Must Historians of Economics Apologize Presidential Address History of Economics Society May, 1984

1985 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 9-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
John K. Whitaker
Keyword(s):  
Adam Smith ◽  
Presidential Address ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Philosophical Tradition ◽  
General Nature ◽  
Ethical Behaviour ◽  
Wealth Of Nations ◽  
High Level

The body of enquiry known as economics grew out of the practical needs of economic life and statesmanship, and also out of philosophical speculation on the nature of man and society. Adam Smith reflects both aspects, but I would locate him predominantly in the philosophical wing. When he switched from considering the theory of moral sentiments to dealing with the causes of the wealth of nations, I don't believe that he saw himself as engaging in a fundamentally different mode of enquiry. He was, of course, concerned with practical questions--of ethical behaviour in the one case and of economic policy in the other--but discussion of both was from a broad philosophic viewpoint. Ricardo, on the other hand, seems to me to exemplify, and at a high level, someone who falls predominatly in the other wing. Although his thought was abstract, it was much more an attempt to deal pragmatically with important issues of practice than it was an attempt, in the philosophical tradition, to understand the general nature of men's interaction in society. Indeed, utilitarianism by then offered a strictly philosophic rationale for concern with practice (albeit a piggish one in some eyes) which did much to confound and confuse the dual origins of economics. Mill and Sidgwick, among others, maintained the tradition of a close connection between philosophical and economic enquiry, within the framework of a broadened utilitarianism, and the continuing affinity of the two disciplines has been exemplified more recently in the work of writers such as Rawls and Sen, not to mention the recent upsurge in discussion of economic methodology.

scholarly journals Shape-independent object category responses revealed by MEG and fMRI decoding

2016 ◽  
Vol 115 (4) ◽  
pp. 2246-2250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Kaiser ◽  
Damiano C. Azzalini ◽  
Marius V. Peelen
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Response Patterns ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Object Category ◽  
High Level ◽  
Large Clusters

Neuroimaging research has identified category-specific neural response patterns to a limited set of object categories. For example, faces, bodies, and scenes evoke activity patterns in visual cortex that are uniquely traceable in space and time. It is currently debated whether these apparently categorical responses truly reflect selectivity for categories or instead reflect selectivity for category-associated shape properties. In the present study, we used a cross-classification approach on functional MRI (fMRI) and magnetoencephalographic (MEG) data to reveal both category-independent shape responses and shape-independent category responses. Participants viewed human body parts (hands and torsos) and pieces of clothing that were closely shape-matched to the body parts (gloves and shirts). Category-independent shape responses were revealed by training multivariate classifiers on discriminating shape within one category (e.g., hands versus torsos) and testing these classifiers on discriminating shape within the other category (e.g., gloves versus shirts). This analysis revealed significant decoding in large clusters in visual cortex (fMRI) starting from 90 ms after stimulus onset (MEG). Shape-independent category responses were revealed by training classifiers on discriminating object category (bodies and clothes) within one shape (e.g., hands versus gloves) and testing these classifiers on discriminating category within the other shape (e.g., torsos versus shirts). This analysis revealed significant decoding in bilateral occipitotemporal cortex (fMRI) and from 130 to 200 ms after stimulus onset (MEG). Together, these findings provide evidence for concurrent shape and category selectivity in high-level visual cortex, including category-level responses that are not fully explicable by two-dimensional shape properties.

Remembering Economics

2003 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Daniel Hammond
Keyword(s):  
General Theory ◽  
Traffic Accident ◽  
Presidential Address ◽  
Work Memory ◽  
Hard Work ◽  
The Other ◽  
History Of Economics ◽  
History Of ◽  
Wealth Of Nations

I showed a draft of my presidential address to a friend the other day. He read for a few minutes, then looked up at me and said, “Your address will be remembered long after The Wealth of Nations, Ricardo's Principles, and The General Theory are all forgotten, but not until then!”Remembering is what we who read, write, and teach history of economics are about. Historians preserve memory; we collect historical facts, organize them, and store them in conceptual filing systems. Remembering accurately and fully is hard work. Memory is tricky. It is always incomplete. It is well known that different witnesses to an event such as a traffic accident can remember the event quite differently, so that their accounts of what happened seem incompatible with each other. They may even appear not to be reports of the same event.

