scholarly journals Learning by doing: the failure of the 1697 Malt Lottery Loan

2013 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 259-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georges Gallais-Hamonno ◽  
Christian Rietsch
Keyword(s):  
Learning By Doing ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Political Environment ◽  
Theoretical Point ◽  
Expected Return ◽  
Practical Point ◽  
State Lottery ◽  
Financial Issue ◽  
Technical Features

The failure in 1697 of the ‘Malt Lottery’, the second lottery loan, presents a fruitful case study. From a practical point of view, it tells us three things. First, the technical features of the English state lottery loans were established for more than a century after only three experiments. Second, its two components (‘lottery’ and ‘loan’) led to an abnormally poor return for investors since its expected return was 3.91 per cent whereas its effective return was 5.84 per cent – two figures in contradiction with the 6.3 per cent advanced by Dickson (1967). Third, a most strange solution was devised to counteract the failure: delivering the unsold tickets to the Exchequer to be used as cash. From a more theoretical point of view, the condition North and Weingast (1989) advanced for a successful financial issue proves necessary but not sufficient. The Malt Lottery failed (1,763 tickets sold out of 140,000) because it did not meet the three requirements for success: its return was too low and was lower than the return on competitive assets; its reimbursement dates were uncertain; and the economic and political environment was gloomy.

ELEMENTI GRAĐANSKE NEPOSLUŠNOSTI TOKOM PANDEMIJE COVID-19

2021 ◽  
pp. 191-200
Author(s):  
Nikola Ivković ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Social Change ◽  
Civil Disobedience ◽  
Theoretical Concept ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Theoretical Point ◽  
State Of Emergency ◽  
Practical Point ◽  
The Government

The paper analyzes the legal determinants that marked the restriction of human rights during the state of emergency caused by the COVID19 crisis. By analyzing legal acts and pointing out shortcomings (formal and material), we strive to define the means available to citizens to act correctively. Civil disobedience as a theoretical concept is checked through examples and a kind of case study. The protests that broke out in July 2020 in Belgrade and other cities, from a theoretical point of view, are a good indicator of the character of the government and the possibility of social change. Civil disobedience also gained importance from the practical point of view within the framework of legal and realpolitik analyzes.

scholarly journals An Analysis of the Skill Shortage Problems in Indian IT Companies

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 159
Author(s):  
Suchandra Paul
Keyword(s):  
Social Issue ◽  
Final Section ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Theoretical Point ◽  
Skills Shortage ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
The Right ◽  
Skill Shortages

Skill shortage is a crucial social issue which needs to be analyzed thoroughly in any organization. In this paper, the problems related to the skill shortage are analyzed and possible solutions are provided to deal with the problem of skill shortages effectively. This paper will facilitate in helping the organization to find the right talent for the organization thus removing or decreasing the problem of skill shortages. The paper begins with the importance of skills shortage from a theoretical point of view. The problems associated are highlighted and analyzed. The factors which are an integral part of skill shortages are elaborated. Also, an in-depth analysis is carried out by considering the organizations, Tata Consultancy Services and Infosys as a case study. In the final section, various solutions and approaches are laid down to tackle the problems incorporated with skill shortages.

scholarly journals URBAN STRATEGIES AND COLLECTIVE MEMORY. AN UPPER-MIDDLE CLASS MUNICIPALITY IN THE GRAND PARIS PROJECT

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yankel FIJALKOW
Keyword(s):  
Collective Memory ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Theoretical Point ◽  
Spatial Transformation ◽  
Urban Narrative ◽  
The People ◽  
Strategic Approach ◽  
Urban Project ◽  
The City

This article proposes a theoretical point of view in order to show the importance of the collective memory and the urban narrative in the strategic approach of the urban project. The capacity of a municipality to build a local narrative joining the past, the memory and the project, is examined in the second part of the article, in a case study of a collectivity confronted with the project of the Grand Paris and strong socio-spatial transformation since 1950. The conclusions of thirty deep interviews, conducted on the people involved in the city organization allow to differentiate legitimated and rejected places in the spaces of remembering, and the difficulties of this kind of municipalities to be pro active in the Grand Paris project.

scholarly journals SPATIAL DETERMINISM AND TERRITORIAL PUBLIC ACTION IN FRANCE: CHALLENGES AND EVOLUTIONS

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Grégory BUSQUET
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Theoretical Point ◽  
Spatial Transformation ◽  
The Past ◽  
Urban Narrative ◽  
The People ◽  
Strategic Approach ◽  
Urban Project ◽  
The City

This article proposes a theoretical point of view in order to show the importance of the collective memory and the urban narrative in the strategic approach of the urban project. The capacity of a municipality to build a local narrative joining the past, the memory and the project, is examined in the second part of the article, in a case study of a collectivity confronted with the project of the Grand Paris and strong socio-spatial transformation since 1950. The conclusions of thirty deep interviews, conducted on the people involved in the city organization allow to differentiate legitimated and rejected places in the spaces of remembering, and the difficulties of this kind of municipalities to be pro active in the Grand Paris project.

