Chronic Effects of Blast-Related TBI on Subcortical Functional Connectivity in Veterans

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 631-642 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary R. Newsome ◽  
Andrew R. Mayer ◽  
Xiaodi Lin ◽  
Maya Troyanskaya ◽  
George R. Jackson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Globus Pallidus ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Default Mode ◽  
Subcortical Regions ◽  
The Right

AbstractObjectives: Blast explosions are the most frequent mechanism of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in recent wars, but little is known about their long-term effects. Methods: Functional connectivity (FC) was measured in 17 veterans an average of 5.46 years after their most serious blast related TBI, and in 15 demographically similar veterans without TBI or blast exposure. Subcortical FC was measured in bilateral caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus. The default mode and fronto-parietal networks were also investigated. Results: In subcortical regions, between-groups t tests revealed altered FC from the right putamen and right globus pallidus. However, following analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) with age, depression (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale), and posttraumatic stress disorder symptom (PTSD Checklist – Civilian version) measures, significant findings remained only for the right globus pallidus with anticorrelation in bilateral temporal occipital fusiform cortex, occipital fusiform gyrus, lingual gyrus, and cerebellum, as well as the right occipital pole. No group differences were found for the default mode network. Although reduced FC was found in the fronto-parietal network in the TBI group, between-group differences were nonsignificant after the ANCOVA. Conclusions: FC of the globus pallidus is altered years after exposure to blast related TBI. Future studies are necessary to explore the trajectory of changes in FC in subcortical regions after blast TBI, the effects of isolated versus repetitive blast-related TBI, and the relation to long-term outcomes in veterans. (JINS, 2016, 22, 631–642)

scholarly journals The Long-Term Effects of Acupuncture on Hippocampal Functional Connectivity in aMCI with Hippocampal Atrophy: A Randomized Longitudinal fMRI Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Li ◽  
Zhiqun Wang ◽  
Haikuo Yu ◽  
Ran Pang ◽  
Hong Ni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Resting State ◽  
Acupuncture Treatment ◽  
Acupuncture Group ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Middle Temporal Gyrus ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
The Right

Background. Acupuncture has been used to treat amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) for many years in China. However, the long-term effects of continuous acupuncture treatment remained unclear. Objective. We aimed to explore the long-term effects of continuous acupuncture treatment on hippocampal functional connectivity (FC) in aMCI. Methods. Fifty healthy control (HC) participants and 28 aMCI patients were recruited for resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) at baseline. The 28 aMCI patients were then divided into the aMCI acupuncture group, which received acupuncture treatment for 6 months, and the aMCI control group, which received no intervention. All aMCI patients completed the second resting-state fMRI scanning after 6 months of acupuncture treatment. Analysis based on the region of interest and two-way analysis of covariance were both used to explore the long-term effects of acupuncture on cognition change and hippocampal FC in aMCI. Results. Compared to HC, aMCI showed decreased right hippocampal FC with the right inferior/middle temporal gyrus (ITG/MTG), left amygdala, and the right fusiform and increased FC with bilateral caudates at baseline. After acupuncture treatment, the right hippocampal FC with right ITG/MTG enhanced significantly in the aMCI acupuncture group, but continued to decrease in the aMCI control group. Whole brain FC analysis showed enhanced right hippocampal FC with the right ITG and the left MTG in the aMCI acupuncture group relative to the aMCI control group. Furthermore, FC strength of the right hippocampus with right ITG at baseline was negatively correlated with the changes in memory scores of aMCI acupuncture patients. Conclusion. Acupuncture treatment could alleviate the progression of cognitive decline and could enhance hippocampal FC with ITG and MTG in aMCI that may be associated with resilience to resistant against neurodegeneration. The findings provided a better understanding of the long-term effects of acupuncture treatment and confirmed the therapeutic role of acupuncture in aMCI.

scholarly journals QOL-09. WHOLE-BRAIN WHITE MATTER NETWORK CONNECTIVITY IS DISRUPTED BY PEDIATRIC BRAIN TUMOR TREATMENT

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. iii432-iii432
Author(s):  
Adeoye Oyefiade ◽  
Kiran Beera ◽  
Iska Moxon-Emre ◽  
Jovanka Skocic ◽  
Ute Bartels ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
White Matter ◽  
Pediatric Brain Tumor ◽  
Pediatric Brain Tumors ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Images ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Brain White Matter ◽  
The Right ◽  
Pediatric Brain ◽  
Betweeness Centrality

