Epidemiology of Cerebrovascular Disease Related Cognitive Decline

Cognitive decline is a central component of the dementia process. Population-based prospective studies have confirmed the existence of age-related cognitive decline, although its conceptual basis and nosological status remain controversial. Healthy old people show decline with aging in global cognition and memory function in particular. Preclinical and clinical dementia patients exhibit deficits across multiple cognitive domains, with the largest and most consistent deficits in memory function. Cerebrovascluar disease may lead to cognitive decline and promote the clinical expression of dementia directly or by interaction with APOE η4. Early treatment and prevention of cerebrovascular disease may be the major measures for preventing and postponing the progression of the vascular disease related cognitive decline.

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Individual variation in brain microstructural-cognition relationships in aging

10.1101/2021.02.19.431732 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Raihaan Patel ◽

Clare E. Mackay ◽

Michelle G. Jansen ◽

Gabriel A. Devenyi ◽

M. Clare O’Donoghue ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Decline ◽

Cognitive Performance ◽

Late Life ◽

Older Age ◽

Data Driven ◽

Semantic Fluency ◽

Cognitive Domains ◽

Age Related ◽

Brain Microstructure ◽

Age Related Cognitive Decline

AbstractWhile all individuals are susceptible to age-related cognitive decline, significant inter- and intra-individual variability exists. However, the sources of this variation remain poorly understood. Here, we examined the association between 30-year trajectories of cognitive decline and multimodal indices of brain microstructure and morphology in older age. We used the Whitehall II Study, an extensively characterised cohort using 3T brain magnetic resonance images acquired at older age (mean age = 69.52 ± 4.9) and 5 repeated cognitive performance assessments between mid-life (mean age = 53.2 ± 4.9 years) and late-life (mean age = 67.7 ± 4.9). Using non-negative matrix factorization, we identified 10 brain microstructural components that integrate measures of cortical thickness, surface area, fractional anisotropy, and mean and radial diffusivities. We observed two modes of variance that describe the association between cognition and brain microstructure. The first describes variations in 5 microstructural components associated with low mid-life performance across multiple cognitive domains, decline in reasoning abilities, but a relative maintenance of lexical and semantic fluency from mid-to-late life. The second describes variations in 5 microstructural components that are associated with low mid-life performance in lexical fluency, semantic fluency and short-term memory performance, but a retention of abilities in multiple domains from mid-to-late life. The extent to which a subject loads onto a latent variables predicts their future cognitive performance 3.2 years later (mean age = 70.87 ± 4.9). This data-driven approach highlights a complex pattern of brain-behavior relationships, wherein the same individuals express both decline and maintenance in function across cognitive domains and in brain structural features.Significance StatementAlthough declines in cognitive performance are an established aspect of aging, inter- and intra-individual variation exists. Nevertheless, the sources of this variation remain unclear. We analyse a unique sample to examine associations between 30-year trajectories of cognitive decline and multimodal indices of brain anatomy in older age. Using data-driven techniques, we find that age-related cognitive decline is not uniform. Instead, each individual expresses a mixture of maintenance and decline across cognitive domains, that are associated with a mixture of preservation and degeneration of brain structure. Further, we find the primary determinants of late-life cognitive performance are mid-life performance and higher brain surface area. These results suggest that early and mid-life preventative measures may be needed to reduce age-related cognitive decline.

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Antioxidant nutrients and age-related cognitive decline: a systematic review of population-based cohort studies

European Journal of Nutrition ◽

10.1007/s00394-013-0541-7 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 52 (6) ◽

pp. 1553-1567 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

Snorri Bjorn Rafnsson ◽

Vardis Dilis ◽

Antonia Trichopoulou

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Cohort Studies ◽

Cognitive Decline ◽

Population Based ◽

Age Related ◽

Age Related Cognitive Decline

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Age-Related Cognitive Decline and Prevalence of Mild Cognitive Impairment in the Iwaki Health Promotion Project

Journal of Alzheimer s Disease ◽

10.3233/jad-210699 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-13

Author(s):

Naoko Nakahata ◽

Takumi Nakamura ◽

Takeshi Kawarabayashi ◽

Yusuke Seino ◽

Sadanobu Ichii ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Health Promotion ◽

