Policy reform of emission taxes and environmental research and development incentives in an international Cournot model with product differentiation

2013 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 440-465 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Gautier
Keyword(s):  
Research And Development ◽  
Product Differentiation ◽  
Policy Reform ◽  
Environmental Research ◽  
Policy Reforms ◽  
Emission Taxes ◽  
Cournot Model ◽  
Development Incentives ◽  
Global Emissions

AbstractThis paper studies multilateral and unilateral policy reforms of environmental R&D subsidies and emission taxes in a two-country Cournot model with oligopolistic interdependence. The analysis indicates, inter alia, that there is a potential family of multilateral and unilateral policy reforms which can be set by pollution-intensive and pollution-moderate countries to reduce global emissions. In particular, the analysis suggests that a unilateral increase in the subsidy in the pollution-moderate country may reduce global emissions. The multilateral policy reform of the subsidy and tax in the pollution-intensive country can also reduce global emissions and increase welfare under certain conditions. The role of product differentiation in the context of policy reform is also examined.

scholarly journals The role of nonzero conjectural variation in pollution abatement and output in the design of emission taxes

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Luis Gautier
Keyword(s):  
Pollution Abatement ◽  
Emission Taxes ◽  
International Context ◽  
Cooperative Equilibrium ◽  
Emissions Taxes ◽  
Conjectural Variations ◽  
Polluting Firms ◽  
Global Emissions

Abstract The presence of nonzero conjectural variations in pollution abatement and output make emission taxes less effective with respect to reducing emissions. This has implications for the characterization of the optimal emission tax, particularly in an international context where there are large asymmetries in pollution intensities. A higher degree of collusion in output between polluting firms results in higher emissions taxes in the non-cooperative equilibrium. In contrast, a higher degree of collusion in abatement between polluting firms results in lower emissions taxes in the non-cooperative equilibrium. These results rely on the presence of nonzero conjectural variations and large asymmetries in pollution intensities across countries. The analysis is relevant to the design of international environmental policy, including cases where countries face increasing global competition and damages from rising global emissions.

The rights of people with disabilities

2020 ◽  
pp. 237-248
Author(s):  
Charles O’Mahony ◽  
Shivaun Quinlivan
Keyword(s):  
Social Policy ◽  
Policy Reform ◽  
People With Disabilities ◽  
Policy Reforms ◽  
Persons With Disabilities ◽  
Eu Policy ◽  
Law And Policy ◽  
The Eu

This chapter assesses the role of the UN Convention on the Rights of People with Disabilities (CRPD) in driving law and policy reform globally relating to the rights of people with disabilities. By ratifying the CRPD states promise to adopt proactive equality norms and provide positive supports for persons with disabilities. They are also required to involve people with disabilities in the enforcement and implementation of the CRPD. It is thus a valuable tool for those advocating for the realisation of the rights of persons with disabilities that they be treated on an equal basis with others and fully included in society. The potential of the CRPD as a tool for social policy reforms is illustrated with reference to its use to impact EU policy to accelerate the de-institutionalisation and de-segregation of persons with disabilities across the EU.

Educational leadership

2017 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 960-979 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret Sims ◽  
Manjula Waniganayake ◽  
Dr Fay Hadley
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Policy Reform ◽  
Educational Leaders ◽  
Sense Making ◽  
Policy Reforms ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Educational Leader ◽  
Street Level ◽  
Street Level Bureaucracy

In the Australian early childhood sector the role of educational leader emerged as part of a very large process of policy reform that began in 2009. The position of educational leader was established to drive the quality improvement requirements of the reform, but many organizations did not establish these positions until several years after the reforms were introduced. Lack of clear role descriptions and authority make it difficult for educational leaders to fulfil the expectations held of them. This study examines the sense leaders make of the policy reforms and the street-level bureaucracy they perform to translate the policy into action. This sense-making and street-level bureaucracy is taking place in a neoliberal context where, we argue, the demands for professional discretionary decision-making are in conflict with the top-down standardization inherent in neoliberalism. Educational leaders have the potential to challenge neoliberalism through their professional decision-making but, in the Australian context, many are currently focusing on compliance with their street-level bureaucracy.

The Role of Multiple Pollutants and Pollution Intensities in the Policy Reform of Taxes and Standards

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Gautier
Keyword(s):  
Policy Reform ◽  
Global Competition ◽  
Policy Reforms ◽  
Welfare Gains ◽  
Global Competitiveness ◽  
Multiple Pollutants ◽  
Large Asymmetry ◽  
Global Welfare

Abstract Countries with varying degrees of pollution intensities, facing increasing global competition and addressing emissions from multiple pollutants may undertake policy reforms inconsistent with cooperative outcomes, where global welfare is higher. Among others, this is because of the incentives to set laxer policy to be more cost competitive. A number of welfare-enhancing and emissions-reducing policy reforms consistent with the cooperative equilibrium, but also consistent with addressing concerns about global competitiveness are derived. The analysis indicates that the nature of multiple pollutants and asymmetries in pollution intensities are key in the design of policy reform and characterization of optimal policy. With complementarity and asymmetry in pollution intensities, laxer taxation and stricter standards are consistent with welfare gains. Laxer taxation arises with large asymmetry in pollution intensities regardless of whether pollutants are complements/substitutes. The policy reform of standards requires both complementarity and asymmetry in pollution intensities. Results are reversed if pollutants are substitutes.

