Decision Making after Traumatic Brain Injury: A Temporal Discounting Paradigm

2013 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodger Ll. Wood ◽  
Louise McHugh
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Executive Function ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Temporal Discounting ◽  
Monetary Reward ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Neuropsychological Measures ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Impact

AbstractA temporal discounting paradigm was used to examine decision making for hypothetical monetary reward following traumatic brain injury (TBI). A case-control design compared individuals following moderate or severe TBI with a healthy control group matched for age and gender. The impact of intelligence, impulsivity, and mood on temporal discounting performance was examined. A within-subjects design for the TBI group determined the influence of a range of neuropsychological tests on temporal discounting performance. Both patients and controls demonstrated temporal discounting. However, the TBI group discounted more than controls, suggesting that their decision making was more impulsive, consistent with ratings on the impulsiveness questionnaire. Discounting performance was independent of neuropsychological measures of intelligence, memory, and executive function. There was no relationship between temporal discounting and ratings of everyday executive function made by patients' relatives. Low mood did not account for discounting performance. The results of this study suggest that temporal discounting may be a useful neuropsychological paradigm to assess decision making linked to monetary reward following TBI. Performance was relatively independent of intelligence, memory and standard tests of executive ability and may therefore assist when assessing a patient's mental capacity to manage their financial affairs. (JINS, 2013,19, 1–8)

Profiles of Executive Function Across Children with Distinct Brain Disorders: Traumatic Brain Injury, Stroke, and Brain Tumor

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (7) ◽  
pp. 529-538 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel C. Araujo ◽  
Tanya N. Antonini ◽  
Vicki Anderson ◽  
Kathryn A. Vannatta ◽  
Christina G. Salley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Tumor ◽  
Executive Function ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Executive Functions ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Medical Illness ◽  
Brain Disorders ◽  
Brain Disorder ◽  
Orthopedic Injury

AbstractObjectives:This study examined whether children with distinct brain disorders show different profiles of strengths and weaknesses in executive functions, and differ from children without brain disorder.Methods:Participants were children with traumatic brain injury (N=82; 8–13 years of age), arterial ischemic stroke (N=36; 6–16 years of age), and brain tumor (N=74; 9–18 years of age), each with a corresponding matched comparison group consisting of children with orthopedic injury (N=61), asthma (N=15), and classmates without medical illness (N=68), respectively. Shifting, inhibition, and working memory were assessed, respectively, using three Test of Everyday Attention: Children’s Version (TEA-Ch) subtests: Creature Counting, Walk-Don’t-Walk, and Code Transmission. Comparison groups did not differ in TEA-Ch performance and were merged into a single control group. Profile analysis was used to examine group differences in TEA-Ch subtest scaled scores after controlling for maternal education and age.Results:As a whole, children with brain disorder performed more poorly than controls on measures of executive function. Relative to controls, the three brain injury groups showed significantly different profiles of executive functions. Importantly, post hoc tests revealed that performance on TEA-Ch subtests differed among the brain disorder groups.Conclusions:Results suggest that different childhood brain disorders result in distinct patterns of executive function deficits that differ from children without brain disorder. Implications for clinical practice and future research are discussed. (JINS, 2017,23, 529–538)

scholarly journals Decision making after pediatric traumatic brain injury: trajectory of recovery and relationship to age and gender

2011 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 225-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam T. Schmidt ◽  
Gerri R. Hanten ◽  
Xiaoqi Li ◽  
Ana C. Vasquez ◽  
Elisabeth A. Wilde ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
And Gender

scholarly journals The Impact of Traumatic Brain Injury on Neurocognitive Outcomes in Children: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2021 ◽  
pp. jnnp-2020-325066
Author(s):  
Mark Sen Liang Goh ◽  
Dawn Shu Hui Looi ◽  
Jia Ling Goh ◽  
Rehena Sultana ◽  
Sharon Si Min Goh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Executive Function ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Cochrane Central Register ◽  
Neurocognitive Outcomes ◽  
Severe Tbi ◽  
The Impact

