Analysis of the superior temporal gyrus as a possible biomarker in schizophrenia using voxel-based morphometry of the brain magnetic resonance imaging: a comprehensive review

CNS Spectrums ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Igor D. Bandeira ◽  
Judah L. Barouh ◽  
Ingrid D. Bandeira ◽  
Lucas Quarantini
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Predictive Biomarkers ◽  
Superior Temporal Gyrus ◽  
First Episode ◽  
Voxel Based Morphometry ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
The Brain

Abstract The lack of predictive biomarkers for therapeutic responses to schizophrenia leads clinical procedures to be decided without taking into account the subjects’ neuroanatomical features, a consideration, which could help in identifying specific pharmacological treatments for the remission of symptoms. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a technique widely used for radiological diagnosis and produces 3-dimensional images in excellent anatomical detail, and with a great capacity to differentiate soft tissue. Various MRI techniques of the human brain have emerged as a result of research, enabling structural tests that may help to in consolidate previous findings and lead to the discovery of new patterns of abnormality in schizophrenia. A literature review was undertaken to assess the superior temporal gyrus (STG) as a possible biomarker in schizophrenia with the use of voxel-based morphometry of the brain using MRI. Many findings in studies of schizophrenia using MRI have been inconclusive and, in some cases, conflicting, although interesting results have been obtained when attempting to correlate neuroimaging changes with aspects of clinical features and prognosis of the disease. The individuals affected by this mental illness appear to have smaller STG volumes when compared to healthy controls and also to subjects with a diagnosis of first-episode affective psychosis or groups of individuals at high risk of psychosis. However, the wide variety of definitions surrounding the STG found in a number of studies is a contributing factor to the lack of correlation between brain abnormalities and clinical symptoms. For instance, disagreements have arisen due to studies using regions of interest to analyze the STG whereas other studies prioritize the analysis of only STG subregions or specific supratemporal plane regions. It is necessary to standardize the nomenclature of the areas to be studied in the future, as this will enable more consistent results, allowing higher clinical and morphological correlations.

scholarly journals Basal ganglia lesions in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis

2012 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 286-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelson James Almeida ◽  
Sonia Maria Dozzi Brucki ◽  
Maria Irma Seixas Duarte ◽  
Carlos Augusto Gonçalves Pasqualucci ◽  
Sérgio Rosemberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis ◽  
Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Progressive Dementia ◽  
Etiological Diagnosis ◽  
Basal Ganglia Involvement ◽  
The Brain

ABSTRACT The parieto-occipital region of the brain is the most frequently and severely affected in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE). The basal ganglia, cerebellum and corpus callosum are less commonly involved. We describe a patient with SSPE confirmed by neuropathology based on brain magnetic resonance imaging showing extensive basal ganglia involvement and no significant involvement of other cortical structures. Though rarely described in SSPE, clinicians should be aware of this involvement. SSPE should be kept in mind when changes in basal ganglia signal are seen on brain magnetic resonance imaging with or without involvement of other regions of the human brain to avoid erroneous etiological diagnosis of other pathologies causing rapidly progressive dementia.

Early ischemic brain lesions after carotid angioplasty and stenting on diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging study

2013 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 13-20
Author(s):  
Nerijus Misonis ◽  
Darius Palionis ◽  
Algirdas Tamošiūnas ◽  
Vaidotas Zabulis ◽  
Kristina Ryliškienė ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Aortic Arch ◽  
Brain Damage ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Diffusion Weighted ◽  
Angioplasty And Stenting ◽  
Carotid Angioplasty And Stenting ◽  
The Brain

Summary Aim: The aim of the paper is to evaluate the appearance of the new early ischemic lesions in the brain after carotid angioplasty and stenting on diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging, and their relationship with clinical and procedural factors. Methods: Carotid artery stenting (CAS) procedures performed by a single interventional cardiologist in years November 2006 to January 2013 were evaluated retrospectively. In total, 227 procedures for 211 patients (mean age 69.8 ± 8.5 years) were performed, from which 171 (75.3%) for male and 56 (24.7%) for female patients. Seventy-two (34.1%) patients had symptomatic stenosis of carotid artery. The following protection systems to avoid the distal microembolism were used during the CAS: (1) Filters: FilterWire EZ (Boston Scientific Corporation); Emboshield NAV (Abbott Vascular); SpideRX (EV3); Defender (Medtronic); FiberNet Filter (Invatec-Medtronic); (2) Occlusion MoMa Baloon System (Invatec-Medtronic). Acute ischemic damages of the brain before and after CAS procedure were diagnosed using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) sequences. Sixty-five (30.8%) patients underwent MRI test. Exact and asymptomatic χ2 criteria were applied for testing the hypothesis of inter-dependency of the symptoms. Results: Forty-six (70.8%) patients had new ischemic foci in the brain on MRI DWI after CAS procedures. Among those patients, focal damage of the brain was diagnosed in 36 (78.3%) cases; linear damage of the brain - in 9 (19.6%) patients; ipsilateral damage of the brain - in 37 (80.4%) patients; bilateral damage of the brain - in 16 (34.8%) patients, 38 (82.6%) patients were diagnosed with forebrain damage; 4 (8.7%) patients were diagnosed with damage of brainstem; 5 (10.9%) patients were diagnosed with cerebellum damage. Clinical symptoms of brain damage were diagnosed only for 2 (4.3%) patients. Focal damage of the brain was significantly less frequent only for aortic arch type 1, if compared with aortic arch type 2 and 3: 64.3%, 93.3% and 100.0%, respectively (p < 0.05). Focal damage of the brain occurred least in patients (28.6%) with Emboshield NAV protection type, if compared to other types of protection (71.4-100.0%). Linear >10mmbrain damage was less frequent when using FilterWire EZ, Emboshield NAV and SpideRX protection type. Ipsilateral ischemic brain damage also occurred less frequent when using Emboshield NAV protection type; bilateral damage occurred less frequent when using FilterWire EZ, Emboshield NAV and SpideRX protection type. Ischemic forebrain damage was also diagnosed less often in patients for whom protection type FilterWire EZ and Emboshield NAV was applied. Conclusions: Most frequent findings by MRI after CAS procedures were focal, ipsilateral and forebrain damage (about 80%), but less than 5% patients had clinical symptoms. In the case of aorta arch type 1 focal ischemic damage of the brain was significantly less frequent, then in aortic arch type 2 and 3. The localization and extent of brain damage was associated with the type of protection systems that have been used.