Abstract INTRODUCTION Treatments for pediatric brain tumors (PBT) are neurotoxic and lead to long-term deficits that are driven by the perturbation of underlying white matter (WM). It is unclear if and how treatment may impair WM connectivity across the entire brain. METHODS Magnetic resonance images from 41 PBT survivors (mean age: 13.19 years, 53% M) and 41 typically developing (TD) children (mean age: 13.32 years, 51% M) were analyzed. Image reconstruction, segmentation, and node parcellation were completed in FreeSurfer. DTI maps and probabilistic streamline generation were completed in MRtrix3. Connectivity matrices were based on the number of streamlines connecting two nodes and the mean DTI (FA) index across streamlines. We used graph theoretical analyses to define structural differences between groups, and random forest (RF) analyses to identify hubs that reliably classify PBT and TD children. RESULTS For survivors treated with radiation, betweeness centrality was greater in the left insular (p < 0.000) but smaller in the right pallidum (p < 0.05). For survivors treated without radiation (surgery-only), betweeness centrality was smaller in the right interparietal sulcus (p < 0.05). RF analyses showed that differences in WM connectivity from the right pallidum to other parts of the brain reliably classified PBT survivors from TD children (classification accuracy = 77%). CONCLUSIONS The left insular, right pallidum, and right inter-parietal sulcus are structurally perturbed hubs in PBT survivors. WM connectivity from the right pallidum is vulnerable to the long-term effects of treatment for PBT.

Inhibition of post-partum maternal behaviour in the rat by injecting an oxytocin antagonist into the cerebral ventricles

1987 ◽  
Vol 112 (2) ◽  
pp. 275-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. van Leengoed ◽  
E. Kerker ◽  
H. H. Swanson
Keyword(s):  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Rapid Onset ◽  
Maternal Behaviour ◽  
Cerebral Ventricles ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Nesting Material ◽  
The Right ◽  
Oxytocin Antagonist

ABSTRACT Endogenous oxytocin released into the brain at parturition may stimulate the onset of maternal behaviour. In this study an attempt was made to block spontaneous maternal behaviour following natural delivery in Wistar rats by the injection of an antagonist of oxytocin into the cerebral ventricles. The analogue antagonist, d(CH2)5-8-ornithine-vasotocin, was administered by injection into a chronically implanted cannula in the right lateral ventricle at hourly intervals, beginning immediately after the expulsion of the first pup. The antagonist did not interfere with the normal progress of parturition or birth-related behaviours. After delivery of the last pup, mothers rested for 40 min in the test cage with the pups having been removed. Four pups and standard nesting material were then presented. Latency to pup carrying and duration of pup manipulation, nest building, and time spent on the nest with the pups, as well as duration of autogrooming and general activity were determined. Saline-injected controls started gathering the pups immediately and usually showed all elements of maternal behaviour within 10 min. Antagonist-treated mothers showed a marked delay in the onset of pup grouping and other maternal behaviours. At the end of 1 h, two out of six mothers had not yet picked up a single infant. Pups left overnight with their mothers were gathered into the nest and suckled, and no long-term effects of the antagonist were evident on retesting. The effectiveness of oxytocin antagonist in suppressing the rapid onset of post-partum maternal behaviour supports the hypothesis that centrally released oxytocin is involved in this process. It is noteworthy that these effects were obtained in Wistar rats, a strain in which oxytocin has failed to accelerate responsiveness to pups in virgin females. J. Endocr. (1987) 112, 275–282

scholarly journals Effects of Electrical Stimulation in Tinnitus Patients: Conventional Versus High-Definition tDCS

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (8) ◽  
pp. 714-723 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laure Jacquemin ◽  
Giriraj Singh Shekhawat ◽  
Paul Van de Heyning ◽  
Griet Mertens ◽  
Erik Fransen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
High Definition ◽  
Tinnitus Questionnaire ◽  
Temporal Area ◽  
Clinically Significant ◽  
The Right

