How asymmetry in animals starts

2005 ◽  
Vol 13 (S2) ◽  
pp. 105-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
ONUR GÜNTÜRKÜN
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Input ◽  
Avian Brain ◽  
Light Stimulation ◽  
Present Evidence ◽  
Avian Embryos ◽  
Cerebral Asymmetries ◽  
Brain Circuits ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Stimulation Of

This review aims to present a speculation about mechanisms that shape the brains of humans and other animals into an asymmetrical organization. To this end, I will proceed in two steps: first, I want to recapitulate evidence from various experiments that show that some but not all asymmetries of the avian brain result from a prehatch light stimulation asymmetry. This should make it clear that avian embryos have a genetic predisposition to turn their head to the right. This results in a higher level of prehatch light stimulation of their right eye. The concomitant left–right difference in sensory input alters the brain circuits of the animal for the entire lifespan in a lateralized way. In the second part of the paper I will present evidence that some of the asymmetries of the human brain take a similar ontogenetic path as those observed in birds. This review provides the evidence that critical ontogenetic processes discovered in animal models could also be involved in the ontogeny of human cerebral asymmetries.

scholarly journals Modulating the Blood-Brain Barrier by Light Stimulation of Molecular-Targeted Nanoparticles

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoqing Li ◽  
Vamsidhara Vemireddy ◽  
Qi Cai ◽  
Hejian Xiong ◽  
Peiyuan Kang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tight Junction ◽  
Tight Junctions ◽  
Blood Brain Barrier ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Brain Barrier ◽  
Light Stimulation ◽  
Targeted Nanoparticles ◽  
Blood Brain ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Stimulation Of

AbstractThe blood-brain barrier (BBB) tightly regulates the entry of molecules into the brain by tight junctions that seals the paracellular space and receptor-mediated transcytosis. It remains elusive to selectively modulate these mechanisms and to overcome BBB without significant neurotoxicity. Here we report that light stimulation of tight junction-targeted plasmonic nanoparticles selectively opens up the paracellular route to allow diffusion through the compromised tight junction and into the brain parenchyma. The BBB modulation does not impair vascular dynamics and associated neurovascular coupling, or cause significant neural injury. It further allows antibody and adeno-associated virus delivery into local brain regions. This novel method offers the first evidence of selectively modulating BBB tight junctions and opens new avenues for therapeutic interventions in the central nervous system.One Sentence SummaryGentle stimulation of molecular-targeted nanoparticles selectively opens up the paracellular pathway and allows macromolecules and gene therapy vectors into the brain.

scholarly journals SENTUHAN KASIH IBU, UPAYA STIMULASI TUMBUH KEMBANG ANAK DENGAN PIJAT BAYI PADA ANAK USIA 0-3 TAHUN DI DESA SELEBUNG KETANGGA, KECAMATAN KERUAK KABUPATEN LOMBOK TIMUR

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 356
Author(s):  
Catur Esty Pamungkas ◽  
Aulia Amini ◽  
Cyntiya Rahmawati
Keyword(s):  
Community Service ◽  
Motor Development ◽  
Blood Circulation ◽  
Infant Massage ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Good Productivity ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Stimulation Of