Adam Smith: egalitarian or anti-egalitarian?

2016 ◽  
Vol 43 (9) ◽  
pp. 888-903 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satoshi Niimura
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
Adam Smith ◽  
Initial Response ◽  
The Other ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Primitive Society ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Wealth Of Nations ◽  
Civilized Society ◽  
Over Time

Purpose There has been controversy about whether Adam Smith is an economic egalitarian because he expresses at least four distinct views on equality, in two of which, he approves of inequality, and in the other two, he claims otherwise. The purpose of this paper is to isolate and consider these four views carefully to understand Smith’s complete position on equality. Design/methodology/approach The paper examines Smith’s apparently contradictory views on equality as his evolving response to Hume and Rousseau’s critiques of inequality. Findings Hume and Rousseau criticize any income inequality that is disproportionate to industry between the rich and poor. Smith’s response to their critiques evolves over time. In his initial response in early writings, he defends inequality in a civilized society by comparing it with a poor primitive society. However, in his later response in The Wealth of Nations, he eventually accepts Hume and Rousseau’s critiques of inequality. According to Smith, an equal and opulent society will evolve. A primitive society is equal but poor. In contrast, an existing civilized society is opulent but unequal. In each society, equality and opulence are incompatible. However, Smith believes that a future civilized society will fully achieve both equality and opulence. Originality/value The paper analyses both historically and theoretically the comprehensive structure of Smith’s egalitarian views.

scholarly journals Injuries Associated with the Practice of Calm Water Kayaking in the Canoeing Modality

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 902
Author(s):  
Manuel Isorna-Folgar ◽  
Raquel Leirós-Rodríguez ◽  
Rubén Paz-Dobarro ◽  
Jose Luis García-Soidán
Keyword(s):  
Knee Injuries ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
The Other ◽  
Shoulder Injuries ◽  
Sport Injuries ◽  
Body Area ◽  
Lower Back ◽  
Calm Water ◽  
High Level ◽  
Stretching Exercises

Knowing the most frequent injuries in canoeists is important, considering the consequences for the athlete’s sports career, health, and labour, social and economic life. Therefore, the aim of this study was to describe the most frequent injuries among high-level canoeists and the intrinsic variables of the sport’s practice (years of practice, number of training sessions per week, and stretching habit) that can influence the appearance of such injuries. An observational, transversal, and retrospective epidemiological study was carried out with 122 canoeists that completed a sport injuries questionnaire (number, body area, type, and severity of injuries). The ratio of injuries per participant was 1.1 injuries/year in men; and 1.5 injuries/year in women. Shoulder injuries were the most frequent, followed by knee injuries (in women) and lower back (in men), and the other segments of the upper limbs. In men, injuries occurred more frequently in the central period of training sessions and in women during the last 15 min of training sessions. Then, there is a common profile of injuries in canoeists: Being a female, having more years of sports practice, and never executing stretching exercises are associated with predisposing factors to injuries.

On the Bicentennial of the other “Inquiry”: Lauderdale's

2007 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Syed Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Adam Smith ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Wealth Of Nations

James Maitland, Lord Lauderdale published his An Inquiry into the Nature and Origin of Public Wealth and into the Means and Causes of its Increase (1804) only twentyeight years after the publication of the “Inquiry”: An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, by Adam Smith. A comparison of the titles strongly suggests some relationship, and indeed even glancing through the first few pages of Lauderdale's book confirms this conjecture. The book takes off as a critique of Smith's, and by-and-large remains so till the end. Many of the elements of his criticism can be seen in the difference in the wording of the titles of the two books. Except for “Nations” all the significant words in Smith's title are included in Lauderdale's, but he adds three more: “Origin,” “Means” and “Public” (which is not a substitute for the omitted “Nation”). As we shall see, in his view, ignoring these led to major deficiencies in Smith's work, and Lauderdale set out to point them out, and if possible, to correct them.

scholarly journals Análisis antropométrico y de somatotipo en jugadores de pádel en función de su nivel de juego (Anthropometric and somatotype analysis between padel players according to their level of play)

Retos ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 285-290
Author(s):  
Diego Muñoz Marín ◽  
Víctor Toro Román ◽  
Francisco Javier Grijota Pérez ◽  
Javier Courel Ibañez ◽  
Alejandro Sánchez Pay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Low Level ◽  
First Category ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Anthropometric Characteristics ◽  
Para Determinar ◽  
High Level