ObjectiveTo assess the burden of paediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI) on neurocognition via a systematic review and meta-analysis.MethodsStudies that compared neurocognitive outcomes of paediatric patients with TBI and controls were searched using Medline, Embase, PsycINFO and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, between January 1988 and August 2019. We presented a random-effects model, stratified by TBI severity, time of assessment post injury and age.ResultsOf 5919 studies, 41 (patients=3717) and 33 (patients=3118) studies were included for the systematic review and meta-analysis, respectively. Studies mostly measured mild TBI (n=26, patients=2888) at 0–3 months postinjury (n=17, patients=2502). At 0–3 months postinjury, standardised mean differences between TBI and controls for executive function were −0.04 (95% CI −0.14 to 0.07; I2=0.00%), −0.18 (95% CI −0.29 to –0.06; I2=26.1%) and −0.95 (95% CI −1.12 to –0.77; I2=10.1%) for mild, moderate and severe TBI, respectively; a similar effect was demonstrated for learning and memory. Severe TBI had the worst outcomes across all domains and persisted >24 months postinjury. Commonly used domains differed largely from workgroup recommendations. Risk of bias was acceptable for all included studies.ConclusionA dose-dependent relationship between TBI severity and neurocognitive outcomes was evident in executive function and in learning and memory. Cognitive deficits were present for TBIs of all severity but persisted among children with severe TBI. The heterogeneity of neurocognitive scales makes direct comparison between studies difficult. Future research into lesser explored domains and a more detailed assessment of neurocognitive deficits in young children are required to better understand the true burden of paediatric TBI.

scholarly journals Pengujian Fenomena Underpricing Dengan Studi Eksperimen

2010 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dedhy Sulistiawan
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Treatment Group ◽  
Conflict Of Interest ◽  
Economic Benefit ◽  
Control Variable ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Financial Benefit ◽  
And Gender ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact

The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of conflict of interest to the level of IPO price determined by managers. This experiment divides treatment group (the group of participants who have economic benefit from their decision making), and control group (groups with no economic benefit from their decision making). In experiment scenario for treatment group, the managements of IPO companies tend to decrease the price of IPO in order to get financial benefit. Using experimental design, this research shows that participants in treatment group determine lower IPO price than control group. This evidence confirms IPO phenomenon around the world. This research also makes supplementary analysis. The results show that alternative statistical test using GPA and gender of participants as control variable are not statistically significant. It means that the level of IPO price isn’t determined by GPA and Gender, but conflict of interest.

scholarly journals The Effect of Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation (NIBS) on Executive Functioning, Attention and Memory in Rehabilitation Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Review

Diagnostics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 627
Author(s):  
Takatoshi Hara ◽  
Aturan Shanmugalingam ◽  
Amanda McIntyre ◽  
Amer M. Burhan
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Executive Function ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Stimulation ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Attention And Memory ◽  
Stimulation Site ◽  
Non Invasive

In recent years, the potential of non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) for therapeutic effects on cognitive functions has been explored for populations with traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, there is no systematic NIBS review of TBI cognitive impairment with a focus on stimulation sites and stimulation parameters. The purpose of this study was to conduct a systematic review examining the effectiveness and safety of NIBS for cognitive impairment after a TBI. This study was prospectively registered with the PROSPERO database of systematic reviews (CRD42020183298). All English articles from the following databases were searched from inception up to 31 December 2020: Pubmed/MEDLINE, Scopus, CINAHL, Embase, PsycINFO and CENTRAL. Randomized and prospective controlled trials, including cross-over studies, were included for analysis. Studies with at least five individuals with TBI, whereby at least five sessions of NIBS were provided and used standardized neuropsychological measurement of cognition, were included. A total of five studies met eligibility criteria. Two studies used repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and three studies used transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). The pooled sample size was 44 individuals for rTMS and 91 for tDCS. Three of five studies combined cognitive training or additional therapy (computer assisted) with NIBS. Regarding rTMS, target symptoms included attention (n = 2), memory (n = 1), and executive function (n = 2); only one study showing significant improvement compared than control group with respect to attention. In tDCS studies, target symptoms included cognition (n = 2), attention (n = 3), memory (n = 3), working memory (WM) (n = 3), and executive function (n = 1); two of three studies showed significant improvement compared to the control group with respect to attention and memory. The evidence for NIBS effectiveness in rehabilitation of cognitive function in TBI is still in its infancy, more studies are needed. In all studies, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) was selected as the stimulation site, along with the stimulation pattern promoting the activation of the left DLPFC. In some studies, there was a significant improvement compared to the control group, but neither rTMS nor tDCS had sufficient evidence of effectiveness. To the establishment of evidence we need the evaluation of brain activity at the stimulation site and related areas using neuroimaging on how NIBS acts on the neural network.

