scholarly journals Norms and equivalences for MoCA-30, MoCA-22, and MMSE in the oldest-old

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zarui A. Melikyan ◽  
Michael Malek-Ahmadi ◽  
Kathleen O’Connor ◽  
Alireza Atri ◽  
Claudia H. Kawas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Aging ◽  
Oldest Old ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Cognitive Tests ◽  
Cognitive Screening ◽  
Maximum Score ◽  
Cognitive Domains ◽  
Linear Smoothing ◽  
Log Linear ◽  
State Examination

Abstract Background Cognitive screening is important for the oldest-old (age 90 +). This age group is the fastest growing and has the highest risk of dementia. However, norms and score equivalence for screening tests are lacking for this group. Aims To provide norms and score equivalence for commonly used cognitive screening tests for the oldest-old. Methods Data on 157 participants of the Center for Healthy Aging Longevity Study aged 90 + were analyzed. First, we derived norms for (1) subtests and cognitive domains of the in-person Montreal Cognitive Assessment having a maximum score of 30 (MoCA-30) and (2) the total MoCA-22 score, obtained from the in-person MoCA-30 by summing the subtests that do not require visual input to a maximum score of 22. These norms were derived from 124 participants with a Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) ≥ 27. Second, we derived score equivalences for MMSE to MoCA-30 and MoCA-22, and MoCA-30 to MoCA-22 using equipercentile equating method with log-linear smoothing, based on all 157 participants. Results MoCA-22 total score norms are: mean = 18.3(standard deviation = 2.2). An MMSE score of 27 is equivalent to a MoCA-30 score of 22 and a MoCA-22 score of 16. Discussion and conclusions Subtest, domain and MoCA-22 norms will aid in evaluation of the oldest-old who cannot complete the MoCA-30 or are tested over the phone. The equivalences of the three cognitive tests (MMSE, MoCA-30, MoCA-22) in the oldest-old will facilitate continuity of cognitive tracking of individuals tested with different tests over time and comparison of the studies that use different cognitive tests.

scholarly journals Converting from the Montreal Cognitive Assessment to the Mini-Mental State Examination-2

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. e0254055
Author(s):  
Hwabeen Yang ◽  
Daehyuk Yim ◽  
Moon Ho Park
Keyword(s):  
Mental State ◽  
Cognitive Assessment ◽  
Mini Mental State Examination ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Montreal Cognitive Assessment ◽  
Cognitive Screening ◽  
Conversion Table ◽  
Linear Smoothing ◽  
Log Linear ◽  
State Examination

Objective The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and Mini-Mental State Examination-2 (MMSE-2) are useful psychometric tests for cognitive screening. Many clinicians want to predict the MMSE-2 score based on the MoCA score. To facilitate the transition from the MoCA to the MMSE-2, this study developed a conversion method. Methods This study retrospectively examined the relationship between the MoCA and MMSE-2. Overall, 303 participants were evaluated. We produced a conversion table using the equipercentile equating method with log-linear smoothing. Then, we evaluated the reliability and accuracy of this algorithm to convert the MoCA to the MMSE-2. Results MoCA scores were converted to MMSE-2 scores according to a conversion table that achieved a reliability of 0.961 (intraclass correlation). The accuracy of this algorithm was 84.5% within 3 points difference from the raw score. Conclusions This study reports a reliable and easy conversion algorithm for transforming MoCA scores into converted MMSE-2 scores. This method will greatly enhance the utility of existing cognitive data in clinical and research settings.

scholarly journals Applicability of the Test of Variables of Attention – T.O.V.A in Brazilian adults

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 394-401 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cláudia M. Memória ◽  
Henrique C.S. Muela ◽  
Natália C. Moraes ◽  
Valéria A. Costa-Hong ◽  
Michel F. Machado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Performance Test ◽  
Digit Span ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Trail Making Test ◽  
Digit Symbol ◽  
Cognitive Screening ◽  
Or Education ◽  
Attentional Processes ◽  
Trail Making ◽  
State Examination

ABSTRACT The functioning of attention is complex, a primordial function in several cognitive processes and of great interest to neuropsychology. The Test of Variables of Attention (T.O.V.A) is a continuous computerized performance test that evaluates some attention components such as response time to a stimulus and errors due to inattention and impulsivity. Objective: 1) To evaluate the applicability of T.O.V.A in Brazilian adults; 2) To analyze the differences in performance between genders, age ranges, and levels of education; 3) To examine the association between T.O.V.A variables and other attention and cognitive screening tests. Methods: The T.O.V.A was applied to 63 healthy adults (24 to 78 years of age) who also underwent the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Digit Span and Digit Symbol (Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Adults – WAIS-III) and the Trail Making Test. Results: the T.O.V.A was little influenced by age or education, but was influenced by gender. The correlations between some T.O.V.A variables and the Digit Symbol and Trail Making test were weak (r-values between 0.2 and 0.4), but significant (p<0.05). There was no correlation with the Digit Span test. Conclusion: The T.O.V.A showed good applicability and proved adequate for evaluating attentional processes in adults.

The Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE): a review

2004 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 275-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony F. Jorm
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Decline ◽  
High Reliability ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Cognitive Testing ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
General Factor ◽  
Cognitive Tests ◽  
Cognitive Screening ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Subject

Background and aims: The IQCODE is widely used as a screening test for dementia, particularly where the subject is unable to undergo direct cognitive testing or for screening in populations with low levels of education and literacy. This review draws together research on the psychometric properties and validity of the IQCODE.Method: A systematic search of the literature was carried out using three databases.Results: The review shows that the questionnaire has high reliability and measures a single general factor of cognitive decline. It validly reflects past cognitive decline, performs at least as well at screening as conventional cognitive screening tests, predicts incident dementia, and correlates with a wide range of cognitive tests. A particular strength is that the IQCODE is relatively unaffected by education and pre-morbid ability or by proficiency in the culture's dominant language. The disadvantage of the IQCODE is that it is affected by informant characteristics such as depression and anxiety in the informant and the quality of the relationship between the informant and the subject.Conclusions: Because the IQCODE provides information complementary to brief cognitive tests, harnessing them together can improve screening accuracy.

Relationship between dual task walking, cognition, and depression in oldest old people

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliana Hotta Ansai ◽  
Thais Rabiatti Aurichio ◽  
José Rubens Rebelatto
Keyword(s):  
Dual Task ◽  
Cognitive Task ◽  
Oldest Old ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Cognitive Tests ◽  
Cognitive Screening ◽  
Old People ◽  
Timed Up And Go ◽  
Cross Sectional

ABSTRACTBackground:The purpose of the study was to investigate the relationship between dual task walking, cognition, and depression in oldest old people living in the community.Methods:We conducted an observational cross-sectional study at Federal University of São Carlos (Brazil). We assessed 67 community-dwelling older adults aged 80 years and over, who were able to walk alone and did not present with a risk of dementia (assessed by Mini-Mental State Examination, MMSE). The assessment consisted of anamnesis, dual task using the Timed Up and Go test associated with a motor task (TUGT-motor) and a cognitive task (TUGT-cognitive); cognitive measures using MMSE, Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Clock Drawing test (CDT) and verbal fluency, and depressive measures by the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS).Results:There was a correlation with higher magnitude between cognitive tests and TUGT-cognitive, compared to TUGT-motor. For TUGT-motor, the highest correlations with cognitive tests were found between time and MMSE, MoCA (total score), and MoCA visuospatial/executive domain. For TUGT-cognitive, the highest correlations with cognitive tests were between number of steps and MMSE and between time and MMSE. GDS showed a significant weak correlation with number of steps taken in TUGT-motor, wrong words, and correct/time of TUGT-cognitive.Conclusions:Dual task performances are associated with cognition in oldest old. Furthermore, dual task tests have less influence of educational level, are functional, fast, and easily applicable in clinical practice. Future studies are needed to confirm if dual task test is useful for cognitive screening in oldest old.

scholarly journals Comparison of Approaches for Equating Different Versions of the Mini-Mental State Examination Administered in 22 Studies

2019 ◽  
Vol 188 (12) ◽  
pp. 2202-2212
Author(s):  
Alden L Gross ◽  
Alexandra M Kueider-Paisley ◽  
Campbell Sullivan ◽  
David Schretlen ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mental State ◽  
Mini Mental State Examination ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Cognitive Screening ◽  
Equipercentile Equating ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Item Level ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
State Examination

Abstract The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) is one of the most widely used cognitive screening tests in the world. However, its administration and content differs by country and region, precluding direct comparison of scores across different versions. Our objective was to compare 2 methods of deriving comparable scores across versions of the MMSE. Between 1981 and 2012, investigators in the International Neuropsychological Normative Database Initiative collected MMSE scores on 122,512 persons from 47 studies conducted in 35 countries. We used MMSE data from 80,559 adults aged 41–99 years from 22 studies that provided item-level response data. We first equated 14-point, 15-point, 18-point, 19-point, and 23-point versions of the MMSE to the original 30-point version using coarse equipercentile equating methods that preserved differences across continents, age groups, and durations (years) of education. We then derived more precise item response theory–based scores using item-level responses to MMSE component items. We compared the 2 score-equating approaches using correlation and Bland-Altman plots. Both test-equating approaches were highly correlated with each other (r = 0.73) and with raw MMSE point totals. Bland-Altman plots revealed minimal evidence of systematic differences between the approaches. Our findings support the use of equipercentile equating when item-level data are unavailable to facilitate development of international test norms.

