The relationship between live weight and the intake of bulky foods in pigs

2003 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.C. Whittemore ◽  
G. C. Emmans ◽  
I. Kyriazakis
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Weight Control ◽  
Quadratic Function ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Additional Treatment ◽  
Sugar Beet Pulp ◽  
Beet Pulp ◽  
Gut Fill ◽  
High Bulk

AbstractData from pigs between 12 and 120 kg live weight were used to develop a relationship between the capacity for food bulk and live weight. High bulk foods, intended to limit growth, were offered for 21 days to pigs of 12, 36 (600 g sugar-beet pulp per kg (SBP60)) and 108 (800 g sugar-beet pulp per kg (SBP80)) kg live weight. Control pigs were given a low bulk food C at all weights. After 21 days the pigs were slaughtered and measurements made on the gastro-intestinal tract (GIT). In two additional treatment groups SBP60was offered from a weight of either 36 kg or 72 kg before SBP80was offered at 108 kg. Daily live-weight gain, after allowing for the effects of a change of gut fill, was less at all weights on the high bulk foods than on C. At all weights the high bulk foods caused a significant increase in the weights of the stomach, large intestine, caecum and gut fill. Effects on the weight of the small intestine were small. Previous nutrition had no significant effect on the adapted performance, or on the size of the GIT, of pigs given SBP80at 108 kg but pre-feeding SBP60significantly increased initial consumption of SBP80. Constrained intake was not directly proportional to live weight beyond 40 kg. The absolute capacity for bulk (Cap, kg water-holding capacity per day) was related to live weight (W, kg) by the quadratic function Cap = (0·192.W) - (0·000299.W2). The value of Cap is predicted to reach a maximum when W = 321 kg. The combined weights of the large intestine and caecum (WLIC) changed with W in ways that were similar to the way in which Cap changed. In addition the ratio of Cap to WLIC was close to constant. The combined weight of the large intestine and the caecum may determine the capacity for food bulk in pigs.

Tests of two theories of food intake using growing pigs 2. The effect of a period of reduced growth rate on the subsequent intake of foods of differing bulk content

2001 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 361-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.C. Whittemore ◽  
G.C. Emmans ◽  
B.J. Tolkamp ◽  
I. Kyriazakis
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Sugar Beet Pulp ◽  
Beet Pulp ◽  
Bulk Content ◽  
High Bulk ◽  
Subsequent Intake

AbstractThe effect of a period of feeding on a high bulk food, upon the subsequent intake of foods of differing bulk content, was investigated in two experiments of the same design. The intention was to provide a severe test of the two current conceptual frameworks available for the prediction and understanding of food intake. In each experiment 40 male Manor Meishan pigs were randomly allocated to one of four treatment groups at weaning. Each experiment was split into two periods, P1 (12 to 18 kg) and P2 (18 to 32 kg). The treatments, all with ad libitum feeding, were: a control food (C) given throughout (treatment CC); a medium bulk food (M) given throughout (treatment MM); a high bulk food (H) given in P1 and then C in P2 (treatment HC); H given in P1 and M in P2 (treatment HM). C was based on micronized wheat with 13·4 MJ digestible energy and 243 g crude protein per kg fresh food. In experiment 1 M contained 350 g/kg and H 560 g/kg of unmolassed sugar-beet pulp and in experiment 2 M contained 500 g/kg and H 700 g/kg of unmolassed sugar-beet pulp. Framework 1 predicted that food intake on the medium bulk food (M) would not be increased, whereas framework 2 predicted that intake on M would be increased after a period of feeding on H, compared with when M was offered continuously.In P1, both food intake (P < 0·01) and growth (P < 0·001) were severely limited on H compared with C. In experiment 1 growth was limited on M compared with C during the first 7 days of P1 (P < 0·01) only. In experiment 2 intake (P < 0·001) and growth (P < 0·001) on M were limited throughout P1, compared with C but not thereafter. Therefore, in neither experiment did M cause a lower growth rate than C from 18 to 32 kg. In experiment 1 there was full adaptation to M after about 10 days from 12 kg. In experiment 2 adaptation was complete by the end of the first 7 days from 18 kg.In P2, food intake (P < 0·001) and live-weight gain (P < 0·05 and P < 0·001 in experiments 1 and 2, respectively) were increased on HC compared with CC. By the last 7 days of P2 intake was still higher (P < 0·01) but growth rate was no longer different to CC. Intake and gain were increased in P2 on HM compared with MM but, in general, these differences were small and not significant. In the first 7 days of P2, in experiment 1 pigs on HM had higher intakes (P < 0·001) and gains (P < 0·05) than those on MM, but in experiment 2 only intake was higher (P < 0·01) with no difference in gain. By the last 7 days of P2 there was no difference in either intake or gain between these two groups in either experiment. Pigs on HC increased intake by more than those on HM. There was, therefore, a significant interaction for food intake (P < 0·05, in experiment 1 and P < 0·001, in experiment 2) between prior and present food.The unexpected failure of either M food to limit growth throughout the experimental period meant that the results of these experiments could not be used as a strong test to reject either one of the frameworks. However, the ability of the pigs to compensate on M was less than that on C. The data provide some evidence that under conditions of compensation foods such as M may be limiting. This is in closer agreement with the framework that predicted that consumption of a limiting food will not increase after a period of feeding on a high bulk food (framework 1).

