scholarly journals Effect of variety, growing region and growing season on digestible energy content of wheats grown in Western Australia for weaner pigs

2004 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Kim ◽  
B. P. Mullan ◽  
P. H. Simmins ◽  
J. R. Pluske
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Wheat Variety ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Harvest Year ◽  
Weaner Pigs ◽  
Growing Region

AbstractAn experiment was conducted to examine the digestible energy (DE) content for weanling pigs in a cohort of wheats grown in Western Australia, and to establish relationships between DE content and their chemical composition. The 3 ✕ 3 ✕ 2 factorial experiment examined the wheat variety (Arrino, Stiletto and Westonia), growing location (high, medium and low rainfall zone) and harvest year (1999 and 2000). Pigs (no. = 5 per diet) aged about 28 days were given a diet at a level of 0·05 ✕ live weight containing 900 g/kg of the wheat and an acid-insoluble ash marker for 10 days, with samples of faeces collected from each pig for the final 5 days. The average live weight of pigs was 6·6 (s.d. 0·77) kg. The DE content of wheats harvested in 1999 varied by up to 1·3 MJ/kg, while wheats harvested in 2000 varied by up to 1·8 MJ/kg. When the 2 years’ data were combined, the DE content ranged from 12·5 to 14·4 MJ/kg. Both the variety and growing region significantly influenced (P < 0·05, P < 0·001, respectively in year 1999; P < 0·001, P < 0·01, respectively in year 2000) the DE content of wheat. Also, DE content of wheat differed significantly due to growing season (P < 0·001). Correlation studies between chemical composition and DE content of the wheats found significant inverse relationships between DE content and total xylose (r = –0·719, P < 0·05), insoluble xylose (r = –0·742, P < 0·05), neutral-detergent fibre (r = –0·839, P < 0·01), total-P (r = –0·833, P < 0·01), and phytate-P (r = –0·753, P < 0·05) contents with the wheats harvested in 1999. However, such relationships were not significant (P > 0·05) with the wheats harvested in 2000. In addition, the precipitation level (mm) during the growing season of wheats was strongly correlated (r = –0·821, P < 0·01) to the DE content of wheat in year 1999, but was not correlated in 2000. The results indicate that the genetic and environmental conditions during the growth of wheat have a significant impact on the utilization of plant energy in weaner pigs, and that greater attention needs to be paid to these influences in the assignment of energy values for wheats given to weaner pigs.

High level cereal diets for the growing/finishing pig: II The effect of cereal preparation on the performance of pigs fed diets containing high levels of maize, sorghum and barley

1967 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. L. J. Lawrence
Keyword(s):  
Energy Content ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Large White ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Finishing Pig ◽  
White Type ◽  
High Level ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Weaner Pigs

(1) In a 3×2 factorial experiment sixty Large White type weaner pigs (30 hogs and 30 gilts) were individually and restrictedly fed to 200 lb live weight, six diets (as wet mashes) containing 70 % of either maize, sorghum or barley, each cereal having been processed by either crimping or grinding prior to inclusion in its respective diet. A further two groups of six litter-mate hog pigs per group were used to measured the digestibility of and the nitrogen retention from these six diets at approximately 50, 110 and 190 lb live weight.2. Grinding gave significantly better digestibility than crimping, the ground diets having significantly higher digestible energy contents than the crimped. Between cereals the order of significant decreasing digestible energy content was from maize to sorghum to barley dietary treatments.3. There were no significant differences between cereals in nitrogen retention. Between processing treatments grinding, in terms of g. retained per kg live weight per day, gave a significantly higher value than crimping, at 107 lb live weight.

