Authors Offer Counterpoints but Field Lacks Proof That Sociopolitical Variables Cause Gender Differences in Cognition

1999 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 370-371
Author(s):  
Jeannette McGlone
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Cognitive Differences ◽  
Mathematical Abilities ◽  
The Past ◽  
Research Designs ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Media Hype ◽  
Training Expectations

Within the first pages, the authors focus their scholarly energies on verbal, spatial, and mathematical abilities because, we are told, researchers typically have searched for individual differences within such test domains. All four authors provide highly readable 30-page chapters, each taking a variation on the same perspective, i.e., that whatever cognitive differences you thought had been demonstrated between males and females should not be considered biological because (1) cognitive abilities cannot be defined; (2) narrative and meta-analytical reviews have serious limitations as did the research designs of the original studies, and (3) experience, training, expectations, attitudes, preferences, power, status, and domination can influence scores on tests. Knowing the premise in advance sets the reader looking for tight logic and empirical support in favor of the sociopolitical model. Over the past 20 years we all have been subjected to media hype surrounding any claim of biological explanations for sex differences in cognition.

Gender Differences and Cognitive Abilities in the Transfer of Training of Basic Flying Skills

1982 ◽  
Vol 26 (7) ◽  
pp. 602-604
Author(s):  
Thomas M. McCloy ◽  
John F. Swiney
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Air Force ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Transfer Of Training ◽  
Cognitive Factors ◽  
Air Force Academy ◽  
Cognitive Measures ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
One Year

Eighteen Air Force Academy cadets, ten males and eight females, participated in an experiment designed to investigate gender differences in the retention of basic flying skills, and the transfer of training between several basic instrument maneuvers. Additionally, the utility of several cognitive factors in predicting flying performance was investigated. The results indicated that males and females maintain basic instrument flying skills approximately equally well over an intervening period as long as one year. Additionally, gender differences in transfer of training may result from different abilities required by the specific maneuvers as opposed to failure to transfer previously learned skills. Finally, certain cognitive measures exhibit definite utility in predicting flying performance.

scholarly journals Sex Hormones as Cognitive Enhancers?

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 228-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Núñez ◽  
María J. Maraver ◽  
Lorenza S. Colzato
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Neural Substrates ◽  
Cognitive Enhancers ◽  
Verbal Skills ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Visuospatial Tasks ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Opinion Article

AbstractUnderstanding the differences in the way women and men think has made headway thanks to experiments showing how sex hormones influence cognitive capacities. Masculine and feminine sex hormones (androgens and estrogens, respectively) affect cognition in different ways and may account for some of the gender differences in cognitive abilities, allowing men and women to perform better in certain cognitive tests. In this opinion article, we discuss studies addressing differences in cognitive functions between males and females and the underlying neural substrates, as well as the effects of sex hormone supplementation. Even though some studies on patients receiving exogenous sex hormones showed gender differences that emerge at group levels on a few cognitive tasks, it is not yet clear whether these differences can be partially attributed to hormonal causes. Supplementation of female estrogen can enhance verbal skills, whereas masculine androgen can increase performance in mathematical and visuospatial tasks. Studies of the administration of exogenous sex hormones have allowed further insight into the use of sex hormones as possible cognitive enhancers.

Gender Differences and Other Findings on the Cognitive Reflection Test

2018 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 56-67
Author(s):  
Laura-Augustina Avram
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Correct Response ◽  
Correct Answer ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
State University ◽  
Cognitive Reflection Test ◽  
Cognitive Reflection ◽  
Mathematical Abilities ◽  
Reflective Reasoning

Abstract Intelligence is the traditional element of interest when measuring the human cognitive abilities. However, intelligence is complex and researchers are constantly finding new angles of looking at it. One such angle is reflective reasoning. Sometimes individuals choose to override the intuitive answer and by engaging in further reflection they reach the correct answer. The cognitive reflection test (CRT) measures a person’s ability to suppress their incorrect intuitive answer in favor of reflection that should then lead to the correct response. The test contains three short mathematically based problems, which measure, among others, cognitive ability, mathematical abilities and cognitive reflection. Using a sample of 195 students from a state university, one of the largest universities in Romania, we explore the extent to which a variety of phenomena and trends identified by previous findings on CRT show similar results on our sample.

