Variation in the chemical composition of wheats grown in Western Australia as influenced by variety, growing region, season, and post-harvest storage

2003 ◽  
Vol 54 (6) ◽  
pp. 541 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Kim ◽  
B. P. Mullan ◽  
P. H. Simmins ◽  
J. R. Pluske
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Wheat Variety ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Free Sugar ◽  
Growing Region ◽  
Total Starch

Two experiments were conducted to examine varietal and environmental influences on physical characteristics and chemical content in a cohort of wheats grown in Western Australia. In Expt 1, a 3 × 3 × 2 factorial experiment examined the relationships between wheat variety (Arrino, Stiletto, and Westonia), growing region (high, medium, and low rainfall zone), and 2 harvest years (1999 and 2000). In Expt 2, the effect of storage for 6�months on the chemical composition of the wheats was examined. Wide variations in the content of crude protein (CP, CV 19.4%), total starch (CV 5.45%), total non-starch polysaccharides (NSP, CV 9.4%), insoluble NSP (CV 10.4%), and soluble NSP (CV 20.7%) were observed. The crude protein content of wheat was inversely related to total starch content (r = –0.779, P < 0.001). Variety influenced fast digestible starch (P < 0.001), acid detergent fibre (ADF, P < 0.01), total NSP (P < 0.05), insoluble NSP (P < 0.05), and in vitro extract viscosity (P < 0.05). The annual precipitation level (mm) irrespective of growing region was correlated to bushel weight (r = –0.683, P�<�0.01), CP (r = –0.631, P < 0.01), total starch (r = 0.526, P < 0.05), ADF (r = –0.687, P < 0.01), lignin (r�=�–0.863, P < 0.001), soluble NSP (r = 0.826, P < 0.001), and free sugar contents (r = –0.795, P < 0.001), indicating the importance of annual rainfall for accumulation of protein, carbohydrates, and lignin in wheats. Harvest year had a strong influence on chemical composition (P < 0.05 to <0.001) and bushel weight (P < 0.001) of wheat. Storage for 6 months decreased soluble NSP (P < 0.01), ADF (P < 0.05), and lignin content (P < 0.01), and increased free sugar content (P < 0.001).

scholarly journals Effect of variety, growing region and growing season on digestible energy content of wheats grown in Western Australia for weaner pigs

2004 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Kim ◽  
B. P. Mullan ◽  
P. H. Simmins ◽  
J. R. Pluske
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Wheat Variety ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Harvest Year ◽  
Weaner Pigs ◽  
Growing Region

AbstractAn experiment was conducted to examine the digestible energy (DE) content for weanling pigs in a cohort of wheats grown in Western Australia, and to establish relationships between DE content and their chemical composition. The 3 ✕ 3 ✕ 2 factorial experiment examined the wheat variety (Arrino, Stiletto and Westonia), growing location (high, medium and low rainfall zone) and harvest year (1999 and 2000). Pigs (no. = 5 per diet) aged about 28 days were given a diet at a level of 0·05 ✕ live weight containing 900 g/kg of the wheat and an acid-insoluble ash marker for 10 days, with samples of faeces collected from each pig for the final 5 days. The average live weight of pigs was 6·6 (s.d. 0·77) kg. The DE content of wheats harvested in 1999 varied by up to 1·3 MJ/kg, while wheats harvested in 2000 varied by up to 1·8 MJ/kg. When the 2 years’ data were combined, the DE content ranged from 12·5 to 14·4 MJ/kg. Both the variety and growing region significantly influenced (P < 0·05, P < 0·001, respectively in year 1999; P < 0·001, P < 0·01, respectively in year 2000) the DE content of wheat. Also, DE content of wheat differed significantly due to growing season (P < 0·001). Correlation studies between chemical composition and DE content of the wheats found significant inverse relationships between DE content and total xylose (r = –0·719, P < 0·05), insoluble xylose (r = –0·742, P < 0·05), neutral-detergent fibre (r = –0·839, P < 0·01), total-P (r = –0·833, P < 0·01), and phytate-P (r = –0·753, P < 0·05) contents with the wheats harvested in 1999. However, such relationships were not significant (P > 0·05) with the wheats harvested in 2000. In addition, the precipitation level (mm) during the growing season of wheats was strongly correlated (r = –0·821, P < 0·01) to the DE content of wheat in year 1999, but was not correlated in 2000. The results indicate that the genetic and environmental conditions during the growth of wheat have a significant impact on the utilization of plant energy in weaner pigs, and that greater attention needs to be paid to these influences in the assignment of energy values for wheats given to weaner pigs.