Variation in the chemical composition of wheats grown in Western Australia as influenced by variety, growing region, season, and post-harvest storage

2003 ◽  
Vol 54 (6) ◽  
pp. 541 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Kim ◽  
B. P. Mullan ◽  
P. H. Simmins ◽  
J. R. Pluske
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Wheat Variety ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Free Sugar ◽  
Growing Region ◽  
Total Starch

Two experiments were conducted to examine varietal and environmental influences on physical characteristics and chemical content in a cohort of wheats grown in Western Australia. In Expt 1, a 3 × 3 × 2 factorial experiment examined the relationships between wheat variety (Arrino, Stiletto, and Westonia), growing region (high, medium, and low rainfall zone), and 2 harvest years (1999 and 2000). In Expt 2, the effect of storage for 6�months on the chemical composition of the wheats was examined. Wide variations in the content of crude protein (CP, CV 19.4%), total starch (CV 5.45%), total non-starch polysaccharides (NSP, CV 9.4%), insoluble NSP (CV 10.4%), and soluble NSP (CV 20.7%) were observed. The crude protein content of wheat was inversely related to total starch content (r = –0.779, P < 0.001). Variety influenced fast digestible starch (P < 0.001), acid detergent fibre (ADF, P < 0.01), total NSP (P < 0.05), insoluble NSP (P < 0.05), and in vitro extract viscosity (P < 0.05). The annual precipitation level (mm) irrespective of growing region was correlated to bushel weight (r = –0.683, P�<�0.01), CP (r = –0.631, P < 0.01), total starch (r = 0.526, P < 0.05), ADF (r = –0.687, P < 0.01), lignin (r�=�–0.863, P < 0.001), soluble NSP (r = 0.826, P < 0.001), and free sugar contents (r = –0.795, P < 0.001), indicating the importance of annual rainfall for accumulation of protein, carbohydrates, and lignin in wheats. Harvest year had a strong influence on chemical composition (P < 0.05 to <0.001) and bushel weight (P < 0.001) of wheat. Storage for 6 months decreased soluble NSP (P < 0.01), ADF (P < 0.05), and lignin content (P < 0.01), and increased free sugar content (P < 0.001).

Single cereal diets for bacon pigs 1. The effects of diets based on barley, wheat, maize meal, flaked maize or sorghum on performance and carcass characteristics

1969 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 325-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. A. Cole ◽  
E. G. Clent ◽  
J. R. Luscombe
Keyword(s):  
Energy Content ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
The Other ◽  
Carcass Quality ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Maize Meal ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Amino Acid Balance

SUMMARYTwo experiments were carried out to compare the performance and carcass quality of pigs given diets based on barley, wheat or maize meal, and another two experiments comparing these cereals, flaked maize and sorghum. In general, differences in the utilization of feed for live-weight gain could be related to differences in the digestible energy content of the cereals used in the diet, although in some experiments pigs behaved atypically on individual diets. Flaked maize was consistently inferior to the other cereals in the efficiency of conversion of its digestible energy, possibly because of its poorer amino acid balance and its low levels of lysine and tryptophan in relation to energy. Differences between experiments in the performance of pigs fed on the various diets are also discussed. Differences between treatments in killing-out percentage and predicted lean percentage were small, and carcasses of pigs from all treatments were acceptable for bacon curing.

The relation between various energy parameters, chemical composition and digestibility of some pasture swards in a subtropical environment

1971 ◽  
Vol 11 (51) ◽  
pp. 397 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Jeffery
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Energy Parameters ◽  
Normal Acid ◽  
Subtropical Environment

Results obtained from 45 sheep metabolism trials, involving 190 sheep periods, with 11 different pasture types were analyzed to determine equations for the prediction of energy content, energy digestibility and digestible energy content. Independent variables considered in the analyses were crude protein and normal acid fibre contents and dry matter, organic matter and normal acid fibre digestibilities. In all equations significant pasture type effects were detected. The importance of these effects are discussed with particular consideration of likely biases that may result and the errors of prediction associated with overall regressions. The regressions obtained in this study are compared with a number of others reported in the literature.