Gender and Cognitive Abilities in the Acquisition and Transfer of Basic Flying Skills - Another Look

1983 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-8
Author(s):  
Thomas M. McCloy ◽  
Frank R. Wood ◽  
Michael N. Stollings
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Air Force ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Psychomotor Performance ◽  
Spatial Relations ◽  
Air Force Academy ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Relationship

Thirty Air Force Academy cadets, 15 males and 15 females, participated in an experiment designed to investigate the relationship between certain cognitive abilities, gender and the acquisition and transfer of basic flying skills. Subjects were classified into low, medium and high groups based on their scores on tests measuring spatial relations and visualization. Males and females were matched within the groups. Results suggest classification removes previous apparent gender differences in psychomotor performance.

Gender Differences in Clothing Worn in Current Popular Comic Books

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyle Landon Jossy
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Content Analysis ◽  
Comic Books ◽  
Book Industry ◽  
Comic Book ◽  
Lower Body ◽  
Female Characters ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Males And Females

This study looked at how males and females were portrayed, based on the amount of skin shown in the clothing worn.  A Content analysis was performed on a sample of 20 randomly selected popular comics from the last 3 years.  Both male and female characters were rated on how much skin they showed in three clothing categories; neck line, sleeve length, and lower body.  Results showed that in all 3 categories, women consistently wore more revealing clothing.  The findings demonstraetd that the comic book industry is comparable to other forms of media, in the sexualization of female characters, by having them wear more revealing clothing.

scholarly journals Fluctuating Asymmetry and Developmental Instability, a Guide to Best Practice

Symmetry ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
John H. Graham
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Error ◽  
Best Practices ◽  
Environmental Stress ◽  
Fluctuating Asymmetry ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Developmental Instability ◽  
The Past ◽  
Size Scaling ◽  
Research Designs

Best practices in studies of developmental instability, as measured by fluctuating asymmetry, have developed over the past 60 years. Unfortunately, they are haphazardly applied in many of the papers submitted for review. Most often, research designs suffer from lack of randomization, inadequate replication, poor attention to size scaling, lack of attention to measurement error, and unrecognized mixtures of additive and multiplicative errors. Here, I summarize a set of best practices, especially in studies that examine the effects of environmental stress on fluctuating asymmetry.

Binge Eating and Addictive-Like Behaviours in Males and Females

2020 ◽  
pp. 003329412097175
Author(s):  
Johanna Levallius ◽  
Elin Monell ◽  
Andreas Birgegård ◽  
David Clinton ◽  
Emma Forsén Mantilla
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Binge Eating ◽  
Disordered Eating ◽  
Food Addiction ◽  
Community Sample ◽  
Eating Behaviours ◽  
Compulsive Exercise ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Common Behaviour ◽  
The Relationship

Introduction Binge eating is a common behaviour that is strongly linked to both obesity and eating disorder. There is evidence that binge eating commonly co-occurs with other problematic and addictive-like behaviours; however, this has not been explored systematically. The present study aimed to examine the relationship between binge eating, body weight, disordered eating behaviours and associated addictive-like behaviours, with particular attention paid to gender differences. Method A community sample ( N = 500; 75% female, Mage = 32.5 years) reported disordered eating behaviours (i.e. binge eating, purging, restriction of eating, compulsive exercise), body mass index (BMI), food addiction, starvation addiction, exercise dependence, tobacco use and alcohol consumption. Results 42% of females and 21% of males reported binge eating during the past four weeks. Binge eating was significantly associated with all investigated behaviours in females, and with purging, compulsive exercise and overweight/obesity in males. Controlling for BMI, self-starvation predicted binge eating in males (OR = 1.07), while food addiction (OR = 1.73) and alcohol dependence (OR = 1.11) predicted binge eating in females. Conclusions The multiple associations between binge eating and addictive-like behaviors supports broad screening and generalized prevention efforts. Prevention efforts should reflect gender differences.

Dimensions of Expertise in Wine Evaluation

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert H. Ashton
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Component Level ◽  
The Past ◽  
Hedonic Evaluation ◽  
Expert Novice ◽  
Taste And Smell ◽  
Cognitive Dimensions

AbstractThis article explores the question of what distinguishes novices from experts in wine evaluation. Is it experts’ superior sensory abilities related to taste and smell, their superior cognitive abilities related to knowledge and memory, or a combination of both—and if a combination, which of the two dimensions of expertise, sensory or cognitive, seems to be more important? I address these issues by considering what has been learned in the past 30+ years from research concerning the sensory and cognitive dimensions of expertise in wine evaluation. The research examines expert/novice differences at both the chemical component level (detecting, discriminating among, and describing wine-relevant chemical components) and the holistic level (hedonic evaluation of wine as an integrated manifestation of its components). (JEL Classification: C93)

Gender differences in cognitive abilities of learning-disabled females and males

1987 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 142-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan A. Vogel ◽  
Patricia C. Walsh
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Learning Disabled
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