ABSTRAKBayi dapat tumbuh dan berkembang dengan baik jika kebutuhan dasarnya terpenuhi, yaitu  asah, asih dan asuh. Kebutuhan asah adalah kebutuhan akan stimulasi dini. Pemberian stimulasi dini yang sesuai akan memungkinkan terbentuknya etika, kepribadian yang baik, kecerdasan, kemandirian, keterampilan dan produktivitas yang baik. Efektifitas pijat bayi memberikan manfaat pada perkembangan motorik sangat baik pada anak usia 8-28 hari dibandingkan dengan anak yang tidak diberikan stimulasi pijat bayi (Rizki, 2017). Melalui pemijatan peredaran darah akan lancar, Salah satu zat penting yang dibawa adalah oksigen. Terpenuhinya oksigen diotak secara cukup membuat konsentrasi dan kesiagaan bayi semakin baik(Sembiring, 2017). Solusi permasalahan yang ditawarkan yaitu “Sentuhan Kasih Ibu” Upaya Stimulasi Tumbuh Kembang anak dengan Pijat Bayi yang dilakukan Pada Anak Usia 0-3 Tahun di Desa Selebung Ketangga di Kecamatan Keruak Kabupaten Lombok Timur. Tujuan pengabdian ini memberikan informasi bagi masyarakat terutama orang tua mengenai manfaat setiap langkah dari pijat bayi. Tim PKMS akan memberikan pelatihan langsung kepada ibu yang akan dipraktikkan oleh narasumber yang berpengalaman, memiliki bidang ilmu yang sesuai dan telah mendapatkan pelatihan pijat bayi sebelumnya, sehingga setiap informasi diberikan oleh orang yang tepat. Setelah diberikan pelatihan pijat bayi tersebut, diharapkan ibu dapat mempraktikan sendiri pijat bayi di rumah.Jumlah responden yang mengikuti kegiatan ini sebanyak 32 balita. Hasil pengadian didapatkan terbanyak responden 12-24 sebanyak 19 balita (59,4%). Hasil pre test didapatkan 23 responden memiliki pengetahuan kurang dan post test sebagian besar pengetahuan cukup sebanyak 18 responden. Hasil follow up kemampuan pijat bayi didapatkan 24 reponden mampu melakukan pijat bayi dengan benar. Kata kunci: stimulasi tumbuh kembang; bayi; pijat bayi. ABSTRACTBabies can grow and develop well if their basic needs, which are teasers, love and foster. The need for sharpening is the need for early stimulation. Providing first inspiration appropriate will enable the formation of ethics, a good personality, intelligence, independence, skills and good productivity. The effectiveness of baby massage provides benefits to motor development is very good in children aged 8-28 days compared with children who do not give stimulation of baby massage (Rizki, 2017). Through massage, the blood circulation will be smooth. One of them the essential substance carried is oxygen. Fulfilment of oxygen in the brain is sufficient to make the baby's concentration and alertness are getting better (Sembiring, 2017). The solution to the problem offered is the "Touch of Mother's Love" Efforts to Stimulate Child Development with Infant Massage which was carried out on children aged 0-3 years in Selebung Ketangga Village in Keruak District East Lombok Regency. The purpose of this service is to provide information for the community, especially parents, regarding the benefits of every step of baby massage. The Stimulus Community Service Team (PKMS) will provide training directly to the mother who will be practised by experienced speakers who have fields science according to the training and baby massage before, so every information given by the right person. After being given the baby massage training, it is hoped that the mother can practicing baby massage at home on their own. The number of respondents who participated in this activity was 32 toddler. The results obtained were the most respondents 12-24 as many as 19 toddlers (59.4%). Pre results test found 23 respondents have less knowledge and most of the post-test sufficient knowledge of 18 respondents. The follow-up results of the infant massage ability were obtained 24 respondents are able to massage the baby properly. Keywords: growth and development stimulation; baby; baby massage.

Music Affects Learning of a Braille-Like Task by Sighted Subjects

1989 ◽  
Vol 69 (3-1) ◽  
pp. 923-929
Author(s):  
Robert F. Kennison ◽  
Richard A. Mcfarland
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Sensory Input ◽  
Index Finger ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Left Index Finger ◽  
Interhemispheric Competition ◽  
Male College ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Male College Students

24 consistently right-handed male college students felt sets of four Braille symbols with either the right or the left index finger and identified by touch alone which two of the four symbols in each set were identical. During the task music was played to either the right ear, the left ear, both ears, or neither ear. Significantly fewer errors were made when the music was in the ear contralateral to whichever hand performed the task. The ipsilateral, binaural, and no-music groups did not differ significantly from each other. It is suggested that monaural music to the ear contralateral to the engaged hand led to reduced interhemispheric competition acting on the hemisphere controlling the hand. Such a facilitating effect may be of practical importance in tasks during which one hemisphere receives the bulk of the task-related sensory input and/or processes the final order from the brain to the task-related muscles.

scholarly journals Edge-centric functional network representations of human cerebral cortex reveal overlapping system-level architecture