BOUNDING THE NUMBER OF REDUCED TREES, COGRAPHS, AND SERIES-PARALLEL GRAPHS BY COMPRESSION

2013 ◽  
Vol 05 (02) ◽  
pp. 1360001
Author(s):  
TAKEAKI UNO ◽  
RYUHEI UEHARA ◽  
SHIN-ICHI NAKANO
Keyword(s):  
Upper Bound ◽  
Linear Time ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Rooted Trees ◽  
Compact Representation ◽  
Theoretical Point ◽  
Practical Point ◽  
Bounded Treewidth ◽  
Ordered Tree ◽  
Parallel Graph

We give an efficient encoding and decoding scheme for computing a compact representation of a graph in one of unordered reduced trees, cographs and series-parallel graphs. The unordered reduced trees are rooted trees in which (i) the ordering of children of each vertex does not matter, and (ii) no vertex has exactly one child. This is one of basic models frequently used in many areas. Our algorithm computes a bit string of length 2ℓ – 1 for a given unordered reduced tree with ℓ ≥ 1 leaves in O(ℓ) time, whereas a known folklore algorithm computes a bit string of length 2n – 2 for an ordered tree with n vertices. Note that in an unordered reduced tree, ℓ ≤ n < 2ℓ holds. To the best of our knowledge this is the first of such a compact representation for unordered reduced trees. From the theoretical point of view, the length of the representation gives us an upper bound of the number of unordered reduced trees with ℓ leaves. Precisely, the number of unordered reduced trees with ℓ leaves is at most 22ℓ–2 for ℓ ≥ 1. Moreover, the encoding and decoding can be done in linear time. Therefore, from the practical point of view, our representation is also useful to store a lot of unordered reduced trees efficiently. We also apply the scheme for computing a compact representation to cographs and series-parallel graphs. We show that each of cographs with n vertices has a compact representation in 2n – 1 bits, and the number of cographs with n vertices is at most 22n–1. The resulting number is close to the number of cographs with n vertices obtained by the enumeration for small n that approximates Cdn/n3/2, where C = 0.4126⋯ and d = 3.5608⋯. Series-parallel graphs are well-investigated in the context of the graphs of bounded treewidth. We give a method to represent a series-parallel graph with m edges in ⌈2.5285m – 2⌉ bits. Hence the number of series-parallel graphs with m edges is at most 2⌈2.5285m–2⌉. As far as the authors know, this is the first non-trivial result about the number of series-parallel graphs. The encoding and decoding of the cographs and series-parallel graphs also can be done in linear time.

scholarly journals CONSTRUCTIVE AND PROBABILISTIC ANALYSIS OF EXCAVATED PILES WITH LOST METALLIC SHIRT

Revista EIA ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (37) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucas Eugênio Rodrigues ◽  
Aílton Carlos Dos Santos Brandão ◽  
George Fernandes Azevedo
Keyword(s):  
Load Capacity ◽  
Empirical Method ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Theoretical Point ◽  
First Order Second Moment ◽  
Probabilistic Study ◽  
Geometrical Data ◽  
Semi Empirical ◽  
Parameter Values

This work brings in its scope some analyzes around the constructive methodology of a case study that refers to the implantation of a dolphin (a structure that in this case has the purpose of mooring ships) at Pier III, located in Ponta da Madeira Maritime Terminal, in the city of São Luís, Maranhão, and with a focus on the process of building its infrastructure, more precisely the adopted foundation. This type of work, being port and in a maritime environment is called offshore, the foundation used in this case is the deep type, more precisely called piles excavated with a lost metallic shirt whose constructional scope will be detailed in this work, from the driving from shirts to concreting the piles that made up the system. The theme is approached from a practical and theoretical point of view, with a probabilistic study of the load capacity of foundations based on geometrical data from surveys carried out in the region, in order to define results that include any variability of the location and guarantee functionality and safety necessary for the foundation to achieve the project's objectives and be optimized throughout its useful life. The analysis of the probability of rupture was made using the semi-empirical method of Aoki-Velloso, combined with the First Order Second Moment method in order to compare the result achieved with the established parameter values. The work also aims to serve as a basis for future guidance and guidance on the topic, which does not have such a vast bibliography, mainly in view of the installation of new similar projects in the region and in other locations.

scholarly journals Framing Real-Life Experimentations as Case Studies

2021 ◽  
pp. 25-35
Author(s):  
Stefano Crabu ◽  
Ilaria Mariani ◽  
Felicitas Schmittinger
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Theoretical Point

AbstractThe chapter describes the case studies methodology on the ground of the volume: their use and comparison are investigated from a theoretical point of view. This chapter has a twofold aim: (i) contextualise case studies and the experimentation/prototyping conducted by the pilots, then (ii) to provide a compass for going through the next chapters in which it is detailed the experience of each pilot as a case study. This reasoning is a premise for understanding and situating the relevant points emerged in the larger picture of the RRI framework.

scholarly journals What is the television that we have like?