Background. Contradictory results have been reported for transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) as treatment for tinnitus. The recently developed high-definition tDCS (HD tDCS) uses smaller electrodes to limit the excitation to the desired brain areas. Objective. The current study consisted of a retrospective part and a prospective part, aiming to compare 2 tDCS electrode placements and to explore effects of HD tDCS by matched pairs analyses. Methods. Two groups of 39 patients received tDCS of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) or tDCS of the right supraorbital–left temporal area (RSO-LTA). Therapeutic effects were assessed with the tinnitus functional index (TFI), a visual analogue scale (VAS) for tinnitus loudness, and the hyperacusis questionnaire (HQ) filled out at 3 visits: pretherapy, posttherapy, and follow-up. With a new group of patients and in a similar way, the effects of HD tDCS of the right DLPFC were assessed, with the tinnitus questionnaire (TQ) and the hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS) added. Results. TFI total scores improved significantly after both tDCS and HD tDCS (DLPFC: P < .01; RSO-LTA: P < .01; HD tDCS: P = .05). In 32% of the patients, we observed a clinically significant improvement in TFI. The 2 tDCS groups and the HD tDCS group showed no differences on the evolution of outcomes over time (TFI: P = .16; HQ: P = .85; VAS: P = .20). Conclusions. TDCS and HD tDCS resulted in a clinically significant improvement in TFI in 32% of the patients, with the 3 stimulation positions having similar results. Future research should focus on long-term effects of electrical stimulation.

scholarly journals Dynamic CT Scan of the Normal Scapholunate Joint in a Clenched Fist and Radial and Ulnar Deviation

Hand ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 666-670 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul M. Kelly ◽  
John G. Hopkins ◽  
Andrew J. Furey ◽  
Daniel S. Squire
Keyword(s):  
Ct Scan ◽  
Range Of Motion ◽  
Ct Imaging ◽  
Dynamic Ct ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Ulnar Deviation ◽  
Left Wrist ◽  
The Right ◽  
User Friendly

Background: Injuries to the scapholunate can have severe long-term effects on the wrist. Early detection of these injuries can help identify pathology. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the motions of the scapholunate joint in normal wrists in a clenched fist and through radial and ulnar deviation using novel dynamic computed tomography (CT) imaging. Methods: Fifteen participants below 40 years of age consented to have their wrist scanned. Eight participants were randomized to have the right wrist scanned and 7 the left wrist. Volunteers were positioned at the back of the gantry with the wrist placed on the table, palmar side down. Participants began with the hand in a relaxed fist position and then proceeded through an established range of motion protocol. Dynamic CT imaging was captured throughout the range of motion. Results: The movement in the healthy scapholunate joint through a clenched fist and radial and ulnar deviation is minimal. The averages were 1.19, 1.01, and 0.95 mm, representing the middle, dorsal, and volar measurements, respectively. Conclusions: This novel dynamic CT scan of the wrist is a user-friendly way of measuring of the scapholunate distance, which is minimal in the normal wrist below 40 years of age.

scholarly journals Functional Connectivity within Brain Networks of Long Term and Short term Meditators

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2S) ◽  
pp. 29-34
Keyword(s):  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Temporal Correlation ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Invasive Technique ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Statistical Concept ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Meditative Practices

Meditation refers to a state of mind of relaxation and concentration, where generally the mind and body is at rest. The process of meditation reflects the state of the brain which is distinct from sleep or typical wakeful states of consciousness. Meditative practices usually involve regulation of emotions and monitoring of attention. Over the past decade there has been a tremendous increase in an interest to study the neural mechanisms involved in meditative practices. It could also be beneficial to explore if the effect of meditation is altered by the number of years of meditation practice. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) is a very useful imaging technique which can be used to perform this analysis due to its inherent benefits, mainly it being a non-invasive technique. Functional activation and connectivity analysis can be performed on the fMRI data to find the active regions and the connectivity in the brain regions. Functional connectivity is defined as a simple temporal correlation between anatomically separate, active neural regions. Functional connectivity gives the statistical dependencies between regional time series. It is a statistical concept and is quantified using metrics like Correlation. In this study, a comparison is made between functional connectivity in the brain regions of long term meditation practitioners (LTP) and short-term meditation practitioners (STP) to see the differences and similarities in the connectivity patterns. From the analysis, it is evident that in fact there is a difference in connectivity between long term and short term practitioners and hence continuous practice of meditation can have long term effects.

scholarly journals The Association of Metabolic Dysfunction and Mood Across Lifespan Interacts With the Default Mode Network Functional Connectivity

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Portugal-Nunes ◽  
Joana Reis ◽  
Ana Coelho ◽  
Pedro Silva Moreira ◽  
Teresa Costa Castanho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Default Mode Network ◽  
Latent Variables ◽  
Latent Variable ◽  
Depressive Mood ◽  
Metabolic Dysfunction ◽  
Default Mode ◽  
The Right