Cognitive Impairment ◽

Mild Cognitive Impairment ◽

Cognitive Decline ◽

Mixed Model ◽

Linear Mixed Model ◽

Educational History ◽

Dementia Patients ◽

Age Related ◽

Age Related Cognitive Decline

Background: The Iwaki Health Promotion Project (IHPP) is a community-based study for the prevention of lifestyle-related diseases and improvement of quality of life. Objective: Between 2014 and 2017, a total of 4,442 Iwaki town residents from 19 to 93 years of age participated in annual surveys to clarify the natural course of age-related cognitive decline and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Methods: Modified OLD and SED-11Q questionnaires, MMSE, Logical Memory II, educational history, and APOE genotypes were examined at the first screening. MCI and dementia were diagnosed at the second examination by detailed neurological examination, CDR, and MRI, and followed for 3 years. Spline regression analyses based on a linear mixed model was adopted for statistical analysis. Results: MMSE scores declined with age from 55 to 64 years. There was also interaction between levels of education and ages. At the second examination, 56 MCI and 5 dementia patients were identified. None of the MCI cases progressed to dementia during the 3 years. During follow-up examinations, 13 cases showed improved MMSE scores (0.95 point/year), 5 remained stable, and 7 deteriorated (–0.83 point/year). Five cases showed improved CDR-SOB scores (–0.28 point/year), 9 remained stable, and 6 deteriorated (0.3 point/year). Conclusion: IHPP revealed that age- and education-related cognitive decline began and advanced from 55 years of age. The prevalence of MCI and dementia was estimated to be 5.9%in the Iwaki town cohort over 60 yeas of age. About 30%of MCI cases showed progression of cognitive decline.

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VStore: A Novel Virtual Reality Assessment of Functional Cognition (Preprint)

10.2196/preprints.27641 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Lilla Alexandra Porffy ◽

Mitul A. Mehta ◽

Joel Patchitt ◽

Celia Boussebaa ◽

Jack Brett ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Working Memory ◽

Virtual Reality ◽

Cognitive Decline ◽

Paired Associate ◽

Model Fitting ◽

Paired Associate Learning ◽

Associate Learning ◽

Cognitive Domains ◽

Age Related ◽

Age Related Cognitive Decline

BACKGROUND Cognitive deficits are present in a number of neuropsychiatric disorders including, Alzheimer’s disease, schizophrenia and depression. Assessments used to measure cognition in these disorders are time-consuming, burdensome, and have low ecological validity. To address these limitations, we developed a novel virtual reality shopping task – VStore. OBJECTIVE This study aims to establish the concurrent and construct validity of VStore in relation to the established computerized cognitive battery, Cogstate; and tests its sensitivity to age related cognitive decline. METHODS Hundred and four healthy volunteers aged 20-79 completed both assessments. Main VStore outcomes included: 1) verbal recall of 12 grocery items, 2) time to collect items, 3) time to select items on a self-checkout machine, 4) time to make the payment, 5) time to order coffee, and 6) total completion time. To establish concurrent validity, bivariate correlations were performed between VStore outcomes and Cogstate tasks measuring attention, processing speed, verbal and visual learning, working memory, executive function, and paired associate learning. Construct validity analysis was also performed to examine which cognitive domains best predicted VStore performance. Finally, two ridge regression models were built using VStore outcomes in the first, and Cogstate outcomes in the second model as predictors of biological age to compare their sensitivity to age-related cognitive decline. RESULTS We found moderate correlations between VStore and Cogstate outcomes. VStore Total Time was best explained by tasks measuring working memory and paired associate learning, in addition to age and technological familiarity, accounting for 46% of the variance. Finally, with λ = 5.16, the model fitting selected five parameters for VStore when predicting biological age (MSE = 185.8, SE= 19.34). With λ = 9.49 for Cogstate, the model fitting selected all eight tasks (MSE = 226.8, SE = 23.48). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that VStore is a promising assessment that engages standard cognitive domains and is sensitive to age-related cognitive decline. CLINICALTRIAL NA