Comunicar ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 13 (25) ◽  
pp. 45-49
Author(s):  
Valentí Gómez-Oliver
Keyword(s):  
Mass Media ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Theoretical Point ◽  
Practical Point ◽  
The People ◽  
Medios De Comunicacion

Nowadays national and international reflection on television and mass media in general is based on the activities that the European Observatory for Children´s Television has been carrying out for nine years. This paper proposes to integrate all screens into one ideal screen and to define a series of categories which show how to work whith quality contents, especially for children and youngsters, the most vulnerable audience, who spend more time in front of screens than at school or socializing with their friends, and sometimes even with their own families. The paper ends with comments on a series of proposals and international initiatives about quality television, not only from the theoretical point of view, but from the practical point of view, which allow us to hope that the people who works on media would understand the importance of their educational wolves in order to achieve a total and satisfactory integrations of future citizens into the society of information. La presente reflexión sobre la televisión existente en la actualidad, a nivel nacional e internacional, y más en general sobre los medios de comunicación, se basa en las actividades que desde hace nueve años realiza en Barcelona el Observatorio Europeo de la Televisión Infantil (OETI). El trabajo se plantea en cinco capítulos, centrándose en la necesidad de integrar, teóricamente, todas las pantallas en una sola pantalla ideal y definir una serie de categorías conceptuales que definan cómo han de trabajar los medios de comunicación con unos contenidos inexorablemente de calidad, especialmente para los más desprotegidos y vulnerables, es decir los niños y niñas y los jóvenes que son quienes pasan más horas ante las pantallas que en la escuela, o socializando con sus compañeros y a veces sus propios familiares. Finalmente se comenta una serie de planteamientos e iniciativas internacionales sobre la televisión de calidad, tanto desde el punto de vista teórico como práctico, lo que hace prever que, si bien con graduaciones distintas, los responsables de los medios de comunicación irán comprobando, con matices, la importancia del valor educativo de los medios para lograr la plena y satisfactoria integración en la sociedad de la información de los futuros ciudadanos.

Trends in Reconfigurable Embedded Systems

2011 ◽  
pp. 130-166
Author(s):  
C. Valderrama ◽  
L. Jojczyk ◽  
P. Possa
Keyword(s):  
Embedded Systems ◽  
Software Defined Radio ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
User Requirements ◽  
Design Tools ◽  
Design Strategies ◽  
Application Point ◽  
Technical Features

This chapter presents reconfigurable embedded systems by looking closely at three different but inter-related aspects: design tools, methodologies and architectures, paying special attention at reconfigurable interconnections. The authors will start having a closer look at the evolution of the latest design strategies, tools and methodologies facing challenges and user requirements. Reconfigurable interconnections will be analyzed, examining topologies, drawbacks, and capabilities, specially focusing on the reconfiguration potential. From the application point of view, the authors will resume with a case study regarding embedded systems, a Software-Defined Radio application highlighting the most significant technical features and design choices.

Beauty, Choice, and Empowerment

2016 ◽  
pp. 191-207
Author(s):  
Jinat Hosain
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Cosmetic Surgery ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Theoretical Point ◽  
Case Study Method ◽  
Common Problems ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

This study tries to explore the interrelated dynamics among cosmetic surgery, choice and empowerment. While poverty, poor health accessibility and gender inequality are common problems in Bangladesh, a growing number of cosmetic clinics are being established and a number of women are increasingly taking up cosmetic surgeries. This study seeks to explore why women choose cosmetic surgeries for beautification, how they experience it and whether cosmetic surgery leads women to be empowered or not. Using qualitative research methods, this study used in-depth semi structured interview, observation and case study method to collect the data from the different cosmetic surgery patients, coming from both urban and rural areas of Bangladesh. The data was further analyzed by coding informants' responses into themes based on the research objectives and the theory, named ‘empowerment'. The study shows that even if the women choose surgery, it does not necessarily enhance their empowerment. That is the surgery that brings changes in physical appearance and might make them attractive, but it contributes little socially in terms of enabling them to make own decision in the contest of family and in community. Rather these women act as prescribed by patriarchal norms and gendered rules. Analyzing the data from theoretical point of view, this study found that the women, irrespective of regional boundaries, can rarely fulfill the condition of empowerment in relation to choice and IAP. The study concludes with some questions and queries that need more research to be answered.

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