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua Faskowitz ◽  
Farnaz Zamani Esfahlani ◽  
Youngheun Jo ◽  
Olaf Sporns ◽  
Richard F. Betzel
Keyword(s):  
Network Model ◽  
Sensory Input ◽  
System Level ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Human Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Functional Connections ◽  
Brain Circuits ◽  
Multiple Scan ◽  
Future Work ◽  
The Brain

Network neuroscience has relied on a node-centric network model in which cells, populations, and regions are linked to one another via anatomical or functional connections. This model cannot account for interactions of edges with one another. Here, we develop an edge-centric network model, which generates the novel constructs of “edge time series” and “edge functional connectivity” (eFC). Using network analysis, we show that at rest eFC is consistent across datasets and reproducible within the same individual over multiple scan sessions. We demonstrate that clustering eFC yields communities of edges that naturally divide the brain into overlapping clusters, with regions in sensorimotor and attentional networks exhibiting the greatest levels of overlap. We go on to show that eFC is systematically and consistently modulated by variation in sensory input. In future work, the edge-centric approach could be used to map the connectional architecture of brain circuits and for the development of brain-based biomarkers of disease and development.

Processing of Sensory Input from the Femoral Chordotonal Organ by Spiking Interneurones of Stick Insects

1989 ◽  
Vol 144 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANSGAR BÜSCHGES
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Sensory Input ◽  
Stick Insect ◽  
Chordotonal Organ ◽  
Carausius Morosus ◽  
Median Part ◽  
Stick Insects ◽  
Position Sensitivity ◽  
The Right ◽  
Stimulation Of

The femoral chordotonal organ (ChO) of the right middle leg of the inactive stick insect Carausius morosus was stimulated by applying movements having a ramp-like time course, while recordings were made from local and interganglionic interneurones in the anterior ventral median part of the ganglion. Position, velocity and acceleration of the movements were varied independently and the interneurones were categorized on the basis of their responses to the changes in these parameters. Position-sensitivity was always accompanied by responses to velocity and/or acceleration. Velocity-sensitive responses were excitatory or inhibitory and were produced by elongation or relaxation, or by both. In some cases, velocity-sensitive neurones were also affected by position and acceleration. Acceleration responses were always excitatory and were often found in neurones that showed no effects of velocity or position. It is inferred that sensory input from different receptors in the ChO is processed by single interneurones. No interneurone in the recording region was found to be directly involved in the resistance reflex of the extensor tibiae motoneurones, elicited by stimulation of the ChO.

An Electrophysiological Study of the Photo-Excitative Neurones of Onchidium Verruculatum in Situ

1972 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 661-671
Author(s):  
NOZOMU HISANO ◽  
HIDEKI TATEDA ◽  
MASUTARO KUWABARA
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Electrophysiological Study ◽  
Spontaneous Discharge ◽  
Light Stimulation ◽  
Direct Response ◽  
Intracellular Stimulation ◽  
The Right ◽  
Animal Preparation ◽  
Stimulation Of

1. The distribution of the axons of the photo-excitative neurones in Onchidium verruculatum has been traced by intracellular stimulation of the soma and extracellular stimulation of the axon. They send axon branches mainly into the pleuroparietal and abdominal nerves in both sides. 2. In the whole-animal preparation, photo-excitative spikes could be recorded from neither the soma nor the nerves of inherently photo-excitative neurones during light stimulation. ‘On’ and ‘off’ spikes were initiated only immediately after the beginning and the cessation of illumination of a whole animal. 3. ‘Off’ spikes originated from dorsal eyes and stalk eyes to which shadow stimuli were applied. Those spikes were not the direct response of photo-excitative neurones to light. 4. The excitation of the inherently photo-excitative neurones in situ was suppressed by inhibitory inputs coming through the right and left pleuro-parietal nerves. Cutting one (or some) of the pleuro-parietal nerves was the only condition that diminished the inhibitory inputs to the photo-excitative neurones in the present work. Adequate electrical stimulation of the pleuro-parietal nerves inhibited spikes of photo-excitative neurones due to photo-excitator or spontaneous discharge.

