scholarly journals Household welfare and forest dependence in Southern Malawi

2004 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
MONICA FISHER
Keyword(s):  
Living Standards ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Forest Dependence ◽  
Poor Households ◽  
Forest Income ◽  
Tobit Analysis ◽  
High Return ◽  
Gini Decomposition ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
Forest Activities

This paper examines the role forests play in alleviating poverty in rural Malawi. Data from three villages in southern Malawi indicate high levels of forest dependence. Gini decomposition shows that access to forest income reduced measured income inequality at the study sites. Tobit analysis of the determinants of reliance on low-return and high-return forest activities indicates that asset-poor households are more reliant on forest activities compared with the better off; reliance on high-return activities is conditioned also by availability of adult male labor and location. Taken together, the study's findings suggest that forests prevent poverty by supplementing income, and may also help to improve the living standards of households that are able to enter into high-return forest occupations. Policy implications are discussed.

Response of Poverty Pockets to the Right-based Demand-driven MGNREGA Programme

2021 ◽  
pp. 097226612110055
Author(s):  
Sanjiv Kumar ◽  
S. Madheswaran ◽  
B. P. Vani
Keyword(s):  
Policy Implications ◽  
Capacity Limitations ◽  
Fund Allocation ◽  
Rural Employment ◽  
Self Selection ◽  
Poor Households ◽  
Selection Approach ◽  
Poverty Elimination ◽  
The Right ◽  
Employment Guarantee

Forerunning programmes of the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), which were designed as poverty elimination programmes, took notice of geographical pockets of poverty and incorporated formula-based fund allocation mechanisms to poorer states and regions. The MGNREGA programme, in contrast, used a right-based ‘self-selection’ approach— relying on the initiative of households’ demand-driven strengths—to allocate need-based resources to states and regions within states. This article examines how well the demand-driven, right-based programme with self-selection allocated resources to states and regions according to their respective needs, and to what extent the benefits reached the poverty pockets and catered to the poorest, weakest and neediest households. We find that adequate resources did not reach the poorest states and regions, substantial numbers of poor households remained outside the programme or were deemed underserved, and there was a pronounced programme capture by elite states. The article explores causes and consequences of capacity limitations and low absorption pulls among states, and points to policy implications and ways forward.

The Determinants of Poverty: Case of Indonesia

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 58-68
Author(s):  
Lilik Sugiharti ◽  
Martha Ranggi Primanthi
Keyword(s):  
Rural Area ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Education Attainment ◽  
Education Access ◽  
Logit Regression ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Poor Households ◽  
Logit Regression Model

Objective - The objectives of the study were to analyze the general picture of poverty, and determinants of poverty in Indonesia. Understanding poverty characteristic is a main point for designing an effective poverty reduction strategy. During the last five years Indonesia has experienced a slowing down growth and the poverty rates has declined slightly. Some provinces or regions have managed to reduce the poverty well, while others have been slower, and also the distribution of the poor is uneven across both rural and urban, generally the rural is more than urban area. Methodology/Technique - Factors determining poverty of households were estimated and anayzed using a logit regression model, and it is found that such demographic factors as gender and age of households head, size of households, factors of production included accessibility to the technology and credit, working status, and education attainment, and also geographic characteristics significantly explain reasons for being poor. Moreover, increasing for accessibility of households to the technology and credit, reducing the size of households, and increasing an education attainment especially in rural area are important to do as a government priority intervention. Findings - The results of the determinants of poverty in Indonesia shows that poor households are those with large number of dependents and equipped with limited education access, and the majority of these households live in rural area. Novelty - Study suggests that increasing for accessibility of households to the technology and credit, reducing the size of households, and increasing an education attainment especially in rural area are important to do as a government priority intervention or policy implications. Type of Paper: Empirical Keywords: Logit Regression; Poverty Reduction, Indonesia. JEL Classification: I21, I22, I24.

Poverty, forest dependence and forest degradation links: evidence from Zagros, Iran

2014 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 607-630 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arezoo Soltani ◽  
Arild Angelsen ◽  
Tron Eid
Keyword(s):  
Forest Management ◽  
Resource Use ◽  
Forest Degradation ◽  
Zagros Mountains ◽  
Forest Dependence ◽  
Poor Households ◽  
Sustainable Resource Use ◽  
Forest Use ◽  
Resource Data ◽  
Family Based

AbstractThe article analyzes the links between poverty, forest use and dependence, and forest degradation by combining household and forest resource data from two sites in the Zagros Mountains, Iran: Ghamishale and Tange Tamoradi. At both sites, traditional forms of forest management are practised; in Ghamishale management is mainly family based, whereas in Tange Tamoradi it is village based. The poverty–forest dependence link is strongly influenced by population density, carrying capacity and institutions for forest management. In addition, the study revealed the tradeoff between equity and sustainable resource use as outputs of different institutional arrangements. We do not find any evidence that poor households or households with high forest dependence contribute more to forest degradation than others. The results therefore raise concerns about the potential consequences of policies globally that address forest degradation only through poverty alleviation and forest-dependence reduction.

