English Bank Business Loans, 1920–1968: Transaction Bank Characteristics and Small Firm Discrimination

2005 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
MICHAEL COLLINS ◽  
MAE BAKER
Keyword(s):  
Interest Rates ◽  
Commercial Banks ◽  
Detailed Comparison ◽  
Business Sector ◽  
Primary Research ◽  
Public Companies ◽  
Long Period ◽  
New Information ◽  
The Relationship

The article reports the results of primary research aimed at eliciting new information on the nature of the relationship between english banks and the business sector over the long period, 1920–68. Bank archives have been used to conduct a microeconomic study of lending by english commercial banks to business clients. Three sets of results are reported. First, on the basis of a sample of over four thousand individual business loans, new data are presented on the nature and duration of business loans, the purposes for which they were used, the banks' requirements regarding collateral and interest rates charged. Secondly, the parameters governing bank practice are examined through the presentation of the reasons for which one of the leading clearing banks, the midland, turned down requests for business loans from a subset of firms. Thirdly, a detailed comparison is made of the loans granted to small private firms and to larger public companies; and regression analysis is used to assess the banks' treatment of the two groups. The data are presented within the theoretical framework of english ‘transaction banking’ which, it is argued, offers a strong rationale for the reported continuity in bank practice over the long term.

scholarly journals GENERAL ANALYSIS OF LONG-TERM INTEREST RATES

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (01) ◽  
pp. 2050002
Author(s):  
FRANCESCA BIAGINI ◽  
ALESSANDRO GNOATTO ◽  
MAXIMILIAN HÄRTEL
Keyword(s):  
Interest Rates ◽  
Term Structure ◽  
Applied Mathematics ◽  
Mathematical Finance ◽  
Rational Model ◽  
No Arbitrage ◽  
Working Paper ◽  
Social Discounting ◽  
The Relationship

We introduce here the idea of a long-term swap rate, characterized as the fair rate of an overnight indexed swap (OIS) with infinitely many exchanges. Furthermore, we analyze the relationship between the long-term swap rate, the long-term yield, (F. Biagini, A. Gnoatto & M. Härtel (2018) Affine HJM Framework on [Formula: see text] and long-term yield, Applied Mathematics and Optimization 77 (3), 405–441, F. Biagini & M. Härtel (2014) Behavior of long-term yields in a lévy term structure, International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Finance 17 (3), 1–24, N. El Karoui, A. Frachot & H. Geman (1997) A note on the behavior of long zero coupon rates in a no arbitrage framework. Working Paper. Available at Researchgate: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/5066730) , and the long-term simple rate (D. C. Brody & L. P. Hughston (2016) Social discounting and the long rate of interest, Mathematical Finance 28 (1), 306–334) as long-term discounting rate. Finally, we investigate the existence of these long-term rates in two-term structure methodologies, the Flesaker–Hughston model and the linear-rational model. A numerical example illustrates how our results can be used to estimate the nonoptional component of a CoCo bond.

scholarly journals Interest Rate Channel of Monetary Policy Transmission Mechanism and Commercial Banks Earnings in Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 194-214
Author(s):  
Uzah K. C. ◽  
Clinton A.M. ◽  
Kpagih L.
Keyword(s):  
Monetary Policy ◽  
Interest Rates ◽  
Commercial Banks ◽  
Transmission Mechanism ◽  
Monetary Policy Transmission ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Policy Transmission ◽  
Lending Rate ◽  
Monetary Policy Transmission Mechanism

