WICKSELL ON THE AMERICAN CRISIS OF 1907

2011 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
MAURO BOIANOVSKY
Keyword(s):  
Clear Distinction ◽  
Stabilization Policy ◽  
Cumulative Process ◽  
Credit Demand ◽  
First Time ◽  
Adequate Rate

The article discusses Knut Wicksell’s interpretation of the American crisis of 1907, which he presented in a piece published in Swedish in 1908. Wicksell advanced, probably for the first time in the literature, a clear distinction between the “solvency” and “liquidity” of banks, and discussed its implications for the interpretation of crises. Moreover, he called attention to a third desirable attribute of a bank: “flexibility”; that is, the ability to satisfy credit demand at an adequate rate of interest. Wicksell linked that with his better known concept of the cumulative process and the stabilization policy associated with it.

Should and ought: the rise of individually oriented modality in American English

1997 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Myhill
Keyword(s):  
American English ◽  
The Other ◽  
Clear Distinction ◽  
Modal System ◽  
Common Opinion ◽  
Using Data ◽  
First Time

Using data drawn from twenty American plays written since 1889, this paper analyzes the usage of the weak obligation modals should and ought, which previous researchers (e.g. Coates, 1983; Leech, 1987; Palmer, 1987) have regarded as essentially synonymous. It is shown that there is a clear distinction between these words, with should expressing individual opinions and ought emphasizing a common opinion regarding the obligation in question. This use of obligation should does not occur in five plays written between 1889 and 1911, appearing for the first time in this database in a play written in 1926. The development of obligation should parallels other changes in the modal system which have taken place at the same time – as should has increased in frequency, so have the other individually-oriented modals got to and gonna, and as ought has declined in frequency, so have the other group-oriented modals must and will.

Historicizing Iron: Charles Driver and the Abbey Mills Pumping Station (1865-68)

2006 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 223-256
Author(s):  
Paul Dobraszczyk
Keyword(s):  
Cast Iron ◽  
Clear Distinction ◽  
Pumping Station ◽  
New Material ◽  
First Time ◽  
Historical References

Victorian architects and architectural theorists made a clear distinction between ‘building’ and ‘architecture’; for them, a building became architecture when historical references were invoked. The development of new constructive materials, in particular cast iron, directly challenged this perceived distinction. A new material possessed no history; how, therefore, could it be architectural? This paper will address this question by focusing on the treatment of cast iron in a particular building – the Abbey Mills pumping station, of 1865–68 (Fig. 3) – assessing, for the first time, the contribution of its architect Charles Driver (1832-1900). By also referring to Driver’s published writings, this paper will assess how he sought, in this building, to invest cast iron with architectural, and therefore historical, meaning.

New rare bivalved arthropods from the Lower Cambrian Chengjiang fauna, Yunnan, China

1999 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 102-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hou Xian-Guang
Keyword(s):  
New Taxa ◽  
Lower Cambrian ◽  
Clear Distinction ◽  
New Type ◽  
First Time

Five new bivalved arthropods are described from the Lower Cambrian Chengjiang fauna, Yunnan, China. All of them are rare in the fauna, represented by one or two individuals among thousands of specimens. Four of the five new taxa are preserved with soft parts that show a clear distinction between them. The new taxa provide new important information concerning the soft bodied and limb characters of the early bivalved arthropods. A significant lesson is that, not knowing any soft parts, it is virtually impossible to place systematically a new type of bivalved carapace. It is often impossible even to tell if it is a crustacean or not. A second antenna in the shape of a “great appendage” is identified for the first time among the bivalved arthropods. The new taxa include representatives of the order Pectocaridida, the families Pectocarididae, Clypecarididae and Occacarididae, the genera and species Pectocaris spatiosa, Clypecaris pteroidea, Occacaris oviformis, Forfexicaris valida and Yunnanocaris megista.

