Conubium cum uxoribus: wives and children in the Roman military diplomas

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 125-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth M. Greene
Keyword(s):  
Family Members ◽  
The State ◽  
Active Service ◽  
Military Community ◽  
Roman Military ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Military

For at least the first two centuries of empire, marriage for most soldiers during their years of active service was legally banned by the state. It is equally clear that the law forbidding iustum matrimonium did not stop some auxiliary soldiers from forming de facto relationships and creating families whilst in service. In some cases, families will have traveled with soldiers who were in service. Whether they dwelt within the forts or in extramural settlements, family members formed an integral part of the military community.

SOCIAL PROTECTION IS A GUARANTEE OF FAMILY UNITY

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 89-96
Author(s):  
Dilbar Karshieva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Protection ◽  
Necessary Conditions ◽  
Family Members ◽  
The State ◽  
The Military ◽  
Family Unity

This article demonstrates the great attention and care paid by the state to the military and their families in our country.Social protection of families of military men consists in creating necessary conditions for family members to develop and demonstrate their abilities in socio-economic, cultural, medical and other spheres.

scholarly journals Corrupción en el ámbito industrial militar. El caso de España y la dimensión internacional

2018 ◽  
pp. 712
Author(s):  
Pere Ortega Grasa
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Military Industry ◽  
Military Commanders ◽  
The Law ◽  
Military Politics ◽  
The Military

Resumen: Los altos precios de los armamentos y el secretismo que rodea las exportaciones de armas, favorecen que este comercio este falto de transparencia, hecho que favorece prácticas corruptas. Los principales beneficiarios de la industria militar y de las ventas de armas es el denominado complejo militar industrial, un entramado donde se dan cita los intereses de los principales accionistas y directivos de las industrias militares, de algunos políticos y de altos mandos militares con el deseo de influir en las decisiones sobre política militar y la adquisición de armamentos de los Estados. España, no está exenta de esta problemática, pues la Ley que regula las exportaciones de armas permite que éstas sean tratadas como materia reservada.Palabras clave: corrupción, complejo militar industrial, exportación de armas, transparencia, militarismo.Abstract: The high prices of armaments and the secrecy that surrounds the exportation of arms encourages a lack of transparency in this industry, given that it favours corrupt practices. The main beneficiary of the military industry and of the sales of arms is the so-called industrial military complex: a framework which brings together the interests of the main shareholders and directors of the industrial military, including some politicians and high military commanders who want to influence the decisions of military politics and of the acquisition of the armaments of the State. Spain is not exempt from this problem, as the Law that regulates the exportation of arms allows it to be treated as a classified matter.Keywords: corruption, industrial military complex, exportation of arms, transparency, militarism.

States, Proxies, and (Remote) Offensive Cyber Operations

2021 ◽  
pp. 542-561
Author(s):  
Tim Maurer
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
The State ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Dynamic Relationship ◽  
Academic Scholarship ◽  
State Actors ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Military ◽  
Global Reach ◽  
At Home

This chapter addresses cyber proxies and offensive cyber operations. The market of cyber force is a complex and dynamic relationship between the state and actors detached from the state that can target a third party beyond a state’s border with unprecedented ease. Only hacking, also known as ‘remote cyber operations’ in the military bureaucracy's vernacular, makes global reach possible at such low cost. Research identifies three main types of proxy relationships between a state and non-state actors: (i) delegation, (ii) orchestration, and (iii) sanctioning. How to manage effectively both proxies and the market for cyber capabilities, both tools and services to the degree they can be separated, is not only of interest for academic scholarship but also for practitioners and policymakers. While a state may face significant challenges in affecting another state’s proxy relationships, it can exercise greater control over its own relationships with cybersecurity companies, hacktivists, and those breaking the law either at home or abroad.

scholarly journals The budget control in the function of the civil and democratic control of the armed forces in the Republic of Serbia

Vojno delo ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 103-120
Author(s):  
Milena Knežević ◽  
Srboljub Nikolić ◽  
Aleksandar Neševski
Keyword(s):  
Internal Control ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
The State ◽  
External Control ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Democratic Control ◽  
Military Expenditures ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Military