scholarly journals Effect of l-carnitine supplementation and sugar beet pulp inclusion in gilt gestation diets on gilt live weight, lactation feed intake, and offspring growth from birth to slaughter1

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (10) ◽  
pp. 4208-4218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hazel B Rooney ◽  
Keelin O’Driscoll ◽  
John V O’Doherty ◽  
Peadar G Lawlor
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Sugar Beet Pulp ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Beet Pulp ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentrations

Abstract This study evaluated the effects of l-carnitine (CAR) and sugar beet pulp (SBP) inclusion in gilt gestation diets on gilt live weight, cortisol concentration, lactation feed intake, and lifetime growth of progeny. Eighty-four pregnant gilts (Large White × Landrace) were randomly assigned to a treatment at day 38 of gestation until parturition; Control (0% SBP, 0 g CAR), CAR (0.125 g/d CAR), SBP (40% SBP), and SBP plus CAR (40% SBP, 0.125 g/d CAR). Gilts were weighed and back-fat depth was recorded on day 38, day 90, and day 108 of gestation and at weaning. Gilt saliva samples were collected pre-farrowing and fecal consistency was scored from entry to the farrowing room until day 5 post-partum. The number of piglets born (total, live, and stillborn) and individual birth weight was recorded. Piglet blood glucose concentration was measured 24 h post-partum and pigs were weighed on day 1, day 6, day 14, day 26, day 76, day 110, and day 147 of life. Carcass data were collected at slaughter. There was no interaction between CAR and SBP for any variable measured. The SBP-fed gilts were heavier on day 90 and day 108 of gestation (P < 0.05) and lost more weight during lactation (P < 0.05) than control gilts. They also had a greater fecal consistency score (P < 0.01). Total farrowing duration, piglet birth interval, and lactation feed intakes were similar between treatments (P > 0.05). The number of piglets born (total, live, and stillborn) and piglet birth weight was likewise similar between treatments (P > 0.05). Piglets from CAR-fed gilts had lower blood glucose concentrations (P < 0.01), while piglets from SBP-fed gilts had greater blood glucose concentrations (P < 0.01). Piglets from CAR gilts had a lower average daily gain between day 1 and day 6 (P < 0.05) and day 14 and day 26 post-partum (P < 0.05) compared to piglets from control gilts. However, CAR gilts weaned a greater number of pigs (P = 0.07). Live weight and carcass weight at slaughter were heavier for pigs from CAR gilts (P < 0.05) and from SBP gilts (P < 0.05). Pigs from CAR gilts (P < 0.01) and SBP gilts (P < 0.05) had increased carcass muscle depth. In conclusion, no benefit was found from the combined feeding of CAR and SBP. Fed separately, CAR increased the live weight, carcass weight, and muscle depth of progeny at slaughter. Feeding a high SBP diet increased fecal consistency in gilts pre-farrowing and increased live weight and carcass muscle depth of progeny.