  El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la composición corporal y el somatotipo en jugadores de pádel en función de la categoría de juego. La muestra incluyó a 40 jugadores masculinos de pádel distribuidos en 2 grupos: 20 jugadores de primera categoría (alto nivel, edad: 28.3 ± 8.3 años) y 20 de tercera categoría (bajo nivel, edad: 30.5 ± 7.5 años). Se tomaron medidas de peso, altura, pliegues, diámetros y perímetros para determinar la composición corporal y somatotipo. Los jugadores de bajo nivel (tercera categoría) mostraron un mayor IMC (23.8 ± 2.4 vs 25.7 ± 2.3 kg/m2) y mayores valores de pliegues abdominal y subescapular, en comparación con los de alto nivel (p <.05). Por el contrario, los jugadores de primera categoría presentaron mayor porcentaje muscular y menor porcentaje graso en comparación con los jugadores de tercera categoría, resultando en un somatotipo ectomorfo de los jugadores de alto nivel (p <.05). En conclusión, los jugadores de pádel presentan unas características antropométricas y de somatotipo diferentes según la categoría de juego, con una notable mejor composición corporal en los jugadores de mayor nivel.  Abstract. This study aimed to analyse the body composition and somatotype in padel players according to their playing category. The sample comprised 40 male padel players divided into two groups: 20 players of first category (high level, age: 28.3 ± 8.3 years) and 20 padel player of third category (low level, age: 30.5 ± 7.5 years). Weight, height, skin folds, diameters and perimeters were measured to determine the body composition and somatotype. Low level players showed higher BMI (23.8 ± 2.4 vs 25.7 ± 2.3 kg/m2) and higher abdominal and subscapular skin folds compared to high level players (p < .05). On the other hand, the first category players had higher muscle mass and lower fat percentages than third category players, resulting in an ectomorphic somatotype in high level players (p <.05). In conclusion, padel players present different anthropometric characteristics and somatotype regarding their level of play, with a notably better body composition in players from a higher level.

Economic Justice in The Natural Law Tradition: Thomas Aquinas to Francis Hutcheson

1992 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey T. Young ◽  
Barry Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Natural Law ◽  
Adam Smith ◽  
Economic Justice ◽  
Thomas Aquinas ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
Francis Hutcheson ◽  
Relative Neglect ◽  
Wealth Of Nations

After three or more decades of mainly positivistic readings of the economics of Adam Smith, there was a decided movement following the bicentennial of the publication of the Wealth of Nations to broaden the agenda of Smithian studies. The publication in 1978 of the Report of 1762–63 of Smith's lectures in jurisprudence added impetus to this movement. In particular, historians of ideas began to pay increased attention to Smith's concern with justice in economic life. That attention has evoked renewed interest in certain of Smith's intellectual antecedents who may have played a part in shaping his ideas, but whose influence has remained a matter of relative neglect in modern scholarship.

scholarly journals Attitudes to Credit in Britain, 1680–1790

1990 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 305-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julian Hoppit
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Adam Smith ◽  
The Other ◽  
Economic Order ◽  
The Political ◽  
Scottish Enlightenment ◽  
History Of ◽  
Great Tradition ◽  
Wealth Of Nations ◽  
Vast Range

The history of economic ideas in Britain is dominated by a great tradition which in its early stages focuses on Adam Smith. For the century before the publication of the Wealth of nations in 1776, economic ideas are most often studied in relation to the ‘arrival’ of Smith and commented on with regard to the degree to which they may be considered precursors of his ideas. Though this imposes a sense of order and establishes some principles with which to select from the vast range of economic writings, the dangers of certain whiggishness in this approach are readily apparent. Writers can appear to be winners or losers depending on the extent to which their ideas were denied, adapted or adopted by Smith and the other classical economists.1 Such problems have been acknowledged by many historians, not least by those who have fruitfully examined the political and philosophical bases of the emergence of political economy, particularly with regard to the Scottish enlightenment. Despite this, the force of the great tradition remains very strong. The authors and ideas that are examined are the ‘major’ ones, that is to say contributions that were, or attempted to be, either comprehensive or clearly attached to what, with hindsight, were the main strands of development. The emphasis has been upon theories or systematic explanations of the economic order. Not surprisingly the unsystematic and more casually formulated reflections of non-economists and ‘amateurs’, such as Defoe, are often swept under the carpet, even if their ideas on economic matters were more widely disseminated (and perhaps more influential) at the time. Consequently, our perception of economic ideas between the Restoration and the Wealth of nations continues to be highly and perhaps atypically selective.