Advancing Sustainable Internal Audit in Iraq’s Supreme Audit Institutions: A Proposed Conceptual Framework

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marwah Jawad Fayyadh ◽  
Zubir Azhar ◽  
Dayana Jalaludin
Keyword(s):  
Policy Reform ◽  
Internal Audit ◽  
Policy Reforms ◽  
Public Funds ◽  
The Public ◽  
The People ◽  
Conceptual Paper ◽  
Practical Implications ◽  
Public Revenues

Purpose - The movement of public funds has always been of interest to stakeholders as public revenues and expenditures are regarded as major stimulus to the economic growth of a country. Therefore, this conceptual paper seeks to investigate the role of Iraq’s Federal Board of Supreme Audit Control (FBSA) in enhancing sustainable internal audits.Design/methodology/approach - A review of published articles from 2003 to 2020 was conducted. From the keywords, 4 relevant databases were searched and discussion of the results of 45 articles were appropriate for this study.Findings – The paper proposed a framework that suggests the need for policy reforms to  take effect so as to enhance the role of FBSAC in Iraq. This is important to policymakers and financial auditors, and the urgent necessity for policy reform in supreme audit institutions(SAIs).Research limitations/implications – This paper is limited to reviewing the extant literature to provide a bottom-up exploration of sustainable internal audit in the Iraq’s public sector.Practical implications – The findings of this paper contributes to enhance better accountability to the people. The emerged discussion will alleviate the scarcity of literature, notably in Iraq’s FBSA. As part of the practical implications, this paper advocates for the creation of policies and reforms that will empower the FBSA to improve public audits and to ultimately enhance the public sector’s accountability.Original/value – This paper demonstrates that some of the existing FBSA policies need to be overhaul for better efficiency.

Evaluation of Fiscal Policy Effect of China’s Photovoltaic Industry

2018 ◽  
pp. 111-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gang AN ◽  
Hang WANG
Keyword(s):  
Fiscal Policy ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
Operating Performance ◽  
Fiscal Policies ◽  
Micro Data ◽  
Policy Effect ◽  
Policy Suggestions ◽  
Asset Size ◽  
The Empirical Analysis

To explore the role of fiscal policies in promoting the development of photovoltaic industry, the effects of financial subsidies on the development of China’s photovoltaic industry were analyzed by using the micro data of listed companies. The empirical analysis results in this study indicate that the fiscal policies represented by financial subsidies play a remarkable positive impetus function and financial subsidies are positively correlated with the operating performance of Photovoltaic enterprises. With larger the asset size and higher the Research and Development (R&D) investments, the operating performance of Photovoltaic enterprises is the better. Based on the above results, this study puts forward some policy suggestions on optimizing fiscal policy tools and further promoting the development of photovoltaic industry.

Role of Research and Development in Sustaining Indian Agriculture: A Brief Review

2020 ◽  
pp. 396-401
Keyword(s):  
Research And Development ◽  
Production Process ◽  
Annual Increase ◽  
Agriculture Sector ◽  
The Past ◽  
Indian Agriculture ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
Development Institutions ◽  
Agriculture Development

Technology united with research and development has evolved as a grave differentiator of the agriculture sector in India including production, processing, and agriculture packing and marketing of given crops. Near about 50 percent of the Indian workforce was engaged in the agriculture sector but its share in GDP was only 14 percent, much lower in comparison to former. Though, certain agriculture items showed a steady annual increase in terms of kilograms per hectare. Agriculture transformed significantly over the past few decades but when it comes to investment in research and development there is a lot more which needs to be done. The paper analyzes the role of various research and development institutions in boosting the growth of the agriculture sector that helps in attaining sustainable agriculture development and self-sufficiency in the production process since independence. It also focusesed on the various issues faced by these development institutions. The findings unveiled that since independence a lot more was done to boost the research and development in the agriculture sector at both the center and state levels but a proper implementation of these policies along with transparency could bring more desirable outcomes than were gained at present.

scholarly journals A Study on the Impact of R&D Intensity on Business Performance: Evidence from South Korea

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 135
Author(s):  
Hun Park ◽  
Jun-Hwan Park ◽  
Sujin Lee ◽  
Hyuk Hahn
Keyword(s):  
South Korea ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
Business Performance ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
The Other ◽  
Research Groups ◽  
Innovative Firms ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Knowledge Services

The role of R&D (research and development) intensity on the effect of knowledge services on the business performance of firms has been discussed by using PLS-SEM and PLS-MGA methods. Research groups were divided into two groups, innovative and non-innovative. Respondents were classified into innovative firms if their R&D intensity was over 3% and vice versa. PLS-SEM and PLS-MGA results were compared for two groups and valuable insights were extracted. For innovative firms, knowledge services seemed to be verified and processed by the decision makers and utilized to achieve their business performance. On the other hand, a large number of non-innovative firms seemed to have a stronger tendency to utilize knowledge services directly for their business without sufficient verification by the decision makers.

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