People’s Forest Dependence: A Case Study of Similipal Biosphere Reserve, India

2021 ◽  
pp. 097226612199826
Author(s):  
Debolina Saha ◽  
Shradha Agarwalla
Keyword(s):  
Biosphere Reserve ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Forest Dependence ◽  
The Core ◽  
Alternative Livelihood ◽  
The People ◽  
Forest Income ◽  
Similipal Biosphere Reserve

A forest, as a rich ecosystem, is the source of livelihood of a large number of people residing in its fringe areas. Forest dwellers’ dependence on the forest varies across forest zones due to several factors, such as natural features and socio-economic-demographic characteristics of the people in different zones. Using econometric tools, this study evaluates the forest dependence of people residing in and around the Similipal Biosphere Reserve in India, constructs an index, and determines key factors affecting the extent of the forest dependence. The study explores household size and non-forest income as sources of alternative livelihood. Forest-zonal characteristics have significant impact on determining the extent of the forest dependence. People’s forest dependence is likely to be more in the periphery compared to the core zone. Therefore, in any initiative for reducing people’s forest dependence, zone-wise differentiation is needed to ensure sustainable development.

scholarly journals Health and economic imperatives for households in the context of the anti-Covid-19 strategy in Cameroon. The case of Yaounde

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Humphrey Ngala Ndi ◽  
Roland Akoh Ndi ◽  
Henry Ngenyam Bang ◽  
Marcellus Forh Mbah ◽  
Judwin Alieh Ndzo
Keyword(s):  
Informal Economy ◽  
Ordinal Data ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Sampling Error ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Content Type ◽  
International Agencies ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Poor Households ◽  
The One

Purpose This paper aims to explore the responses of households in the informal economic sector to the Cameroon Government strategy against Covid-19 in Yaounde, Cameroon between March and May 2020. Design/methodology/approach Given the recency of Covid-19, the exploratory design was used to collect and analyse information for the study. Empirical data was obtained through personal observations and questionnaires, whereas grey data were sourced from official sources in government and international agencies in Yaounde. The mode of the ordinal data generated from the questionnaire was used to characterise the attitudes of respondents to quarantine measures and bar charts were used to illustrate the distribution of responses. Findings The government’s strategy against Covid-19 was largely ignored in Yaounde between March and May 2020 because of the influence of the predominantly informal economy on household’s ability to allocate scarce resources between the competing needs of protecting their health on the one hand, and their livelihoods on the other hand. Poor households had to walk a difficult line between shutting down their businesses to protect their health or risking Covid-19 infections to protect their livelihoods. Over 53.1% of respondents thought quarantine measures were unsuccessful as over 63% ignored them. Quarantining and Social distancing were also difficult in informal settlements because of structural congestion. Research limitations/implications Perhaps, the greatest limitation of this study was the use of non-probability sampling. As such, sampling error could not be estimated, blurring the ability to ascertain the degree of similarity between the sample and the study population. This made sample generalisability difficult. Practical implications There are short-term and long-term policy implications of these findings. Basic comprehensive measures including food and water distribution, as well as rent holidays, must be implemented in informal neighbourhoods to ensure more successful quarantines in future pandemics. In the long run, investments in urban social housing must be carried out to reduce slums, an ever-present risk factor in the rapid propagation of infections. Originality/value The originality of this study is first, in its level of analysis which is the household. By measuring household responses to quarantine measures within defined neighbourhoods, the study deviates from most that have adopted a theoretical approach and conducted analysis at country or regional levels. Few studies have attempted to investigate the failure of quarantine measures against Covid-19 from the viewpoint of the occupational characteristics of the populations involved.

scholarly journals A Partial General Equilibrium Analysis Of Fiscal Policy Injection On Poverty And Inequality In South Africa 

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kambale Kavese ◽  
Andrew Phiri
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
South Africa ◽  
Fiscal Policy ◽  
General Equilibrium ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Computable General Equilibrium ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Equilibrium Analysis ◽  
Poor Households