The role of the large intestine in the utilization of feeds containing non-starch polysaccharides

1991 ◽  
Vol 1991 ◽  
pp. 134-134
Author(s):  
A.C. Longland ◽  
W.H. Close ◽  
A.G. Low
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Sugar Beet Pulp ◽  
Gut Microflora ◽  
End Products ◽  
Beet Pulp ◽  
Hind Gut ◽  
Small And Large Intestine

The utilization of diets high in fibre (defined here as non-starch polysaccharide - NSP) is dependent on the extent to which the NSP is fermented by the gut microflora, and the subsequent utilization by the animal of the end-products of fermentation - the VFAs. It has frequently been assumed that fermentation of NSP in the pig occurs almost exclusively in the hind-gut. However, a number of studies using pigs fitted with ileal-cannulas have suggested that some fermentation of NSP may occur prior to the hind-gut (e.g. Graham et al., 1985). The aim of this study was to determine the relative roles of the small and large intestine in a) the digestion of feeds containing non-starch polysaccharides, and b) the subsequent utilization of energy by growing pigs. This was achieved by comparing the abilities of intact or ileo-rectomised pigs to digest and grow on cereal-based diets containing 0 or 300 g/kg sugar beet pulp.

Timing of fish meal supplementation for finishing beef cattle offered grass silage

1986 ◽  
Vol 1986 ◽  
pp. 113-113
Author(s):  
P S Kirby ◽  
N A Watson ◽  
D G Rennie ◽  
T O Jones
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Sugar Beet Pulp ◽  
Trenbolone Acetate ◽  
Finishing Cattle ◽  
Chemical Company ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Beet Pulp

Results from three previous experiments with finishing cattle on an 18-month beef system indicate that the major increases in daily live-weight gain (DLG) occur within the first 50 to 60 days of supplementation with fish meal. Hence, it may be possible to remove fish meal from the diet after the initial two months of the finishing winter without any subsequent effect on animal performance.For the last nine weeks at grass the experimental cattle were given 1.4-kg/head/day dried sugar beet pulp nuts. On housing this allowance was increased to 3.0 kg and the 48 British Friesian steers were offered grass silage ad libitum (round bale silage for one week and precision-chopped clamp silage thereafter). The 3.0-kg dried sugar beet pulp was given for five days and after a 10-day changeover period the nuts were replaced by 15-kg potatoes. Cattle were offered the basal diet of precision-chopped silage and potatoes for 12 days before starting the experiment.Steers were implanted with 300-mg trenbolone acetate (Finaplix, Hoechst UK Ltd, Milton Keynes) and 36-mg zeranol (Ralgro, Crown Chemical Company Ltd, Lamberhurst) 20 days before randomisation.

Effect of ammonia treatment and supplementation on barley straw intake by sheep

1989 ◽  
Vol 1989 ◽  
pp. 105-105
Author(s):  
M. Fondevila ◽  
C. Castrillo ◽  
J. Gasa ◽  
J.A. Guada
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Latin Squares ◽  
Sugar Beet Pulp ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Ammonia Treatment ◽  
Beet Pulp ◽  
Voluntary Intake

Twenty-eight lamb ewes (44 + 0.45 kg live weight) were used to study the effect of type and level of supplementation on voluntary intake of barley straw, treated with 30 g/kg of anhydrous ammonia (TS) or untreated (US) but given with urea to ensure the same nitrogen content as TS (18 g/kg DM). Each type of straw was offered ad libitum, supplemented with grass hay, rolled barley and sugar beet pulp at rates of 150, 300, 4 50 and 600 g/d, in 6 Latin Squares (4 x 4). In addition, another 2 sheep received each straw alone during the same periods. Supplements were totally consumed, except hay, which was refused in 10 - 13 and 28 - 34 per cent for US and TS, respectively.Daily dry matter intake (DMI) of US (OMD = 0.423) and TS (OMD = 0.515) offer as sole feed were 511 ± 29.1 and 858 ± 45.2 g. As show TABLE 1, US was consumed at rates of 527, 576 and 568 g DM when supplemented with 150 g of hay, barley and sugar beet pulp, and no significant differences were found with further levels of supplementation. DMI of TS decreased linearly from 850 to 618 g/d (r = 0.75) and from 717 to 518 g/d (r = 0.63) when the level of barley and sugar beet pulp increased from 150 to 600 g/d. Substitution rates were estimated to be 0.31 and 0.27 for barley and sugar beet pulp, respectively. Decrease in TS intake when supplemented since 150 to 600 g/d of hay (720 to 605 g, respectively) were found not significative.