One of the important indicators of democratization of each society is the constitutional and legal definition of the role of the military and the possibility of its control. The civil and democratic control of the Serbian Armed Forces primarily includes control of the use and development of the Serbian Armed Forces, internal and external control of the expenditures for the military needs, monitoring and informing the public about the state of preparations of the Armed Forces, providing free access to information of public importance and defining responsibilities for performing the military duties in accordance with the law. The instrument for financing the military expenditures in the Republic of Serbia is the state budget. During the drafting of the Law on Budget, the costs for the military needs are planned for the budget year and the following two years. Having in mind that the Law on Budget is passed by the highest legislative body - the National Assembly, the main principle of the democratic control of the military expenditure planning is provided. However, the budget execution implies the control over the use of the budget funds, whereby the Law on Budget System provides for several levels of control, organized as internal and external control. The internal control of the military expenditures, expressed in the budget of the Republic of Serbia, is carried out by the financial service bodies of the units and institutions of the Serbian Armed Forces, the Accounting Centre of the Budget and Finance Sector of the Ministry of Defence, the Defence Inspectorate, the Military Security Agency, the Criminal Investigation Group and the Internal Audit of the Ministry of Defence. The external control of the budget intended for the military needs is performed by the State Audit Institution and the Budget Inspection. The objective of the control is to determine whether the actions of the Serbian Armed Forces are in accordance with the position stipulated by the Constitution, as well as with the policy that the mentioned representative and executive authorities define in their acts.

scholarly journals Democracy and Rights in Gelman v. Uruguay

AJIL Unbound ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 109 ◽  
pp. 115-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Gargarella
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
The State ◽  
Human Rights Violations ◽  
Military Dictatorship ◽  
Legal Effect ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Military

On 24 February 2011, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACtHR) issued its decision in Gelman v. Uruguay, condemning Uruguay for the forced disappearance of María Claudia García Iruretagoyena de Gelman and the kidnapping of her daughter Macarena Gelman during the military dictatorship. In the decision, the Court ordered Uruguay to remove all obstacles that enabled those responsible for the crimes to go unpunished. Accordingly, it declared that Law 15848 on the Expiry of Punitive Claims of the State (“Expiry Law”), a 1986 amnesty law that prevented the prosecution of people who had committed serious human rights violations during the military dictatorship, was incompatible with the American Convention on Human Rights and the Inter-American Convention on Forced Disappearance of Persons, and therefore lacked legal effect. That the law had been passed democratically and subsequently reaffirmed two times by popular referendums did not change the Court’s evaluation or impede the Court from annulling it.

scholarly journals Organizational culture in police organizations: preliminary analysis of the possibilities of changes

2007 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-92
Author(s):  
Nelson Aparecido Gomes Villaça
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Culture ◽  
Preliminary Analysis ◽  
Information Gathering ◽  
The State ◽  
Democratic Participation ◽  
Quality Systems ◽  
Military Police ◽  
Police Organizations ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Military

This article aims an approach concerning the organizational culture and the identification of the main difficulties faced while adapting the society’s needs and the law obedience by the Military Police, more specifically in the State of São Paulo. The procedures applied were the exploring research, based on the revision of the organizational culture literature and the observation and information gathering in the Military Corporation. The main results showed that the Military Police presents a complex organizational culture, due to the heterogeneity of its component subgroups. Other important fact was the necessity of training the policemen (multipliers), responsible for transmitting the old and new values created by the Corporation Command, as a way of shaping up the organizational culture to the new participants. At last, the Corporation should be open to include new quality systems in the attending procedures, aiming a more effective and democratic participation of the community.

The Plateau Zone West of G St

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon James
Keyword(s):  
Wall Painting ◽  
Roman Period ◽  
Third Century ◽  
City Wall ◽  
Base Area ◽  
The Third ◽  
Military Community ◽  
Roman Military ◽  
The Military ◽  
The Temple

One of the first structures explored at Dura in 1920, this temple (or perhaps better, sanctuary: Buchmann 2016, 116) was subsequently completely excavated but never fully published. Preliminary accounts were written by the excavators (Cumont 1926, 29–41; PR 2, 11–12, 67–9 (Pillet), PR 4, 16–19 (Pillet); Rostovtzeff 1938, 68–75 and pl. VI) and it has been much discussed since (Downey 1988, 105–10 for overview and references; Dirven 1999, 326–49 for the Palmyrene evidence; Leriche et al. 2011, 28). It remained a temple through the Roman period, apparently no part of it other than, presumably, the upper levels of city wall Tower 1 being used for secular military purposes. However, its continued existence in the farthest corner of the military base, and its attested use for worship by the Roman military community, demand discussion here. Indeed one of the very first military discoveries was the Terentius wall painting on the N wall of the temple’s room A, depicting a Roman military sacrifice by cohors XX Palmyrenorum before a triad of its national deities and the Tychai of Dura and Palmyra (Pl. I; Breasted 1922; Cumont 1923; Breasted 1924, 94–101, pl. XXI). Cumont consequently called the sanctuary the ‘Temple of the Palmyrene Gods’ (Cumont 1926, 29). In recent decades it has been more usually known as the ‘Temple of (i.e. Palmyrene) Bêl’, following Rostovtzeff (1938, 51), although in Parthian times it was probably dedicated to Zeus (Welles 1969, 63; Millar 1998, 482; Kaizer 2002, 122). No evidence indicates Palmyrene worship in the Parthian-era temple (Dirven 1999, 327–8). There is no consensus on the name for the sanctuary, so I follow MFSED’s ‘Temple of Bêl’ (Leriche et al. 2011, 28; also now Kaizer 2016b, 37–41). Described as laying in ‘J3/5’ by the Yale expedition, it actually lies N of these blocks in an area MFSED has labelled J9 (Leriche et al. 2011, 28–30). During the third century when the temple lay within the Roman base area, it did become the focus of Palmyrene cults, likely ‘related to Palmyrene soldiers or people associated with them’ (Dirven 1999, 328).