This study examined the interest rates channel of the monetary policy transmission mechanism and the earnings of commercial banks in Nigeria. The objective was to investigate the extent to which the interest rates channel of the monetary policy transmission mechanism affects the earnings capacity of the quoted commercial banks. Time series data were sourced from annual financial reports of the commercial banks and the Central Bank of Nigeria statistical bulletin’s various issues. Earnings measures such as earnings per share and earnings before interest and tax were modeled as the function of Monetary Policy Rate, Prime Lending Rate, Short-term Savings Rate, Long-term Saving Rate and Maximum Lending Rate. The Ordinary Least Square method of Regression Analysis was used to estimate the relationship between the dependent and the independent variables. Augmented Dickey Fuller Test, Johansen Cointegration Test, Granger Causality Test and Vector Error Correction Test were used to determine the dynamic relationship among the variables. Findings showed that short-term and long-term savings rates have negative effects while monetary policy rate, maximum lending rate and prime lending rate have positive effects on the earnings capacity of Nigerian commercial banks. Therefore, we recommend that interest rate policies should be integrated with the earning objectives of the commercial banks.

FINANCE FOR DEVELOPMENT

1979 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 202
Author(s):  
B.L. Hamley
Keyword(s):  
Interest Rates ◽  
Capital Investment ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Capital Requirements ◽  
Balance Of Payments ◽  
Local Participation ◽  
Domestic Savings ◽  
The Relationship

Australia's development capital requirements cannot be solely financed from domestic savings but need to be supplemented by overseas capital. Thus there should be no impediments to the inflow of overseas funds and variable deposit ratio controls (currently suspended) should be abolished.Overseas capital inflow is important for the balance of payments, as imports of capital goods are likely to rise during the developmental stage of large resource projects. Exports in subsequent years will provide the funds for amortization of borrowings.However the Australian capital markets can still provide for adequate local participation and funding. In particular, Australian banks have a capacity to finance our share of large projects, but it will be argued that a less controlled banking system will improve its long term ability in this regard.As a consequence the relationship between money supply management and interest rates will be discussed.Overall the capital needs of structural change will be reviewed with the conclusion that Australia is already turning its attention to capital investment in areas of comparative advantage - resource development, particularly beneficiation of raw materials.

The Financial Structure of a Life Office

1953 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 141-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. T. Haynes ◽  
R. J. Kirton
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Interest Rates ◽  
Financial Structure ◽  
General Level ◽  
Life Assurance ◽  
Market Rate ◽  
Asset Distribution ◽  
The Relationship

SynopsisThe authors' purpose in this paper is to analyse the financial structure of a life office and, in particular, the relationship between the assets and liabilities of a life assurance fund. This analysis is based upon the principle that the guarantees of future capital security and of long-term interest yield involved in the contracts issued by a life office should be backed either by “matched assets” providing equivalent guarantees of capital and interest or by sufficient free reserves to cover the possible adverse effects of departure from the “matched assets” position.In Parts I and II of the paper, the principle of “matched assets” is studied in relation to three model offices representing stationary and increasing funds operating under idealised conditions. For each model office the “standard” date-distribution of assets is determined–the distribution which, so far as possible, will insulate the fund from the effects of fluctuations in the market rate of interest upon existing assets and liabilities. The profit or loss resulting from “going long” or “going short”, as compared with the standard asset distribution, is then investigated against the background of a rise or a fall in the general level of interest rates.

scholarly journals Interest rate pass-through estimates from error correction models ECM

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Le Phan Thi Dieu Thao ◽  
Nguyen Thi Thu Trang
Keyword(s):  
Monetary Policy ◽  
Interest Rates ◽  
Commercial Banks ◽  
Money Market ◽  
Viet Nam ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Adjustment Speed ◽  
Lending Rates ◽  
Pass Through

This paper examines the degree of pass-through and adjustment speed of retail interest rates in response to changes in monetary policy rates in commercial banks of Viet Nam during the period 07/2004 to 06/2014. The results show that the degree of pass-through of retail interest rates is incomplete but high (0.7-0.93). The adjustment speed of money market rates & retail interest rates is relatively slow. It takes from 3 to 6 months for money market rates & retail interest rates to be adjusted to long-term equilibrium, except 1 month VNIBOR. 1 month VNIBOR is sensitive to changes of discount rate & refinancing rate in short-term, contrary to 3 month VNIBOR . The degree of pass-through from market rates to retail interest rates is fairly high in the long-term but low in the short-term. The degree of pass-through is different between various retail interest rates. Specifically, the degree of pass-through of deposit rates is higher than that of lending rates both in the short-term & long-term.