The Physiological Mechanisms of 2 Hz Electroacupuncture: A Study Using Blink and H Reflex

2002 ◽  
Vol 30 (02n03) ◽  
pp. 369-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ching-Liang Hsieh ◽  
Chin-Hsin Wu ◽  
Jaung-Geng Lin ◽  
Chuang-Chien Chiu ◽  
Mike Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Brain Stem ◽  
Blink Reflex ◽  
H Reflex ◽  
Physiological Mechanisms ◽  
Zusanli Acupoint ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Stimulation Of

Our previous studies have shown that the cerebral cortex modulates the physiological mechanisms of acupuncture. However, the role of the brain stem and spinal cord in acupuncture remains unclear. The present study investigated the action of the brain stem and spinal cord in acupuncture. A total of eight healthy adult volunteers were studied. Electrical stimulation of the supraorbital nerve in the supraorbital foramen was used to evoke the blink reflex. Electrical stimulation of the posterior tibial nerve in the right popliteal fossa was used to evoke the H reflex. Electroacupuncture (EA) of 2 Hz was applied to the Zusanli acupoint in the right or left leg. The area of the R1 and R2 components of the blink reflex, and the greatest H/M ratio and H-M interval of the H reflex were measured before EA, during EA and at various post-EA periods. These data were analyzed quantitatively by a computerized electromyographic examination system. The results indicate that EA did not change the R1 and ipsilateral R2 components of the blink reflex. EA depressed the contralateral R2 component of the blink reflex 10 minutes and 40 minutes after the start of EA, but not after 5 minutes. EA applied to the Zusanli acupoint did not change the H/M ratio or the H-M interval of the H reflex. The results of this study indicate that 2 Hz EA of the Zusanli acupoint does not change the R1 component of the blink reflex, and the H/M ratio and the H-M interval of the H reflex, suggesting that 2 Hz EA does not change the monosynaptic reflex in the brain stem and spinal cord in humans. We also found that EA at 2-Hz depressed the contralateral but not the ipsilateral R2 component of the blink reflex, suggesting that longer pathways, perhaps including the cerebral cortex, may play a role in the physiological mechanisms responsible for the effectiveness of acupuncture.

Differential rewarding effects of electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus and parabrachial complex: Functional characterization and the relevance of opioid systems and dopamine

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (12) ◽  
pp. 1475-1490
Author(s):  
Maria J Simon ◽  
Maria A Zafra ◽  
Amadeo Puerto
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Lateral Hypothalamus ◽  
Functional Characterization ◽  
Neural Systems ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Brain Circuits ◽  
Self Stimulation ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Precise Role ◽  
Stimulation Of

Background: Since the discovery of rewarding intracranial self-stimulation by Olds and Milner, extensive data have been published on the biological basis of reward. Although participation of the mesolimbic dopaminergic system is well documented, its precise role has not been fully elucidated, and some authors have proposed the involvement of other neural systems in processing specific aspects of reinforced behaviour. Aims and methods: We reviewed published data, including our own findings, on the rewarding effects induced by electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus (LH) and of the external lateral parabrachial area (LPBe) – a brainstem region involved in processing the rewarding properties of natural and artificial substances – and compared its functional characteristics as observed in operant and non-operant behavioural procedures. Results: Brain circuits involved in the induction of preferences for stimuli associated with electrical stimulation of the LBPe appear to functionally and neurochemically differ from those activated by electrical stimulation of the LH. Interpretation: We discuss the possible involvement of the LPBe in processing emotional-affective aspects of the brain reward system.

scholarly journals OPTIMALISASI KUALITAS BALITA MELALUI PELATIHAN TENTANG SDIDTK PADA KADER DAN PEMBINA PANTI ASUHAN KASIH

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 68-70
Author(s):  
Eufrasia Prinata Padeng
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Early Detection ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Child Growth ◽  
Care Giver ◽  
Height Measurement ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Stimulation Of