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Age-related cognitive decline and vision impairment affecting the detection of dementia syndrome in old age

The British Journal of Psychiatry ◽

10.1192/bjp.171.5.449 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 171 (5) ◽

pp. 449-451 ◽

Cited By ~ 66

Author(s):

Friedel M. Reischies ◽

Bernhard Geiselmann

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Decline ◽

Old Age ◽

Mental State ◽

Missing Values ◽

Population Based ◽

Age Effect ◽

Vision Impairment ◽

Age Related ◽

Dementia Syndrome ◽

Age Related Cognitive Decline

BackgroundCurrently the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) is widely used as a screening instrument for dementia syndrome. Diagnostic validity may be lowered in old age by normal age-related cognitive decline. Furthermore, visual impairment, occurring frequently in old age, leads to missing values which prevent an interpretation of the test result.MethodIn the Berlin Ageing Study (n=516, age range 70–103 years) MMSE and clinical dementia diagnosis, made by a psychiatrist investigating all subjects by the Geriatric Mental State–A and History and Aetiology Schedule interviews, were investigated independently. The MMblind was analysed, an MMSE version for vision impairment in which all items requiring image processing are omitted. The study sample is population-based; dementia cases (DSM–III–R) were excluded on the basis of the clinical diagnosis.ResultsNorms are reported for very old age regarding MMSE as well as MMblind. There is a considerable age effect on MMSE scores. In contrast to MMSE, sensitivity and specificity of the shorter MMblind version are not reduced.ConclusionsThe considerable age effect requires the adaptation of cut-off values for old age. The blind version of the MMSE seems to be a valid instrument improving the applicability of the MMSE in old age.

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Cerebral aging: neuropsychological, neuroradiological, and neurometabolic correlates

Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience ◽

10.31887/dcns.2001.3.3/sestarkstein ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 3 (3) ◽

pp. 217-228

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Decline ◽

Cognitive Changes ◽

Statistical Manual ◽

Cognitive Domains ◽

Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽

Visuospatial Abilities ◽

Age Related ◽

Brain Metabolic Activity ◽

Declarative Learning ◽

Age Related Cognitive Decline

The aging process is associated with a progressive cognitive decline, but both the extent of this decline and the profile of age-related cognitive changes remain to be clearly established. Currently, cognitive deficits associated with aging may be diagnosed under the categories of age-associated memory impairment, age-associated cognitive impairment, or the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) category of age-related cognitive decline. Age-related decline has been reported for several cognitive domains, such as language (eg, verb naming, verbal fluency), visuospatial abilities (eg, facial discrimination), executive functions (eg, set shifting, problem solving), and memory functions (eg, declarative learning, source memory). There is an age-related decline in brain cortical volume, which primarily involves association cortices and limbic regions. Studies of brain metabolic activity demonstrate an age-related decline in neocortical areas. Activation studies using cognitive tasks demonstrate that older healthy individuals have a different pattern of activation from younger subjects, suggesting thai older subjects may recruit additional brain areas in order to maintain performance.

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Preserved cognition and reduced age-related cognitive decline during treatment with angiotensin II receptor blockers: A 20-year follow-up study

European Psychiatry ◽

10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.02.386 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 41 (S1) ◽

pp. S372-S372 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

D. Wincewicz ◽

T. Tolmunen ◽

A.K. Brem ◽

J. Kauhanen ◽

S. Lehto

Keyword(s):

Angiotensin Ii ◽

Cognitive Decline ◽

Population Based ◽

Angiotensin Ii Receptor ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Age Related ◽