Background: Numerous studies suggest a relationship between depression and metabolic syndrome, which is likely influenced by age. Interestingly, functional imaging analysis has shown an association between functional connectivity in the default mode network (DMN-FC) and components of metabolic syndrome, which is explored in this study.Methods: From a larger longitudinal cohort study on healthy aging, 943 individuals were extensively characterized for mood and cognition. Among these, 120 individuals who were selected for displaying extreme cognitive performance within the normal range (good and poor performers) were further studied. Here, in a cross-sectional design, using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), the association between metabolic dysfunction and depressive mood as a function of age and its relationship with DMN-FC was studied.Results: Metabolic dysfunction was modeled as a second-order latent variable using CFA. First-order latent variables were obesity, glucose dysmetabolism, lipids imbalance, and blood pressure. Using multiple linear regression models, this study observed that metabolic dysfunction, glucose dysmetabolism, and lipids imbalance were linearly associated with depressive mood, and the association with obesity was U-shaped. The association of metabolic dysfunction, obesity, and glucose dysmetabolism with depressive mood is positive for the younger individuals in our sample and vanishes with aging. The FC of the right superior temporal gyrus with the DMN correlated with both obesity and depressive mood. In participants with higher obesity scores, FC increased with higher GDS scores, while in those with lower GDS scores, FC decreased. Age and blood pressure were associated with a more complex pattern of association between FC of the right supramarginal gyrus and GDS score.Conclusion: The association of metabolic dysfunction with depressive mood is influenced by age and relates with differential patterns of DMN-FC. The combination of the effects of age, mood, and metabolic dysfunction is likely to explain the heterogeneity of DMN-FC, which deserves further investigation with larger and longitudinal studies.

scholarly journals Long-term Effects of Male Reading Tutors, Choice of Text and Computer-based Text on Boys’ Reading Achievement

2010 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 116
Author(s):  
Laura Sokal
Keyword(s):  
Reading Achievement ◽  
Inner City ◽  
Struggling Readers ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Self Perceptions ◽  
Reading Tutors ◽  
Reading Materials ◽  
Computer Based

Sixty-two inner-city Canadian boys identified as struggling readers participated in a 22-week intervention that examined the effects of male reading tutors, computer-based texts, and choice of reading materials. Immediately after the intervention, boys demonstrated between-group changes to reader self-perceptions and gendered views of reading but no between-group differences in achievement. Two years after the intervention’s completion, the boys’ reading comprehension achievement scores were again examined and compared to 62 non-participating boys matched at the time of the study’s onset. Results showed no significant differences between the two groups. Of the boys who participated in the intervention, working with male reading tutors and with computer-based texts did not result in higher achievement than working with female reading tutors or with print-based texts. However, boys who were not given a choice in their reading materials demonstrated reading achievement six months ahead of the boys who were given a choice. 

Effect of active head movements about the pitch, roll, and yaw axes on human optokinetic afternystagmus

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (6) ◽  
pp. 689-696 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. H. Lafortune ◽  
D. J. Ireland ◽  
R. M. Jell
Keyword(s):  
Head Movements ◽  
Horizontal Velocity ◽  
Velocity Storage ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Otolith Organ ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
Roll Axis ◽  
The Right ◽  
Left Movement

Effects of active head movements about the pitch, roll, or yaw axes on horizontal optokinetic afternystagmas (OKAN) were examined in 16 subjects to test the hypothesis that otolith organ mediated activity induced by a change in head position can couple to the horizontal velocity storage in humans. Active head movements about the pitch axis, forwards or backwards, produced significant OKAN suppression. Pitch forward head movements exerted the strongest effect. Active head movements about the roll axis towards the right also produced OKAN suppression but only if the tilted position was sustained. No suppression was observed following sustained yaw. However, an unsustained yaw left movement after rightward drum rotation significantly enhanced OKAN. Sustained head movement trials did not significantly alter subsequent control trials. In contrast, unsustained movements about the pitch axis, which involve more complex interactions, exerted long-term effects on subsequent control trials. We conclude that otolith organ mediated activity arising from pitch or roll head movements couples to the horizontal velocity storage in humans, thereby suppressing ongoing OKAN. Activity arising from the horizontal canals during an unsustained yaw movement (observed mainly with yaw left), following drum rotation in a direction contralateral to the movement, may also couple to the velocity storage, resulting in increased activity instead of suppression.

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