  ABSTRAK Masa depan suatu bangsa tergantung pada keberhasilan anak dalam mencapai pertumbuhan dan perkembangan yang optimal. Stimulasi yang tepat akan merangsang otak balita sehingga perkembangan kemampuan gerak, bicara dan bahasa, sosialisasi dan kemandirian pada balita berlangsung optimal sesuai dengan umur anak. Deteksi dini penyimpangan tumbuh kembang perlu dilakukan untuk dapat mendeteksi secara dini adanya penyimpangan tumbuh kembang balita termasuk menindaklanjuti setiap keluhan orang tua terhadap masalah tumbuh kembang anaknya. Stimulasi deteksi yang dilakukan di Posyandu masih belum lengkap, hanya penimbangan dan pengukuran tinggi badan, sehingga kader belum mampu melakukan deteksi dini secara komprehensif. Kegiatan ini bertujuan untuk memberdayakan kader serta penambahan ilmu tentang tumbuh kembang anak kepada orang tua asuh di Panti Asuhan.  Sasaran pelatihan ini adalah Kader dan pembina panti asuhan. Hasil yang diharapkan adalah para kader dan pembina panti asuhan dapat melakukan Stimulasi Deteksi Dini dan Intervensi Tumbuh Kembang (SDIDTK) pada anak balita lebih khusus pada anak-anak di Panti Asuhan Kasih .     Kata Kunci : Kader, Peyimpangan , Stimulasi Deteksi Dini dan Intervensi Tumbuh Kembang,   THE OPTIMIZATION OF TODDLERS' GROWHT AND DEVELOPMENT  USING EDSGD TRAINING ON KADER AND CARE GIVER OF CHILDREN IN KASIH ORPHANAGE    ABSTRACT   The bright future of a country depends on  its effort to optimalize children growth and development by provided proper ways to stimulate children growht and development. The right stimulation will stimulate the brain and increase motorik, speech and language, social and autonomy of children based of age. There for the early detection to  find out abnormality in children's growth and development is important especially to follow up abnormality that found by parents during child' growth and development. Unfortenetly early detection and stimulation conducted by posyandu as primmary health care for children only focuse on weight and height measurement and  neglect another  important aspect. Kader as social worker in Posyandu didnt provide comperenship  early detection due to the lack of knowledge. The aim of this training is to educate and empower kader  and care giver of Orphanage . The target of this training is  Kader of Posyandu and the cafe ggiver of orphanage. The expected result is that Kader and care giver of orphanages can conduct Early Detection and Stimulation of Growth and Development  (EDSGD) in todler to optimalize their growth and development.   Keywords: Kader, abnormality, Early Detection and Stimulation of Growth and Development,

Precision Mental Health

2021 ◽  
pp. 165-180
Author(s):  
Laura M. Hack ◽  
Leanne M Williams
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Integrative Approach ◽  
Brain Circuits ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Diagnostic Signs ◽  
Primary Focus ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Underlying Pathophysiology

Precision psychiatry is an emerging integrative approach that unifies the scientific foundation of the discipline and recent technological advances, directing them at narrowing the gap between discovery and clinical translation. Although depression in particular exerts a staggering toll, an understanding of which disease processes underlie the heterogeneity of depression as it is experienced by each person is lacking. While many effective treatments are available for depression, finding the right treatment for the right patient at the right time remains largely a matter of trial-and-error. Furthermore, the DSM provides a system for clinicians and researchers to communicate reliably about observed diagnostic signs and symptoms, yet a taxonomy does not exist for diagnosis and for guiding treatment choices that is based in an understanding of underlying pathophysiology. Thus, there is an urgent clinical need for an innovative approach. Functional imaging of large-scale neural circuits is one approach to developing a mechanistic taxonomy. Retrospective studies show that understanding disruptions to brain circuits markedly improves our ability to determine which patients are likely to benefit from which interventions. In this chapter, the authors present a model for precision psychiatry and why it is urgently needed at this time. Their primary focus is on the organ of dysfunction in psychiatry—the brain. They complement this approach with consideration of two blood-based markers, including inflammatory markers and pharmacogenetics. They review emerging findings that form the foundations of precise classification and initial results for precise treatment planning using these tools. They conclude by highlighting necessary steps to accelerate precision psychiatry from vision to reality.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document