scholarly journals Traumatic Brain Injury and Substance Related Disorder: A 10-Year Nationwide Cohort Study in Taiwan

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chieh-Hsin Wu ◽  
Tai-Hsin Tsai ◽  
Yu-Feng Su ◽  
Zi-Hao Zhang ◽  
Wei Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Research Database ◽  
Related Disorder ◽  
Taiwan National Health Insurance ◽  
History Of ◽  
Severe Tbi ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazard Regression

Whether traumatic brain injury (TBI) is causally related to substance related disorder (SRD) is still debatable, especially in persons with no history of mental disorders at the time of injury. This study analyzed data in the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database for 19,109 patients aged ≥18 years who had been diagnosed with TBI during 2000–2010. An additional 19,109 randomly selected age and gender matched patients without TBI (1 : 1 ratio) were enrolled in the control group. The relationship between TBI and SRD was estimated with Cox proportional hazard regression models. During the follow-up period, SRD developed in 340 patients in the TBI group and in 118 patients in the control group. After controlling for covariates, the overall incidence of SRD was 3.62-fold higher in the TBI group compared to the control group. Additionally, patients in the severe TBI subgroup were 9.01 times more likely to have SRD compared to controls. Notably, patients in the TBI group were prone to alcohol related disorders. The data in this study indicate that TBI is significantly associated with the subsequent risk of SRD. Physicians treating patients with TBI should be alert to this association to prevent the occurrence of adverse events.

Criterion Validity of the Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS) Fluency Subtests After Traumatic Brain Injury

2010 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 230-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carrie-Ann H. Strong ◽  
David Tiesma ◽  
Jacobus Donders
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Executive Function ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Severe Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Verbal Fluency ◽  
Criterion Validity ◽  
Function System ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Design Fluency ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe performance of 65 patients with complicated mild–severe traumatic brain injury was evaluated on the Verbal and Design Fluency subtests of the Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS), and compared with that of 65 demographically matched healthy controls. There were statistically significant group differences on Letter Fluency and Category Switching but not on any of the Design Fluency tasks. Combined, these two Verbal Fluency subtests had a classification accuracy of 65.39%, associated with a likelihood ratio of 1.87. The impact of length of coma on Letter Fluency performance but not Category Switching was mediated at least in part by processing speed. The findings suggest modest criterion validity of some of the D–KEFS Verbal Fluency subtests in the assessment of patients with complicated mild–severe traumatic brain injury. (JINS, 2011, 17, 230–237)

scholarly journals The impact of multimodal cognitive rehabilitation on executive functions in older adults with traumatic brain injury (TBI)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo Cisneros ◽  
Véronique Beauséjour ◽  
Elaine de Guise ◽  
Sylvie Belleville ◽  
Michelle McKerral
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Active Control ◽  
Cognitive Rehabilitation ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Active Control Group ◽  
Daily Life Activities ◽  
The Impact

AbstractObjectivesThis study evaluated the impact of a multimodal cognitive rehabilitation intervention, the Cognitive Enrichment Program (CEP), on executive functioning (EF) and resumption of daily activities following traumatic brain injury (TBI) in older individuals, in comparison to an active control group having received holistic rehabilitation as usual care.MethodsThe CEP’sexecutive function module included planning, problem solving, and goal management training, as well as strategies focusing on self-awareness. Effectiveness was evaluated by psychometric tests (Modified Six Elements Task-adapted – MSET-A, D-KEFS Sorting test and Stroop four-color version), while generalization was measured through self-reported questionnaires about daily functioning (Dysexecutive Functioning Questionnaire – DEX, Forsaken daily life activities). Measures were obtained before and after intervention, and six months later.ResultsANCOVA results showed significant group-by-time interactions on Tackling the 6 subtasks and Avoiding rule-breaking measures of the MSET-A, with moderate effect sizes. Despite improvements in Sorting and Stroop scores, there were no group-by-time interaction on these measures. DEX generalization measure showed a significant reduction in patient/significant other difference on the Executive Cognition subscale. There was a reduction in the number of Forsaken daily life activities in the experimental group compared to controls which was not significant immediately after CEP, but that was significant six months later.ConclusionsOur study shows that older adults with TBI can improve their executive functioning with a positive impact on everyday activities after receiving multimodal cognitive training compared to an active control group.

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