Receptor Blockers ◽

Age Related Cognitive Decline ◽

The Brain

IntroductionModulators of the brain renin-angiotensin system (RAS) have been shown to improve cognitive functioning in several animal models of neuropsychiatric disorders. Moreover, the brain RAS has been considered a new target for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, there are no population-based follow-up studies supporting this hypothesis.ObjectivesCross-sectional and prospective relationships between cognitive decline and ARB treatment were examined in the population-based Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study.AimsTo evaluate procognitive/antidementia capacity of orally delivered angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARB).MethodsThe study was conducted on a sample of 1774 subjects (920 females, 854 males; age range at baseline: 42–61 years) from Eastern Finland. An established cutoff score of at least 2-point decrease in the Mini Mental State Examination over a 9-year follow-up was used to detect age-related cognitive decline in the cross-sectional setting. In the prospective setting, a hospital discharge diagnosis of dementia/AD was used as outcome variable. Cross-sectional relationships were determined with logistic regression and prospective analyses were conducted with the Cox proportional hazards model (both adjusted for relevant background variables).ResultsCross-sectional analysis displayed a decrease of the odds of cognitive decline (n = 87; 4.9% of participants) in those with ARB treatment; OR = 0.445, 95% CI: 0.22–0.90, P = 0.024. Furthermore, in the prospective setting, the risk of dementia/AD diagnosis (n = 149; 8.4% of participants) was significantly reduced in ARB treated participants; HR = 0.621, 95% CI: 0.40–0.98, P = 0.038.ConclusionsARB treatment is associated with a decreased risk for age-related cognitive decline and dementia/AD manifestation.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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Relationship between Serum and Brain Carotenoids,α-Tocopherol, and Retinol Concentrations and Cognitive Performance in the Oldest Old from the Georgia Centenarian Study

Journal of Aging Research ◽

10.1155/2013/951786 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2013 ◽

pp. 1-13 ◽

Cited By ~ 128

Author(s):

Elizabeth J. Johnson ◽

Rohini Vishwanathan ◽

Mary Ann Johnson ◽

Dorothy B. Hausman ◽

Adam Davey ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Decline ◽

Oldest Old ◽

Negative Relationship ◽

Cognitive Domains ◽

Memory Processing ◽

Significant Relationships ◽

Age Related ◽

The Status ◽

Delayed Recognition ◽

Age Related Cognitive Decline

Oxidative stress is involved in age-related cognitive decline. The dietary antioxidants, carotenoids, tocopherols, and vitamin A may play a role in the prevention or delay in cognitive decline. In this study, sera were obtained from 78 octogenarians and 220 centenarians from the Georgia Centenarian Study. Brain tissues were obtained from 47 centenarian decedents. Samples were analyzed for carotenoids,α-tocopherol, and retinol using HPLC. Analyte concentrations were compared with cognitive tests designed to evaluate global cognition, dementia, depression and cognitive domains (memory, processing speed, attention, and executive functioning). Serum lutein, zeaxanthin, andβ-carotene concentrations were most consistently related to better cognition (P<0.05) in the whole population and in the centenarians. Only serum lutein was significantly related to better cognition in the octogenarians. In brain, lutein andβ-carotene were related to cognition with lutein being consistently associated with a range of measures. There were fewer significant relationships forα-tocopherol and a negative relationship between brain retinol concentrations and delayed recognition. These findings suggest that the status of certain carotenoids in the old may reflect their cognitive function. The protective effect may not be related to an antioxidant effect given thatα-tocopherol was less related to cognition than these carotenoids.

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Enriching hippocampal memory function in older adults through video games

10.1101/587006 ◽

2019 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Gregory D. Clemenson ◽

Shauna M. Stark ◽

Samantha M. Rutledge ◽

Craig E.L. Stark

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Video Games ◽

Cognitive Decline ◽

Video Game ◽

Environmental Enrichment ◽

Healthy Aging ◽

Memory Function ◽

Living Environment ◽

Age Related ◽

Age Related Cognitive Decline

AbstractHealthy aging is accompanied by a steady cognitive decline with clear losses in memory. Animal studies have consistently demonstrated that simply modifying an animal’s living environment (known as environmental enrichment) can have a positive influence on age-related cognitive decline in the hippocampus. Previously, we showed that playing immersive 3D video games can improve hippocampal-based memory in young healthy adults, suggesting that the exploration of the large open worlds of modern-day video games may act as proxy for environmental enrichment in humans. Here, we replicated our previous video game study in older adults and showing that playing video games for 4 weeks can improve hippocampal-based memory in a population that is already experiencing age-related decline in this memory. Furthermore, we showed that the improvements last for up to 4 weeks past the intervention, highlighting the potential of video games as intervention for age-related cognitive decline.

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