Headache and Hemiparesis in Middle Age

2021 ◽  
pp. 189-191
Author(s):  
Catalina Sanchez Alvarez ◽  
Kenneth J. Warrington
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Cerebral Artery ◽  
Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Primary Angiitis ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

A 53-year-old man with hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and a remote, cryptogenic, multifocal, posterior circulation ischemic stroke, came to the emergency department with 1 day of vertigo, ataxic gait, nausea, occipital headache, and painless binocular diplopia. Symptoms were present upon awakening on the day of presentation and progressed throughout the day. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate was 10 mm/h and C-reactive protein level was less than 3 mg/L. Cerebrospinal fluid examination indicated mild lymphocytic pleocytosis with 9 cells/µL, protein value of 45 mg/dL, and glucose level within normal limits. Brain magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance angiography with contrast demonstrated a left caudate head infarction and leptomeningeal and perivascular enhancement involving bilateral temporal lobes, basal ganglia, and frontal lobes. Right middle cerebral artery wall enhancement was also noted. Conventional cerebral angiography showed diffuse dilatation and mural irregularity of the right middle cerebral artery M1 segment, as well as dilatation of the first 2 mm of the left anterior cerebral artery A1 segment. These findings were associated with vessel wall gadolinium enhancement on magnetic resonance imaging, which raised concern for vasculitis. The patient was diagnosed with primary angiitis of the central nervous system. The diagnosis was based on the presence of multiple ischemic infarcts, without cardioembolic source, abnormal brain magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance angiography findings consistent with vasculitis, and the absence of systemic vasculitis, infection, and cancer. After diagnosis, the patient was started on intravenous methylprednisolone, followed by oral prednisone and intravenous cyclophosphamide. Because of some new areas of enhancement on magnetic resonance imaging, the patient was subsequently treated with rituximab. Clinical and radiologic remission was achieved, although the patient had permanent residual gait difficulties. Central nervous system vasculitis is an inflammatory process of the blood vessels in the brain, meninges, and spinal cord. It is called primary angiitis of the central nervous system when the process is limited to the brain and, rarely, the spinal cord. In other circumstances, central nervous system vasculitis can be secondary to a systemic inflammatory syndrome or infectious process.

scholarly journals Easy Identification of Optimal Coronal Slice on Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging to Measure Hippocampal Area in Alzheimer’s Disease Patients

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
P. Zach ◽  
A. Bartoš ◽  
A. Lagutina ◽  
Z. Wurst ◽  
P. Gallina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Hippocampal Area ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
The Brain

Introduction. Measurement of an- hippocampal area or volume is useful in clinical practice as a supportive aid for diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease. Since it is time-consuming and not simple, it is not being used very often. We present a simplified protocol for hippocampal atrophy evaluation based on a single optimal slice in Alzheimer’s disease. Methods. We defined a single optimal slice for hippocampal measurement on brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at the plane where the amygdala disappears and only the hippocampus is present. We compared an absolute area and volume of the hippocampus on this optimal slice between 40 patients with Alzheimer disease and 40 age-, education- and gender-mateched elderly controls. Furthermore, we compared these results with those relative to the size of the brain or the skull: the area of the optimal slice normalized to the area of the brain at anterior commissure and the volume of the hippocampus normalized to the total intracranial volume. Results. Hippocampal areas on the single optimal slice and hippocampal volumes on the left and right in the control group were significantly higher than those in the AD group. Normalized hippocampal areas and volumes on the left and right in the control group were significantly higher compared to the AD group. Absolute hippocampal areas and volumes did not significantly differ from corresponding normalized hippocampal areas as well as normalized hippocampal volumes using comparisons of areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves. Conclusion. The hippocampal area on the well-defined optimal slice of brain MRI can reliably substitute a complicated measurement of the hippocampal volume. Surprisingly, brain or skull normalization of these variables does not add any incremental differentiation between Alzheimer disease patients and controls or give better results.

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