A note on the effects of dietary inclusion of a yeast culture on growth and ruminal metabolism of lambs given diets containing unground pelleted molassed dried sugar-beet pulp and barley in various proportions

1994 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Rouzbehan ◽  
H. Galbraith ◽  
J. A. Rooke ◽  
J. G. Perrott
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Sugar Beet Pulp ◽  
Yeast Culture ◽  
Food Conversion ◽  
Beet Pulp ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

Twenty-eight Suffolk-cross male castrated lambs aged 7 to 8 months, initial live weight 36 (s.e. 149) kg were given four diets which contained unground pelleted molassed sugar-beet pulp and rolled barley (940 g/kg, fresh weight basis) in the following proportions either A, 0·8 to 0·2 or B, 0·5 to 0·5, with 60 g soya-bean meal per kg. Diets A and B were offered with or without a yeast culture product Yea-Sacc. Diets zvere offered twice daily to appetite with 100 g hay per head. Yeast culture had no effect on any measurement made (P > 0·05). Lambs given diet B consumed more dry matter (DM), grew faster and had superior food conversion efficiencies (all P < 0·01). Rumen fluid taken 3 h after feeding contained higher concentrations of ammonia (F < 0·01), total volatile fatty acids (F < 0·001) and acetic acid (F < 0·001) in samples from lambs given diet A. Rumen fluid samples collected before the 10·00 h meal, produced more gas from diet A than diet B after 6 and 24 h in vitro incubation (F < 0·001) suggesting the presence of more undigested food. When ground diets were incubated, more gas was produced from diet A after 6h (F < 0·05) but not after 24 h fP > 0·05). It is suggested that diet B supported faster growth of the lambs as a result of faster rate of digestion, higher DM intake and superior food conversion.

Effects of diets differing in the proportion of sugar beet pulp and barley on growth, body composition and metabolism of entire male lambs

1989 ◽  
Vol 1989 ◽  
pp. 119-119
Author(s):  
H Galbraith ◽  
P Mandebvu ◽  
J K Thompson ◽  
MF Franklin
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Sugar Beet Pulp ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Protein Deposition ◽  
Endocrine Parameters ◽  
Beet Pulp ◽  
Entire Male

Previous studies (e.g. Galbraith, McCulloch, Scalfe, Keeling and Atkinson, 1987) showed that differences in growth and metabolic responses Were obtained in sheep offered diets based on barley compared with those offered sugar beet pulp. At similar intakes of dry matter, barley based diets gave faster live-weight gain and heavier carcasses Which contained greater Weights of crude protein and fat and a higher proportion of fat in the carcass than those based on sugar beet pulp. The differences in fat and protein deposition in the carcass are of particular interest particularly in the context of the greater content of cellulose and hemi-cellulose in the fibre component of sugar beet-based diets. The objective of the present study Was to investigate the response to diets based on sugar beet pulp and supplemented With varying proportions of barley. It was Intended to study the utilisation of the diets which differed in the content of fibre and starch and to provide information on whole body, carcass and selected metabolic and endocrine parameters.