Abstract This study employs a partial general equilibrium approach calibrated on the Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) and a contemporaneous dynamic computable general equilibrium (CGE) model to assess the effect of expansionary fiscal policy on economic growth, income inequality, poverty, employment and inequality reduction in South Africa. The simulation results reveal that expansionary fiscal policy i) benefits rich ‘white’ households the most and poor ‘coloured’ households the least ii) improves adult employment more than youth employment iii) improves employment in urban areas as proposed to employment in rural areas iv) has a very small effect on improving economic growth and reducing the Gini coefficient v) benefits ‘well-off’ households more than it does ‘poor’ households vi) promotes ‘low-skilled’ employment more than it does for ‘high-skilled’ labourers. Associated policy implications based on our findings are also discussed.

Vietnam rural financial market- Fact dianostics and the policy implications for rural development of Vietnam

2010 ◽  
pp. 57-73
Author(s):  
Tam Le Thanh
Keyword(s):  
Rural Development ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Financial Services ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Rural Finance ◽  
Rural Sector ◽  
Poor Households ◽  
Policy Frameworks ◽  
Further Development

The development of Vietnam rural sector has been given attention by different orientations and policy frameworks, of which rural finance is the key tool, notably the Decree 41 on cred- it for rural sector. The Vietnam rural financial sector has been growing and making significant contribution to its rural development by a rapid expansion of outreach and available fund sources. However, there have been remaining problems that are very likely to hinder the sector from its further development. Such problems are: (1) there is a lack of responsive and adequate financial services in rural areas; (2) a significant number of the poor households still do not have access to any microfinance services, to name a few. Thus, this paper is intented to focus on two main issues. The first is to analyze the causes of such problems, and the second is to pro- vide recommendations that are strongly expected to overcome such problems to enhance Vietnam rural development in the new decade with the Development Millenium Goal.

Income Convergence and the Flow Out of Poverty in Rural India

2018 ◽  
Vol 66 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Paola A. Barrientos Q. ◽  
Niels-Hugo Blunch ◽  
Nabanita Datta Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Policy Implications ◽  
Poverty Traps ◽  
Rural India ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Income Convergence ◽  
Transition Analysis ◽  
Catching Up ◽  
Poor Households ◽  
Poverty Persistence ◽  
Key Variables

This article explores the income growth and poverty of rural Indian households, 1994–2005. The estimation strategy consists, first, of a convergence analysis to examine whether poor households are catching up in terms of income, which is then followed by a transition analysis to examine whether poor households are more likely to exit poverty than to remain poor—that is, to essentially test for whether poverty traps are escapable. The identification strategy explicitly addresses issues pertaining to the potential endogeneity and measurement error of initial income and poverty. We find evidence of both income convergence and poverty persistence, but with a higher probability of exiting poverty than of the remaining poor. This suggests that poverty traps, though existent, are not entrapping in rural India. The key variables driving these results are education, occupation and asset ownership. Finally, we discuss the policy implications and provide directions for future research in this area. JEL Codes: I32, J15, O15, O18, O47, Z12, Z13

scholarly journals Modelling Welfare Transitions to Prioritise Sustainable Development Interventions in Coastal Kenya

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (17) ◽  
pp. 6943
Author(s):  
Jacob Katuva ◽  
Rob Hope ◽  
Tim Foster ◽  
Johanna Koehler ◽  
Patrick Thomson
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
County Government ◽  
Development Interventions ◽  
Coastal Kenya ◽  
Poor Households ◽  
Government Mandates ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Female Headed Households

Welfare transitions are weakly understood in sub-Saharan Africa due to limited panel data to analyze trajectories of household escaping from, falling into, or remaining out of deprivation. We model data from 3500 households in coastal Kenya in three panels from 2014 to 2016 to evaluate determinants of welfare by multidimensional and subjective measures. Findings indicate that more than half of the households are deprived, with female-headed households being the most vulnerable and making the least progress. The subjective welfare measure identified three times more chronically poor households than the multidimensional metric (27% vs. 9%); in contrast, the multidimensional metric estimated twice as many ‘never poor’ households than the subjective measure (39% vs. 16%). The ‘churning poor’ were broadly consistent for both measures at roughly half the sample. Four welfare priorities converged from modelling welfare transitions. Broadening access to secondary education and energy services, improving the reliability and proximity of drinking water services, and ending open defecation improve welfare outcomes. While the policy implications do not align neatly with Kenya’s national and county government mandates, we argue that prioritising fewer but targeted sustainable development goals may improve accountability, feasibility, and responsibility in delivery if informed by local priorities and political salience.

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