

2021 ◽  
Vol 83 ◽  
pp. 7-28
Author(s):  
Sergey Troitskiy ◽  
◽  
Leena Kurvet-Käosaar ◽  
Liisi Laineste ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Traumatic Experience ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Cultural Scripts ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
European Experience ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact

Bringing into focus the ways of how to approach trauma instead of defining the object of research is becoming increasingly important. This also indicates that the range of approaches to trauma that informs cultural inquiry is widening, and is moving away from one singular paradigm posited as universal. Trauma scholars have demonstrated, on the one hand, the importance of particular experiences, specific cases, individual features of experiencing, remembering, and narrating trauma. On the other hand, they have pointed out the impact of cultural “scripts” shaped by broader cultural understandings and social and cultural regulations and preferences that shape the possibilities of the representation of traumatic experience. This special issue seeks to recognize and negotiate the individual and collective dimensions of trauma as well as their interwovenness, with a focus on the (post)-Soviet and Eastern European experience. It does so by addressing the generalizing theoretical models as well as the practical, material, and experimental aspects of trauma. Thus, it seeks to disentangle and clarify the links between the collective and the individual, the theoretical and the practical, and finally, the universal and the specific, the global and the local.

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