The Influence of Lighting on the Speed of Germination and the Chemical Composition of Germinated Grains of Soybean and Lupine

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (42) ◽  
pp. 93-98
Author(s):  
Sergey Vendin ◽  
◽  
Yuri Sayenko ◽  
Mikhail Shirokov ◽  
Vladimir Strakhov
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
The Body ◽  
Crude Fiber ◽  
Average Growth ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Long Term Storage

Effective industrial rearing of pigs is impossible without providing them with full-value vitamin-enriched feed. The lack of vitamins in feed negatively affects the productivity of animals. One of the simple and affordable ways to increase the vitamin value of feed can be the addition of sprouted grain to the diet of animals. According to many scientists, when germinating in grain, the content of macro and microelements, vitamins increases. When using sprouted grains, the eatability of feed increases and the absorption of nutrients increases, because in the process of grain germination, enzymes are activated that convert complex nutrients into simple compounds that are easily assimilated in the body of young animals. The efficiency of germination and the quality of germinated grain depends on the conditions of germination and lighting conditions during the growing period. In addition, during long-term storage (more than 4-5 hours) of sprouted grain with a moisture content of more than 60 percent, it begins to mold and rot. Therefore, it must be fed in the first hours after germination. To extend the shelf life of germinated grain, it must be dried to the required moisture content. (Purpose of research) To study the effect of the duration of illumination on the germination rate and the chemical composition of germinated grain of soybeans and lupine. (Materials and methods) We studied the germination technology and, based on the data obtained, adopted our own germination method. An installation was made for determining the time of illumination of grain during germination. Chemical analysis of the composition of soybean and lupine grains was carried out before and after germination, as well as after drying. (Results and discussion) We compared the results of studies on the effect of lighting time on sprout length when germinating grain on vitamin feed. Determined the values of the rate of obtaining shoots, specific energy intensity of lighting. Studied the chemical composition of the original grain of soybeans and lupine, germinated and dried - separately and in stages. (Conclusions) When germinating soybean seeds, the average growth rate for 5 days was 3.34 millimeters per day, and for lupine seeds - 8.4 millimeters per day. In the samples of sprouted dried soybeans, an increase in crude protein in dry matter by 4.23 percent, crude fiber - by 2.07 percent, sugar content - by 0.48 percent was revealed. They showed that the amount of crude protein and crude fiber increased by 2.3 and 2.38 percent, respectively. It was noted that the content of calcium, phosphorus and sodium in the samples of soybeans and lupine increased slightly - less than 0.2 percent.

scholarly journals Composición química de la morera (Morus alba), para uso en la alimentación animal: densidades y frecuencias de poda.

2006 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Boschini ◽  
Herbert Dormond-H ◽  
Álvaro Castro-H
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Experimental Station ◽  
Average Annual Rainfall ◽  
Cutting Frequency ◽  
Cellular Wall ◽  
Planting Distance

This experiment was carried out at the Alfredo Volio Mata Dairy Cattle Experimental Station in Costa Rica, at an altitude of 1542 masl, where there is an average annual rainfall of 2050 mm, temperature of 19.5 C and relative humidity of 84%. A mulberry bush plantation was divided into three plots: with a distance of 60, 90 and 120 cm between rows and plants. Each plot was uniformly pruned at two heights: 30 and 60 cm from the ground. During a 336-day period, these subplots were pruned consecutively every 56th, 84th and 112th day. The planting distance and the pruning height produced small variations in the chemical composition of the mulberry leaves and stems. The cutting frequency produced changes in the composition of the leaves and stems. Nevertheless, the differences in dry matter, crude protein, structural carbohydrates and total ashes in the leaves were not higher then 3% in experimental frequencies. In the stems the greatest changes were 9% and they were produced in the content of the dry matter, cellular wall and in some of the structural chemical components, such as cellulose. The cutting number within each frequency significantly influenced the chemical composition of the  leaves and the stems.

scholarly journals PRESSURIZED WATER PRETREATMENT TO INCREASE SUGAR PRODUCTION FROM GREEN COCONUT

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cleitiane Da Costa Nogueira ◽  
Carlos Eduardo de Araujo Padilha ◽  
Anderson Alles De Jesus ◽  
Domingos Fabiano de Santana Souza ◽  
Everaldo Silvino Dos Santos
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Enzymatic Hydrolysis ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Water Flow Rate ◽  
Coconut Shell ◽  
Sugar Production ◽  
Pressurized Water ◽  
Phenolic Components ◽  
Pre Treatment

Pretreatment of lignocellulosic industrial waste is necessary to promote the cellulose accessibility. Thus, this study evaluated the production of green coconut sugars during pressurized hydrothermal pre-treatment and enzymatic hydrolysis of the pretreated biomass. Pretreatment of the green coconut shell was carried out at 70 °C, 150 bar and water flow rate of 1 mL/min for 4 h. Samples from the system output stream were analyzed by HPLC and Folin Ciocalteu method. The solid fraction was characterized (chemical composition, XRD and FTIR) and subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis. The liquid fractions of pretreatment provided a defined profile of released glucose, xylose, phenolic components and acetic acid over time. After 40 min, most of fermentable sugars were released, forming a liquor with a sugar content above 10 g/L. Post-treated biomass showed a reduction of cellulose (26 % to 17 %) and hemicellulose (23 % to 18 %) and an increase in lignin content (32 % to 44 %). Despite this new chemical composition of the biomass, the pretreated material had lower crystallinity indexes and modifications in its chemical groups. This favored cellulosic conversion from 15 % to 55 %, producing 63.5 % more glucose than the untreated green coconut shell during enzymatic hydrolysis. Thus, the pressurized pre-treatment favored the fermentable sugar production from the green coconut shell, and there is also the possibility of utilizing the sugars present in the pre-treatment liquor.