Organization for European Economic Cooperation

1959 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 484-485 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Economic Cooperation ◽  
Balance Of Payments ◽  
Productive Capacity ◽  
Stabilization Policy ◽  
Short Term ◽  
European Economic ◽  
Agricultural Exports ◽  
Adequate Rate ◽  
Stimulation Of

The tenth annual economic review of the Organization for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC) appeared in February 1959 under the title Policies for Sound Economic Growth. Its major conclusions were as follows: 1) policy must generally be focused on the stimulation of an adequate rate of economic growth; 2) the measures adopted must not lead to a rate of growth of demand which might give rise to inflation and balance-of-payments disequilibrium, and which could not therefore be sustained; 3) in view of the large increase in productive capacity in recent years, there was scope for a greater emphasis on increasing consumption; 4) there was need for a stimulus to revive international trade, if possible through a more economic pattern of trade and use of investment resources; 5) member countries should act in concert and coordinate their national policies; 6) the countries in a stronger economic position had the major responsibility for ensuring a renewal of growth, although those still subject to inflationary pressures must continue to apply restraining measures; 7) special consideration must be given to the difficulties of those countries and regions in Europe which were in the course of development and relied heavily on agricultural exports; 8) there must be a stabilization policy appropriate to a phase of renewed expansion; 9) excessive over-all demand should be avoided, as well as cost inflation; and 10) improvements in short-term economic indicators needed to be promoted.

Learning by Selling and Invention: The Case of the Sewing Machine

1987 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 433-445 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ross Thomson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Technological Change ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sewing Machine ◽  
Cumulative Process ◽  
Technical Learning ◽  
First Time ◽  
Flow Of Information ◽  
Technological Communication

For techniques diffusing as commodities, sales form a critical medium of technological communication which facilitates secondary invention. While sales may also influence the incentives to invent, I argue that the technical learning associated with selling provides a fuller account of invention for the case of the sewing machine in the United States. A study of some 3,500 patents and forty-eight city directories shows that as sales expanded in extent and location, so did patenting by first-time inventors. Moreover, patent use generated a flow of information back to inventors which increased the likelihood and extent of repeat patenting. In these ways, sales sustained technological change as a cumulative process.

scholarly journals Bioacoustics of Isophya Dobrogensis, a Romanian Endemic Bush-Cricket (Orthoptera: Phaneropteridae)

2012 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ionuţ Ştefan Iorgu
Keyword(s):  
Clear Distinction ◽  
Acoustic Behavior ◽  
Acoustic Response ◽  
Male Song ◽  
First Time ◽  
Bush Cricket

Abstract The acoustic behavior of Isophya dobrogensis Kis, one of the 11 endemic Romanian Orthoptera species and one of the most vulnerable Orthoptera species in Europe, is described for the first time. Male song consists of long syllables with clear distinction between the opening hemisyllable and the closing one, comparable in structure with the audible signals of I. costata Brunner von Wattenwyl and I. longicaudata Ramme. Female acoustic response to male is one of the longest and most elaborated known within this genus.

Λόγοϛ e Φιλία em Heraclito. Sentido e Função do Conceito de Φιλία na Filosofia de Heraclito

1999 ◽  
Vol 7 (13) ◽  
pp. 13-42
Author(s):  
António Pedro Mesquita ◽  
Keyword(s):  
History Of Philosophy ◽  
Clear Distinction ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Time ◽  
Direct Attachment

In this article, we aim to offer a new overall interpretation of Heraclitus’ philosophy, through an analysis of his own implicit conception of ‘philosophy’, as it is insinuated in the few but important (and frequently underestimated) fragments where the word philia occurs (B87, B123). In these fragments (as in B54), a clear distinction between reality and appearance is drawn for the first time in the history of philosophy; and, accordingly, philosophy itself is hinted at as a direct ‘attachment’ to reality, beyond the appearances that conceal it. Using this result as a hermeneutic principle, a thorough survey of the most significant fragments is then proposed. The outcome of such a survey is, hopefully, the presentation of Heraclitus’ main doctrines as a coherent whole.