The effect of supplementing straw with barley or unmolassed sugar-beet pulp on microbial protein supply in sheep estimated from urinary purine derivative excretion

1992 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 413-417 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. B. Chen ◽  
S. A. Abdulrazak ◽  
W. J. Shand ◽  
E. R. Ørskov
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Sugar Beet Pulp ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Purine Derivative ◽  
Total Diet ◽  
Beet Pulp ◽  
Protein Supply

AbstractFour sheep (live weight 39 to 42 kg) fitted with rumen cannulas were offered ammonia-treated barley straw alone (control) or supplemented with unmolassed sugar-beet pulp or rolled barley at 0·20 or 0·40 of the total diet on a fresh weight basis (SBP20, SBP40, B20 and B40, respectively) using a 4 × 5 randomized block design. Total diet intakes were 710, 873, 1054, 843 and 1021 g dry matter per day for control, SBP20, SBP40, B20 and B40 respectively. The intake of straw was depressed significantly with SBP40 and B40 (P < 0·05). Rumen pH and ammonia concentration decreased, and total volatile fatty acid concentrations increased (P < 0·05) with increasing level of supplementation for both supplements. Rumen liquid outflow rate was affected little by the supplementation although this measurement for B40 was significantly higher than that for the other treatments. Microbial protein supply, estimated from urinary excretion of purine derivatives, increased significantly with the increasing amounts of supplements (4·5, 6·7, 8·5, 7·1 and 9·0 (s.e.d. 0·73) g N per day for control, SBP20, SBP40, B20 and B40 respectively) (P < 0·05). The calculated efficiency of microbial protein production was 12·8, 14·2, 14·3, 15·7 and 14·5 (s.e.d. 1·45) g N per kg digestible organic matter intake (DOMI) for the five treatments. Although this value was lowest with the control, differences between treatments were not significant (P > 0·05). It seems that microbial protein yield per unit DOMI for a diet based on ammonia-treated straw could not be improved substantially by supplementation with sugar-beet pulp or barley.

Sugar beet pulp as a supplement to straw in diets for finishing cattle.

1988 ◽  
Vol 1988 ◽  
pp. 140-140
Author(s):  
S Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Sugar Beet Pulp ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Vitamin Supplement ◽  
Improve Performance ◽  
Finishing Cattle ◽  
Beet Pulp

When barley has been used as a supplement to straw in diets for finishing cattle the performance achieved has often been below target. A trial was made to measure whether substitution of sugar beet pulp, a fibrous source of energy, for barley in such diets would Improve performance. Forty-eight Frieslan-type steers weighing 370 kg were offered long, Spring barley straw (variety Doublet) ad libitum. The straw was either untreated or treated with ammonia. Ammonia treatment was carried out in an oven with 3% anhydrous ammonia for 21 hours. Supplementation of the straw was designed to give a daily live weight gain of 1 kg. Animals offered untreated straw received 5.5 kg per head daily of dry matter (DM) from supplementary concentrates whilst those offered ammonia-treated straw received 4.5 kg concentrate DM. Included in the concentrates was 0.23 kg DM from white-fish meal and 0.07 kg of a mineral/vitamin supplement. The animals offered untreated straw also received 0.09 kg per head daily of urea. The remainder of the concentrates consisted of either bruised barley, a mixture of equal parts of DM from bruised barley and dried molassed sugar beet pulp, or sugar beet pulp only.

The effect of height of pasture and concentrate composition on dairy cows grazed on continuously stocked pastures

1987 ◽  
Vol 109 (2) ◽  
pp. 293-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Kibon ◽  
W. Holmes
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Sugar Beet Pulp ◽  
Herbage Intake ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Beet Pulp

SummaryThe effects of pasture height and of a cereal-based concentrate or a sugar-beet pulp supplement were studied with 30 spring-calving cows on continuously stocked, perennial ryegrass dominant pasture in a 3 × 3 latin-square design with periods of 4 weeks. Pastures were maintained at heights of about 5·0 cm (short) or 6·5 cm (control). On the short pasture, the two supplements had similar effects and were additive but on the control pasture, compared with sugar-beet pulp, the cereal concentrate depressed herbage intake. Average fat-corrected milk yields were 26·3 and 28·1 kg/day on short and control areas respectively. Both supplements increased milk yields by about 0·7 kg per kg OM supplied. Cows on the short pasture tended to lose weight. Supplements slightly increased live weight and sugar-beet pulp tended to increase body condition score. In observations continued after the conclusion of the main experiment the short pasture was more productive and of slightly higher nutritive value. Cows receiving the concentrate supplements increased total intake but this was reflected only in live weight. The total utilized metabolizable energy for the whole season was about 130 GJ/ha.

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