High Level Cereal Diets for the Growing/Finishing Pig: VI. An Evaluation of Flaked Maize, Wheat and Barley When Included at High Levels in the Diet of the Weaned Pig Grown to Cutter Weight (160 lb)

1972 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 155-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. L. J. Lawrence
Keyword(s):  
Energy Content ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Food Conversion ◽  
Large White ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
White Type ◽  
Ground Meal ◽  
Dry Diet

SUMMARYIn a randomized block 3x2 factorial experiment 72 Large White type and Large White x Landrace pigs were restrictedly fed to 160 lb (72–5 kg) live weight on diets (as wet mashes) containing high levels of maize, wheat or barley in either ground meal or ground flaked forms. A further five groups of six litter-mate Large White type hog pigs per group were used in digestibility and nitrogen balance studies. The diets of meal were formulated to be iso-nitrogenous and to contain similar levels of lysine and for each cereal similar levels of protein and vitamin/mineral supplements were included in the flaked diets. There were no significant cereal x processing interactions for any of the parameters studied. Overall, flaking improved digestibility and this was reflected in a higher (P >0-05) digestible energy content of the flaked diets (3402 kcal/kg air dry weight) compared with the meal diets (3334 kcal/kg air dry weight). The digestible energy contents of the maize, wheat and barley diets were significantly different (P < 0-001) at 3477, 3431 and 3195 kcal/kg air-dry diet respectively. Nitrogen retention, growth rate and efficiency of food conversion were all significantly poorer for the flaked, compared with the meal based diets. The nitrogen retained from the wheat-based diets was significantly lower than that retained from the maize- and barley-based diets. Growth rates of pigs given the wheat- and barley-based diets were similar but taken together were significantly (P < 0-05) better than those obtained from pigs given the maize-based diet. Efficiency of food conversion followed a similar pattern but the differences were not statistically significant.

Levels of total phosphorus, phytate-phosphorus, and phytase activity in three varieties of Western Australian wheats in response to growing region, growing season, and storage

2002 ◽  
Vol 53 (12) ◽  
pp. 1361 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Kim ◽  
B. P. Mullan ◽  
P. H. Selle ◽  
J. R. Pluske
Keyword(s):  
Total Phosphorus ◽  
Wheat Variety ◽  
Region Growing ◽  
Phytase Activity ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
P Content ◽  
Harvest Year ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Total P ◽  
Growing Region

Two experiments were conducted to examine varietal, environmental, and storage influences on total phosphorus (P), phytate-P content, and phytase activity in a cohort of wheats grown in Western Australia. In Expt�1, a 3 × 3 × 2 factorial experiment examined the influence of wheat variety (Arrino, Stiletto, Westonia), growing region (high, medium, low rainfall zone), and harvest year (1999, 2000). In Expt 2, the effect of storage for 6 months on the P composition of the wheats was examined. The total P and phytate-P concentrations ranged from 1.66 to 4.48 g/kg (DM) and from 1.05 to 3.32 g/kg (DM), with mean values of 2.64 (s.e. ±0.142) and 1.79 g/kg (s.e. ±0.127), respectively. Phytase activity ranged from 327 to 811 phytase activity units (FTU)/kg, with a mean value of 563 FTU/kg (s.e. ±29.6). Phytate-P content was significantly correlated with total P concentration (r = 0.97, P < 0.001). Harvest year tended to influence the total P and phytate-P content (P = 0.079 and P = 0.082, respectively) of the wheats, whereas wheat variety had a significant effect on the phytase activity (P < 0.05). Precipitation level (mm) was positively correlated to total P and phytate-P contents (P < 0.05). Storage for 6 months after harvest did not change the P content of wheat.