Annulate lamellae in the Sertoli cells of guinea pig testis after unilateral torsion of the spermatic cord

1984 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 196-197
Author(s):  
J. Chakraborty ◽  
A. P. Sinha Hikim ◽  
J. S. Jhunjhunwala
Keyword(s):  
Sertoli Cells ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Spermatic Cord ◽  
Present Report ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Annulate Lamellae ◽  
Spermatogenic Cells ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Structural Details ◽  
First Time

Although the presence of annulate lamellae was noted in many cell types, including the rat spermatogenic cells, this structure was never reported in the Sertoli cells of any rodent species. The present report is based on a part of our project on the effect of torsion of the spermatic cord to the contralateral testis. This paper describes for the first time, the fine structural details of the annulate lamellae in the Sertoli cells of damaged testis from guinea pigs.One side of the spermatic cord of each of six Hartly strain adult guinea pigs was surgically twisted (540°) under pentobarbital anesthesia (1). Four months after induction of torsion, animals were sacrificed, testes were excised and processed for the light and electron microscopic investigations. In the damaged testis, the majority of seminiferous tubule contained a layer of Sertoli cells with occasional spermatogonia (Fig. 1). Nuclei of these Sertoli cells were highly pleomorphic and contained small chromatinic clumps adjacent to the inner aspect of the nuclear envelope (Fig. 2).

Electron spectroscopic imaging and diffraction

1991 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 706-707
Author(s):  
M. Rühle ◽  
J. Mayer ◽  
J.C.H. Spence ◽  
J. Bihr ◽  
W. Probst ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Materials Science ◽  
Electron Spectroscopic Imaging ◽  
Magnetic Filter ◽  
Magnetic Imaging ◽  
Illumination System ◽  
Probe Size ◽  
Diffraction Patterns ◽  
Fritz Haber ◽  
Koehler Illumination ◽  
First Time

A new Zeiss TEM with an imaging Omega filter is a fully digitized, side-entry, 120 kV TEM/STEM instrument for materials science. The machine possesses an Omega magnetic imaging energy filter (see Fig. 1) placed between the third and fourth projector lens. Lanio designed the filter and a prototype was built at the Fritz-Haber-Institut in Berlin, Germany. The imaging magnetic filter allows energy-filtered images or diffraction patterns to be recorded without scanning using efficient area detection. The energy dispersion at the exit slit (Fig. 1) results in ∼ 1.5 μm/eV which allows imaging with energy windows of ≤ 10 eV. The smallest probe size of the microscope is 1.6 nm and the Koehler illumination system is used for the first time in a TEM. Serial recording of EELS spectra with a resolution < 1 eV is possible. The digital control allows X,Y,Z coordinates and tilt settings to be stored and later recalled.

A Novel TEM Technique for Characterizing As-Grown CVD Diamond Films

1991 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 956-957 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z.L. Wang ◽  
J. Bentley ◽  
R.E. Clausing ◽  
L. Heatherly ◽  
L.L. Horton
Keyword(s):  
Diamond Films ◽  
Chemical Vapor ◽  
Growth Direction ◽  
Dark Field ◽  
Growth Surface ◽  
Specimen Preparation ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Diffraction Patterns ◽  
First Time ◽  
Microstructural Studies

Microstructural studies by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of diamond films grown by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) usually involve tedious specimen preparation. This process has been avoided with a technique that is described in this paper. For the first time, thick as-grown diamond films have been examined directly in a conventional TEM without thinning. With this technique, the important microstructures near the growth surface have been characterized. An as-grown diamond film was fractured on a plane containing the growth direction. It took about 5 min to prepare a sample. For TEM examination, the film was tilted about 30-45° (see Fig. 1). Microstructures of the diamond grains on the top edge of the growth face can be characterized directly by transmitted electron bright-field (BF) and dark-field (DF) images and diffraction patterns.

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