High level cereal diets for the growing/finishing pig. IV. A comparison at two slaughter weights (120 and 200 lb) of diets containing high levels of maize, sorghum, wheat and barley

1970 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 539-548 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. L. J. Lawrence
Keyword(s):  
Live Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Large White ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Weight Growth ◽  
Caloric Efficiency ◽  
Shoulder Region ◽  
High Level ◽  
Finisher Diets

Summary:Seventy-two (thirty-six hogs and thirty-six gilts) Large White type weaner pigs were individually and restrictedly fed four diets (as wet mashes) containing high levels (85% in the starter diets and 90% in the finisher diets) of either maize, sorghum, wheat or barley. Thirty-six pigs (nine per treatment) were slaughtered at 120 lb (54 kg approximately) live weight at the end of the period in which the starter diets were fed and the remaining thirty-six at 200 lb (90 kg approximately) live weight at the end of the period in which the finisher diets were fed.In the starter period the growth rates and food conversion efficiencies of the pigs fed the barley- and wheat-based diets were similar but taken together were slightly superior to those of the pigs fed the maize- and sorghum-based diets. Based on determined digestible energy values the caloric efficiency of live-weight growth was significantly better for the barley-based diet than for all other diets. At a slaughter weight of 120 lb the killing out percentage of the pigs fed the maize diet was significantly higher than that of the pigs fed the barley and wheat diets. Iodine numbers of inner and outer backfats were significantly higher in pigs fed maize than in those fed sorghum and wheat and in those fed barley compared with those fed wheat. There were no other differences in carcass measurements or in the percentages of lean, fat and bone dissected from the carcasses. However, the pigs fed barley had (1) significantly smaller middle regions and (2) as percentages of the total tissue within the body, significantly less fat in the middle region but significantly more fat in the shoulder region, than did any of the other pigs.In the finisher period the pigs fed the barley- and wheat-based diets grew significantly faster and converted their food and digestible energy of that food significantly more efficiently than did the pigs fed maize and sorghum. The caloric efficiency of live-weight gain was also significantly greater for the barley-fed pigs compared with those fed wheat. When slaughtered at 200 lb live weight, with the exception of backfat iodine numbers, where identical differences to those recorded at 120 lb were found, there were no significant differences in carcass measurements. On dissection the barley-fed pigs had significantly more lean and significantly less fat in the carcass than did any of the other pigs.

scholarly journals Genetic parameters of body conformation and performance traits of Wielkopolski horses registered in the successive volumes of the Herdbook

2013 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Kaproń ◽  
E. Czerniak ◽  
M. Łukaszewicz ◽  
A. Danielewicz
Keyword(s):  
Performance Test ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Body Conformation ◽  
Performance Traits ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The One ◽  
Structure Indices ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract. The study covered 11 376 horses registered in the six successive volumes of the Wielkopolski Herdbook. The level of variability in the body conformation indices and in the performance value indices was analysed. The genetic basis parameters for the body conformation and performance traits of the Wielkopolski horses were assessed. A high level of heritability was identified for the wither height (h2 = 0.566) and cannon circumference (h2 = 0.418), with an average heritability level of the other analysed characteristics (ranging from h2 = 0.205 – for the stallion performance test results to h2 = 0.350 – in the case of chest circumference). On the other hand, genetic correlation between the analysed indices produced the highest values for the relationship between wither height and cannon (rG = 0.636) and chest (rG = 0.551) circumference, as well as for the interrelation between the above dimensions and the following body structure indices: »boniness« (rG = 0.690) and »bulkiness« (rG = 0.541). Considering the extensive scope of the study – and the fact that the breed population was registered in the Wielkopolski Herdbook – the authors suggested the advisability of using the results of the present study for the modification of breeding programs with a view to improve the breed in question, both its principal population and the one included in the program of gene-pool protection.

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