P3-256: The impact of literacy skills on two brief cognitive screening tests: The mini-mental state examination and the brief cognitive battery unbiased by education (BCB-Edu)

2012 ◽  
Vol 8 (4S_Part_15) ◽  
pp. P549-P549
Author(s):  
Maria Teresa Carthery-Goulart ◽  
Maira Oliveira ◽  
Mirna Senaha ◽  
Sonia Brucki ◽  
Lessa Mansur Leticia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental State ◽  
Mini Mental State Examination ◽  
Literacy Skills ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Cognitive Screening ◽  
The Impact ◽  
State Examination

Methods for Transition Toward Computer Assisted Cognitive Examination

2015 ◽  
Vol 54 (03) ◽  
pp. 256-261
Author(s):  
S. Valenzi ◽  
Z. R. Struzik ◽  
A. Cichocki ◽  
P. Jurica
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Open Source ◽  
Modern Technology ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Clinical Settings ◽  
Cognitive Tests ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
The Common ◽  
State Examination

SummaryIntroduction: We present a software framework which enables the extension of current methods for the assessment of cognitive fitness using recent technological advances.Background: Screening for cognitive impairment is becoming more important as the world’s population grows older. Current methods could be enhanced by use of computers. Introduction of new methods to clinics requires basic tools for collection and communication of collected data.Objectives: To develop tools that, with minimal interference, offer new opportunities for the enhancement of the current interview based cognitive examinations.Methods: We suggest methods and discuss process by which established cognitive tests can be adapted for data collection through digitization by pen enabled tablets. We discuss a number of methods for evaluation of collected data, which promise to increase the resolution and objectivity of the common scoring strategy based on visual inspection. By involving computers in the roles of both instructing and scoring, we aim to increase the precision and reproducibility of cognitive examination.Results: The tools provided in Python framework CogExTools available at http://bsp.brain.riken.jp/cogextools/ enable the design, application and evaluation of screening tests for assessment of cognitive impairment. The toolbox is a research platform; it represents a foundation for further collaborative development by the wider research community and enthusiasts. It is free to download and use, and open-source.Conclusion: We introduce a set of open-source tools that facilitate the design and development of new cognitive tests for modern technology. We provide these tools in order to enable the adaptation of technology for cognitive examination in clinical settings. The tools provide the first step in a possible transition toward standardized mental state examination using computers.

scholarly journals Effect of Reduced Audibility on Mini-Mental State Examination Scores

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (10) ◽  
pp. 845-855
Author(s):  
Laura Gaeta ◽  
Jo Azzarello ◽  
Jonathan Baldwin ◽  
Carrie A. Ciro ◽  
Mary A. Hudson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Normal Hearing ◽  
Cognitive Status ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Cognitive Screening ◽  
Matched Case ◽  
State Examination

AbstractThe interaction of audition and cognition has been of interest to researchers and clinicians, especially as the prevalence of hearing loss and cognitive decline increases with advancing age. Cognitive screening tests are commonly used to assess cognitive status in individuals reporting changes in memory or function or to monitor cognitive status over time. These assessments are administered verbally, so performance may be adversely affected by hearing loss. Previous research on the impact of reduced audibility on cognitive screening test scores has been limited to older adults with sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) or young adults with normal hearing and simulated audibility loss. No comparisons have been conducted to determine whether age-related SNHL and its impact on cognitive screening tests is successfully modeled by audibility reduction.The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of reduced audibility on the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), a common bedside cognitive screening instrument, by comparing performance of cognitively normal older adults with SNHL and young adults with normal hearing.A 1:1 gender-matched case–control design was used for this study.Thirty older adults (60–80 years old) with mild to moderately severe SNHL (cases) and 30 young adults (18–35 years old) with normal hearing (controls) served as participants for this study. Participants in both groups were selected for inclusion if their cognitive status was within normal limits on the Montreal Cognitive Assessment.Case participants were administered a recorded version of the MMSE in background noise at a signal-to-noise ratio of +25-dB SNR. Control participants were administered a digitally filtered version of the MMSE that reflected the loss of audibility (i.e., threshold elevation) of the matched case participant at a signal-to-noise ratio of +25-dB SNR. Performance on the MMSE was scored using standard criteria.Between-group analyses revealed no significant difference in the MMSE score. However, within-group analyses showed that education was a significant effect modifier for the case participants.Reduced audibility has a negative effect on MMSE score in cognitively intact participants, which contributes to and confirms the findings of earlier studies. The findings suggest that observed reductions in score on the MMSE were primarily due to loss of audibility of the test item. The negative effects of audibility loss may be greater in individuals who have lower levels of educational attainment. Higher levels of educational attainment may offset decreased performance on the MMSE because of reduced audibility. Failure to consider audibility and optimize communication when administering these assessments can lead to invalid results (e.g., false positives or missed information), misdiagnosis, and inappropriate recommendations for medication or intervention.

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