scholarly journals US Stock Market And Macroeconomic Factors

2015 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Jareño ◽  
Loredana Negrut
Keyword(s):  
Stock Market ◽  
Interest Rates ◽  
Price Index ◽  
Consumer Price Index ◽  
Macroeconomic Factors ◽  
Significant Relationships ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Relevant Factors

<p>This paper analyzes the relationship between the US stock market and some relevant US macroeconomic factors, such as gross domestic product, the consumer price index, the industrial production index, the unemployment rate and long-term interest rates. All the relevant factors show statistically significant relationships with the stock market except for the consumer price index, and the signs are consistent with the findings of previous literature.</p>

scholarly journals Competition in the Georgian banking sector and its impact on the credit policy of commercial banks

2021 ◽  
Vol 342 ◽  
pp. 08003
Author(s):  
George Abuselidze ◽  
Mariam Sharabidze
Keyword(s):  
Interest Rate ◽  
Interest Rates ◽  
Commercial Banks ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Current Situation ◽  
Competitive Environment ◽  
Credit Policy ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Based on the role of banking sector in the development of the country’s economy, we consider it important to study the current situation in this sector. The existence of a competitive environment ensures the efficient functioning of the banking sector. The aim of the study is to estimate the competitive environment in the banking sector, to determine the relationship between competition and interest rates. The research is based on the use of different economic models and indexes. Competition in the banking sector is studied on the example of Georgian banking sector, for that we used HHI Net Loans and H-statistic indicators. The study analyses the impact of competition in the banking sector on the net interest income and interest rate in the same sector.

scholarly journals The Case of Construction Industr An Evaluation of the Lending Model of Commercial Banks in South Africa: The Case of Construction Industry

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 403-415
Author(s):  
Lindy Yolande Mtsweni ◽  
Philip Serumaga-Zake ◽  
Jan Kruger
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Interest Rates ◽  
Construction Industry ◽  
Small Businesses ◽  
Commercial Banks ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Lending Policy ◽  
Multiple Case

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the commercial banks’ lending model for small businesses in South Africa. The multiple case study design and purposive sampling were used to select six small businesses from a bank’s database for the study. The qualitative data was categorised and analysed thematically. It was found that the lending criteria are based on the bank and client’s long-term relationship, client’s background, character, collateral, capital, capacity and affordability, that the lending model is helping to grow small businesses in the country. The commercial banks’ lending policy should allow flexibility, among others, in terms of the minimum deposits and interest rates charged.  

العلاقة بين مخاطر السوق والربحية واثرها في القيمة السوقية للمصارف ـــــ دراسة تحليلية لعينة من المصارف العراقية الخاصة

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (68) ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
م. د صباح حسن العكيلي
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Exchange Rates ◽  
Interest Rates ◽  
Commercial Banks ◽  
Market Value ◽  
Intermediate Variable ◽  
Market Risks ◽  
Analysis Process ◽  
Independent Variable ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract: The study tried to show the relationship between market risks (fluctuations in exchange rates and interest rates) as an independent variable and profitability as an intermediate variable and the effect of that relationship on the market value of the shares of the banks researched as an approved variable. A set of financial ratios was used in conducting the quantitative analysis process, as the study included a sample of the Iraqi private commercial banks for the period (2015-2018) and the adoption of 2014 as a base year for comparison to reach results that show developments in exchange rates and interest rates that may be exposed to fluctuations and beyond, and conclusions have been reached that show a significant correlation between market risks as an independent variable and banking profitability as an intermediate variable. There is also a significant correlation between market risks and the market value as a dependent variable, in addition to the presence of an effect of that relationship on the market value of bank shares, the study sample.

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