The Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE): a review

2004 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 275-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony F. Jorm
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Decline ◽  
High Reliability ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Cognitive Testing ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
General Factor ◽  
Cognitive Tests ◽  
Cognitive Screening ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Subject

Background and aims: The IQCODE is widely used as a screening test for dementia, particularly where the subject is unable to undergo direct cognitive testing or for screening in populations with low levels of education and literacy. This review draws together research on the psychometric properties and validity of the IQCODE.Method: A systematic search of the literature was carried out using three databases.Results: The review shows that the questionnaire has high reliability and measures a single general factor of cognitive decline. It validly reflects past cognitive decline, performs at least as well at screening as conventional cognitive screening tests, predicts incident dementia, and correlates with a wide range of cognitive tests. A particular strength is that the IQCODE is relatively unaffected by education and pre-morbid ability or by proficiency in the culture's dominant language. The disadvantage of the IQCODE is that it is affected by informant characteristics such as depression and anxiety in the informant and the quality of the relationship between the informant and the subject.Conclusions: Because the IQCODE provides information complementary to brief cognitive tests, harnessing them together can improve screening accuracy.

scholarly journals The influence of schooling on cognitive screening test in the elderly

2007 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gustavo Christofoletti ◽  
Merlyn Mércia Oliani ◽  
Florindo Stella ◽  
Sebastião Gobbi ◽  
Lílian Teresa Bucken Gobbi
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Decline ◽  
Educational Level ◽  
Screening Test ◽  
Neuropsychological Tests ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Cognitive Status ◽  
Cognitive Screening ◽  
Screening Battery ◽  
Cognitive Screening Test

Abstract Introduction: Tests for screening cognitive functions are gaining importance with the increasing incidence and prevalence of demential syndromes. For our elderly population, the challenge is to develop neuropsychological tests independent from the influence of educational level. Objective: To compare the influence of education on the elderly with or without cognitive decline, on the Brief Cognitive Screening Battery (BCSB). Methods: We studied 176 elderly people: 60 with cognitive decline (aged 73.6±9.3 years and with 5.7±0.7 years of education) and 116 without cognitive impairments (aged 73.4±0.6 years and with 5.6±0.5 years of education). The BCSB was applied in all subjects. The data were submitted to descriptive statistics and analyzed by Independent Student test with 95% confidence intervals. Results: The data showed that the BCSB is an appropriate battery for identifying cognitive status in normal elderly individuals, as well as cognitive decline in our elderly sample. The BCSB items were not significantly influenced by schooling years, making this test favorable for different groups characterized by illiterate individuals, as well as by those with low or high levels of formal education. Conclusion: The BCSB proved to be a useful cognitive screening test for old people with or without cognitive decline independent of their educational level.

scholarly journals Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE) completion on an acute care ward for the elderly: a brief study of informant characteristics

2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (10) ◽  
pp. 1700-1701 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Bloomfield ◽  
N. John
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Cognitive Decline ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Confusion Assessment Method ◽  
Assessment Method ◽  
Cognitive Screening ◽  
Screening Algorithm ◽  
Drawing Task ◽  
The Uk ◽  
State Examination

Over recent years in the UK, emphasis has been placed on appropriate diagnosis and referral of patients with dementia. In guidelines published by the British Geriatrics Society (BGS) and Faculty of Old Age Psychiatrists consensus group (Forsyth et al., 2006), a cognitive screening algorithm was developed, which consists of initial screening for cognitive impairment with the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and CLOX1 (an executive clock drawing task). If the scores meet cut-off points indicated in the algorithm (MMSE <24 or CLOX1 <11), further assessments with the Confusion Assessment Method (CAM) and the Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE) are applied with the aim to differentiate between delirium (CAM positive, IQCODE negative), delirium and chronic impairment (CAM positive, IQCODE positive), or chronic cognitive impairment (CAM negative, IQCODE positive).

The Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE): socio-demographic correlates, reliability, validity and some norms

1989 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 1015-1022 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. F. Jorm ◽  
P. A. Jacomb
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Cognitive Decline ◽  
Population Sample ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
General Factor ◽  
General Population Sample ◽  
Internal Reliability ◽  
Demographic Correlates ◽  
One Year ◽  
Test Retest Reliability

SYNOPSISThe IQCODE is a questionnaire which asks an informant about changes in an elderly person's everyday cognitive function. The questionnaire aims to assess cognitive decline independent of pre-morbid ability. In the present study, the IQCODE was administered to a sample of 613 informants from the general population. In addition, the questionnaire was administered to informants of 309 dementing subjects who had filled it out one year previously. A principal components analysis, using the general population sample, confirmed that the IQCODE measures a general factor of cognitive decline. The questionnaire was found to have high internal reliability in the general population sample (alpha = 0·95) and reasonably high test-retest reliability over one year in the dementing sample (r = 0·75). The total IQCODE score, as well as each of the 26-items, was found to discriminate well between the general population and dementing samples. The correlation with education was quite small (r = – 0·13), indicating that contamination by premorbid ability is not a problem.

scholarly journals High Chili Intake and Cognitive Function among 4582 Adults: An Open Cohort Study over 15 Years

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zumin Shi ◽  
Tahra El-Obeid ◽  
Malcolm Riley ◽  
Ming Li ◽  
Amanda Page ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Cognitive Decline ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Cognitive Screening ◽  
Food Record ◽  
Chinese Adults ◽  
Nutrition Survey ◽  
Memory Decline ◽  
Health And Nutrition

We aimed to examine the association between chili intake and cognitive function in Chinese adults. This is a longitudinal study of 4852 adults (age 63.4 ± 7.7) attending the China Health and Nutrition Survey during 1991 and 2006. Cognitive function was assessed in 1997, 2000, 2004 and 2006. In total, 3302 completed cognitive screening tests in at least two surveys. Chili intake was assessed by a 3-day food record during home visits in each survey between 1991 and 2006. Multivariable mixed linear regression and logistic regression were used. Chili intake was inversely related to cognitive function. In fully adjusted models, including sociodemographic and lifestyle factors, compared with non-consumers, those whose cumulative average chili intake above 50 g/day had the regression coefficients (and 95% CI) for global cognitive function of −1.13 (−1.71–0.54). Compared with non-consumers, those with chili consumption above 50 g/day had the odds ratio (and 95% CI) of 2.12(1.63–2.77), 1.56(1.23–1.97) for self-reported poor memory and self-reported memory decline, respectively. The positive association between chili intake and cognitive decline was stronger among those with low BMI than those with high BMI. The longitudinal data indicate that higher chili intake is positively associated with cognitive decline in Chinese adults in both genders.

scholarly journals A comparative study on the validations of three cognitive screening tests in identifying subtle cognitive decline

BMC Neurology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Feng-Feng Pan ◽  
Lin Huang ◽  
Ke-liang Chen ◽  
Qian-hua Zhao ◽  
Qi-hao Guo
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Cognitive Decline ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Cognitive Screening

Abstract 19350: The Decline of the Montreal Cognitive Test Can Detect Post-stroke Cognitive Decline Determined by a Formal Neuropsychological Evaluation

Circulation ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 132 (suppl_3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenny Xu ◽  
Catherine Dong ◽  
Christopher Chen
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Cognitive Decline ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Cognitive Test ◽  
Cognitive Screening ◽  
Post Stroke ◽  
Diagnostic Status ◽  
Cerebrovascular Events ◽  
Moderate Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Ischemic Attack

Objective: We aimed to establish the association of decline in cognitive screening tests scores, the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), with the decline in neuropsychological diagnostic status from 3-6 months to a year later. Method: Patients with ischemic stroke/ Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) received the MoCA and MMSE within 14 days after stroke, then 3-6 months and 1 year later. The decline in MoCA and MMSE scores were defined by reduction of 2 points or more in total scores, while stable/improved MoCA scores referred to reduction of MoCA scores less than 2 or improved scores. The decline in neuropsychological diagnostic status was defined by category transition from no cognitive impairment to any cognitive impairment (≥1 domain), from mild cognitive impairment (impairment in 1-2 domains) to moderate cognitive impairment (impairment >2 domains) and dementia (i.e., functional loss associated with cognitive impairment, DSM-IV criteria), as well as from moderate cognitive impairment to dementia. Results: At baseline, most patients were Chinese (70.3%) and males (69.8%) with age of 59.8 ± 11.6 years and education of 7.7 ± 4.3 years. 327 out of 400 stroke/TIA patients completed neuropsychological assessments at 3-6 months and 275 completed at 1 year after their index cerebrovascular events. Of these, 31 (11.3%) had decline in neuropsychological diagnostic status. Logistic regression was used to model the association between probability of decline in neuropsychological diagnostic status and the decline in MMSE or MoCA scores. There were not significant associations between the decline of neuropsychological diagnostic status and the decline in MMSE scores. Controlling baseline MoCA scores and the change scores of MoCA from baseline to 3-6 months, patients with decline in MoCA scores (reduction of 2 points or more) were associated with higher risks of decline in neuropsychological diagnostic status, relative to those with stable/ improved MoCA scores (odd ratio=3.21, p=0.004). Conclusion: The decline in MoCA scores are associated with a higher risks for decline in neuropsychological diagnostic status from 3-6 months to 1 year, therefore may be used to detect post-stroke cognitive decline.