ИЗМЕНЕНИЕ ПАРАДИГМЫ МЕТОДОЛОГИИ ЮРИСПРУДЕНЦИИ

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 32-40
Author(s):  
Ю. М. Оборотов
Keyword(s):  
Legal Theory ◽  
Research Strategy ◽  
The State ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Methodological Question ◽  
Modern Development ◽  
Decisive Importance ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Methodological Approaches ◽  
The Law

В современной методологии юриспруденции происходит переход от изучения состо­яний ее объекта, которыми выступают право и государство, к постижению этого объек­та в его изменениях и превращениях. Две подсистемы методологии юриспруденции, подсистема обращенная к состоянию права и государства; и подсистема обращенная к изменениям права и государства, — получают свое отображение в концептуальной форме, методологических подходах, методах, специфических понятиях. Показательны перемены в содержании методологии юриспруденции, где определяю­щее значение имеют методологические подходы, определяющие стратегию исследова­тельских поисков во взаимосвязи юриспруденции с правом и государством. Среди наи­более характерных подходов антропологический, аксиологический, цивилизационный, синергетический и герменевтический — определяют плюралистичность современной методологии и свидетельствуют о становлении новой парадигмы методологии юриспру­денции.   In modern methodology of jurisprudence there is a transition from the study the states of its object to its comprehension in changes and transformations. Hence the two subsystems of methodology of jurisprudence: subsystem facing the states of the law and the state as well as their components and aspects; and subsystem facing the changes of the law and the state in general and their constituents. These subsystems of methodology of jurisprudence receive its reflection in conceptual form, methodological approaches, methods, specific concepts. Methodology of jurisprudence should not be restricted to the methodology of legal theory. In this regard, it is an important methodological question about subject of jurisprudence. It is proposed to consider the subject of jurisprudence as complex, covering both the law and the state in their specificity, interaction and integrity. Indicative changes in the content methodology of jurisprudence are the usage of decisive importance methodological approaches that govern research strategy searches in conjunction with the law and the state. Among the most characteristic of modern development approaches: anthropological, axiological, civilization, synergistic and hermeneutic. Modern methodology of jurisprudence is pluralistic in nature alleging various approaches to the law and the state. Marked approaches allow the formation of a new paradigm methodology of jurisprudence.

Urgensi Assesment Report Dalam Omnibus Law RUU Cipta Kerja

ADALAH ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Indra Rahmatullah
Keyword(s):  
Academic Research ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
The State ◽  
The Law ◽  
Scientific Arguments

Abstract:A draft law must be able to answer and solve the main problem of the society so that with the existence of the law the community gets legal protection from the state. However, the draft of Cipta Kerja Law makes an endless controversy. In fact, the draft was allegedly containing some problems since its appearance. Therefore, academic research (Assesment Report) is needed so that the rules in the draft have basic scientific arguments that can be justified. Unfortunately, the draft does not conduct an assesment report to know whether the society need the law and urgent.Keywords: Legal Protection, Controversy and Assesment Report Abstrak:Sebuah rancangan undang-undang harus dapat menjawab dan menyentuh pokok permasalahan masyarakat sehingga dengan adanya undang-undang tersebut masyarakat mendapatkan sebuah perlindungan hukum dari negara. Namun, dalam RUU Cipta Kerja ini justru berakibat pada kontroversi yang tiada hentinya. Bahkan, disinyalir RUU ini mengandung kecacatan sejak awal pembentukannya. Oleh karena itu, dibutuhkan penelitian akademis sehingga aturan-aturan yang ada dalam RUU ini mempunyai basis argumentasi ilmiah yang dapat dipertanggungjawabkan yang salah satunya adalah dengan membuat Laporan Kelayakan. Sayangnya RUU ini belum melakukan laporan kelayakan apakah RUU ini dibutuhkan dan penting di masyarakat.Katakunci: Perlindungan Hukum, Kontroversi dan Laporan Kelayakan

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