A note on crossbreeding for fat-lamb production in the hot tropics

1982 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 435-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Sehgal ◽  
S. A. Karim ◽  
Manohar Singh ◽  
R. M. Acharya
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Food Conversion ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Digestible Crude Protein ◽  
Body Heat

ABSTRACTTo compare the genetic group differences in live-weight gains, efficiency of food conversion (in terms of dry matter, total digestible nutrients, digestible crude protein, digestible energy and metabolizable energy) and physiological responses related to heat balance, a total of 24 male lambs (91 to 180 days old), four each of Malpura, Sonadi, and their crosses with Dorset and Suffolk breeds, were given a ration having a roughage to concentrate ratio of 250:750g/kg and metabolizable energy content of 100MJ/kg dry matter. Live-weight gain per day was higher and the food conversion ratio (the intakes of total digestible nutrients, digestible energy and metabolizable energy per kg gain) was lower in the crossbreds than in the native sheep. The crossbreds had higher respiratory rates (153 per min) than the natives (140 per min) but there was no significant difference in rectal temperature between purebreds and crossbreds. The crossbred lambs in the present experiment grew faster, consumed more food and utilized the food more efficiently than did the native lambs, despite the fact that they dissipated more energy as body heat. It was, therefore, concluded that the crossbreds performed better than the native breeds between 3 and 6 months of age, even though they were not permanently acclimatized to hot environmental conditions.

Sucrose as an energy source for growing pigs: digestible energy content and energy utilization

1990 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 343-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A. Beech ◽  
R. Elliott ◽  
E. S. Batterham
Keyword(s):  
Energy Content ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Nutrient Utilization ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Cholesterol Concentration ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
Gut Fill

ABSTRACTTwo experiments were conducted to determine the effect of including sucrose in diets on energy utilization by growing pigs. In the first experiment, the digestible energy (DE) content of sucrose was determined as 15·6 MJ/kg, indicating that gross energy was 0·96 digested. In the second experiment, iso-energetic diets were used to determine the effects of sucrose on growth and nutrient utilization. Sucrose was used to replace wheat gradually in four iso-energetic diets (15 MJ DE, 0·75 g lysine per MJ DE for pigs from 20 to 50 kg live weight and 15·1 MJ DE, 0·67 g lysine per MJ DE for pigs from 50 to 80 kg live weight). Pigs were fed ad libitum. Food intake (P < 0·01) and carcass daily gain (P < 0·05) increased with sucrose inclusion, independently of the level of sucrose in the diet. Food conversion ratio of male (boar) pigs on a carcass basis was unaffected by sucrose inclusion but increased with female pigs (P < 0·01). Killing-out proportion increased linearly with sucrose inclusion (P < 0·01). Sucrose inclusion improved energy retention (P < 0·05) and increased fat deposition (P < 0·05) but protein deposition was not affected. The weight of the full viscera (P < 0·01), empty digestive tract (P < 0·05), stomach (P < 0·01) and large intestine (P < 0·05) decreased with increasing sucrose inclusion. Sucrose did not affect blood triglycerides or cholesterol concentration (P > 0·05). Sucrose inclusion decreased the crude fibre and crude protein content of the diet and energy utilization was improved. Differences in gut fill indicated that sucrose-based diets were rapidly digested and absorbed.

Factors affecting voluntary feed intake in pigs. I. The effect of digestible energy content of the diet on the intake of castrated male pigs housed in holding pens and in metabolism crates

1967 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. A. Cole ◽  
J. E. Duckworth ◽  
W. Holmes
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Voluntary Feed Intake ◽  
The Difference

1. The voluntary feed intakes of pigs fed on diets having calculated digestible energy contents of 2,970, 3,356, 3,630 and 3,910 kcal/kg. dry matter were measured over four periods from 38 to 105 kg. live-weight.2. The pigs achieved similar daily digestible energy intakes regardless of the digestible energy content of the diet.3. When housed in metabolism crates pigs ate less than when housed in holding pens and the difference was greater than would be expected solely from the reduced exercise of the pigs in crates.4. Daily digestible energy intake was 575 kcal/kg. live-weight 0.675 when the pigs were in holding pens. The daily digestible energy intake of pigs in metabolism crates increased less with live-weight.5. The use of metabolism crates to obtain digestibility coefficients and values for nitrogen retention to be applied to animals housed under other conditions is discussed in relation to the differences found in apparent digestibility coefficients, feed intake and growth rates between pigs in crates and in holding pens.

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