scholarly journals Performance of the 16-Item Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline for the Elderly (IQCODE) in an Arabic-Speaking Older Population

2015 ◽  
Vol 40 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 276-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thien Kieu Thi Phung ◽  
Monique Chaaya ◽  
Khalil Asmar ◽  
Samir Atweh ◽  
Husam Ghusn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Decline ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Characteristic Curve ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Cognitive Status ◽  
Cognitive Testing ◽  
Cutoff Point ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
Dsm Iv ◽  
Arabic Speaking

Background/Aim: The North African and Middle Eastern region has high illiteracy rates among older people, making direct cognitive testing challenging. Validated screening instruments for dementia in Arabic are lacking. We aimed to validate the Arabic version of the 16-item Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline for the Elderly (A-IQCODE 16) for screening for dementia through an informant. Methods: 236 Lebanese participants older than 65 years, 143 with normal cognition and 93 with mild-to-moderate dementia according to the DSM-IV criteria, and their informants were recruited. Half of the participants had no formal education. Interviewers blinded to the cognitive status of the participants administered the A-IQCODE 16 to the informants. The ability of the A-IQCODE 16 to screen for dementia was evaluated against the DSM-IV diagnoses. Results: The A-IQCODE 16 had excellent overall predictive power (area under the receiver operator characteristic curve = 0.96). A cutoff point of >3.34 yielded the best sensitivity (92.5%) and specificity (94.4%) for dementia screening. At this cutoff point, the discriminatory ability of the A-IQCODE 16 was comparable between participants with and those without formal education. Conclusion: The A-IQCODE 16 is not biased by education and is therefore useful as a brief screening tool for dementia among Arabic-speaking older adults with low education.

scholarly journals Combining cognitive screening tests for the evaluation of mild cognitive impairment in the elderly

Clinics ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 64 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodolfo B. Ladeira ◽  
Breno S. Diniz ◽  
Paula V. Nunes ◽  
Orestes V. Forlenza
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Mild Cognitive Impairment ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Cognitive Screening

scholarly journals Norms and equivalences for MoCA-30, MoCA-22, and MMSE in the oldest-old

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zarui A. Melikyan ◽  
Michael Malek-Ahmadi ◽  
Kathleen O’Connor ◽  
Alireza Atri ◽  
Claudia H. Kawas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Aging ◽  
Oldest Old ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Cognitive Tests ◽  
Cognitive Screening ◽  
Maximum Score ◽  
Cognitive Domains ◽  
Linear Smoothing ◽  
Log Linear ◽  
State Examination

Abstract Background Cognitive screening is important for the oldest-old (age 90 +). This age group is the fastest growing and has the highest risk of dementia. However, norms and score equivalence for screening tests are lacking for this group. Aims To provide norms and score equivalence for commonly used cognitive screening tests for the oldest-old. Methods Data on 157 participants of the Center for Healthy Aging Longevity Study aged 90 + were analyzed. First, we derived norms for (1) subtests and cognitive domains of the in-person Montreal Cognitive Assessment having a maximum score of 30 (MoCA-30) and (2) the total MoCA-22 score, obtained from the in-person MoCA-30 by summing the subtests that do not require visual input to a maximum score of 22. These norms were derived from 124 participants with a Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) ≥ 27. Second, we derived score equivalences for MMSE to MoCA-30 and MoCA-22, and MoCA-30 to MoCA-22 using equipercentile equating method with log-linear smoothing, based on all 157 participants. Results MoCA-22 total score norms are: mean = 18.3(standard deviation = 2.2). An MMSE score of 27 is equivalent to a MoCA-30 score of 22 and a MoCA-22 score of 16. Discussion and conclusions Subtest, domain and MoCA-22 norms will aid in evaluation of the oldest-old who cannot complete the MoCA-30 or are tested over the phone. The equivalences of the three cognitive tests (MMSE, MoCA-30, MoCA-22) in the oldest-old will facilitate continuity of cognitive tracking of individuals tested with different tests over time and comparison of the studies that use different cognitive tests.

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