scholarly journals 77 Chemical composition, texture and color analyses, and true metabolizabile energy of green banana flour in retorted diets for domestic cats

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 57-57
Author(s):  
Clare Hsu ◽  
Fei He ◽  
Heather Mangian ◽  
Brittany White ◽  
Leah Lambrakis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Resistant Starch ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Free Sugar ◽  
Pet Food ◽  
Water Binding ◽  
Commercial Diets ◽  
Canned Foods ◽  
Banana Flour ◽  
Green Banana

Abstract Green banana flour (GBF) has gained popularity for its health-promoting properties, since it is nutrient-rich, gluten-free, low in free sugars, and high in fiber, particularly resistant starch type 2 and pectin. Resistant starch helps promote gut health, and pectin could act as a natural thickening agent for manufacturing. Also, GBF may contribute a natural brown color to finished products. The objective of this pilot study was to determine the chemical composition of four commercially available GBFs and the effects of inclusion of these ingredients on texture, color and water binding characteristics in wet pet food products. Four types of GBF were analyzed to determine their nutritional composition. Canned foods containing four sources of green banana flour in different amounts were tested for their effects on texture and/or color of the products. For the chemical composition, all four GBF had high resistant starch concentration, ranging from 28.4% to 40.9%, and low free sugar concentration (1.8% to 7.5%). Crude protein and acid hydrolyzed fat concentrations were below 6% and 4% for all GBF tested, respectively. Texture analyses showed that hardness, adhesiveness, springiness, resilience, and firmness/toughness of canned foods containing GBF were similar to at least one of the commercial diets tested (P &gt;0.05). Using CIE L*a*b* for color parameter, lightness was variable among commercial diets (L* ranged from 24.55 to 36.75) and canned food containing GBF (35.60 to 63.41) (P &lt; 0.05). Redness and yellowness of experimental diets were similar to those of commercial food (P &gt;0.05), with a* ranging from 4.67 to 11.29 and b* from 13.58 to 24.26. Overall, GBF has potential to be a functional ingredient for pet food due to its high resistant starch and low free sugar content, and the resulting product is similar in texture and color to commercial wet pet foods.

Evaluation of tropical legumes: Chemical composition, in vitro degradability, and ingestive selectivity by bovines and caprines.

1969 ◽  
Vol 94 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 121-130
Author(s):  
Abner A. Rodríguez ◽  
María Vázquez ◽  
Jorge Olivares ◽  
Francisco Rivera ◽  
Luis Cruz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Arachis Glabrata ◽  
Tropical Legumes ◽  
Voluntary Intake

An experiment, divided into three trials, was conducted to determine the chemical composition, in vitro degradability, and ingestive selectivity of the tropical legumes (TL) Stylosanthes guianensis (Stylo; SG), Cajanus cajan (pigeon-pea; CC) and Arachis glabrata (rhizome perennial peanut; AG). In the first trial the organic matter (OM), inorganic matter (IM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF, hemicelulose), cellulose, lignin and acid detergent insoluble nitrogen (ADIN) content in the whole plant and botanical components (stems and leaves) of the three TL were determined. The second trial evaluated the in vitro apparent (AIVDMD) and true dry matter degradability (TIVDMD) of the three TL during 48 h of incubation in bovine and caprine ruminal fluid. Trial three, of cafeteria type, evaluated the voluntary intake by goats and heifers of the three TL during one hour. In all trials tropical grass hay (HG) was used as control forage. A qualitative scale (none, low, medium and high) was used to express the intake of TL and GH. Organic matter content was lower (P < 0.05) but IM was higher (P < 0.05) in AG than in CC, SG, and GH. In all three TL, the CP content was higher (P < 0.05) than inTG, but NDF was lower (P < 0.05). AmongTL species, CP content was higher (P < 0.05) in AG than in SG and CC, but NDF content was similar. ADF content was also lower (P < 0.05) in AG than in CC and in SG, but hemicelulose percentage was higher (P < 0.05). Lignin was lower (P < 0.05) in GH than in the three legumes, and CC showed the highest (P < 0.05) ADIN content among the forages evaluated. For all three TL, CP in leaves was higher than 20%. Leaf NDF content was lower (P < 0.05) in CC than in AG and in SG, whereas ADF was higher (P < 0.05) in SG than in AG and CC. Leaves of AG also had higher (P < 0.05) hemicelulose but lower (P < 0.05) cellulose values than CC and SG. Lignin content was similar in leaves of the three TL, but ADIN content was higher (P < 0.05) in CC. Crude protein content of stems was lower (P < 0.05) in CC than in AG and SG.The NDF content and its fractions (ADF, cellulose and hemicelulose) were lower (P < 0.05) in AG stems than in those of SG and CC.The highest (P < 0.05) lignin content and lowest (P < 0.05) ADIN content were observed in CC and SG stems, respectively. In the second trial, use of either ruminal inoculum type gave AIVDMD and TIVDMD values that were, in descending order, highest (P < 0.05) in AG than in SG, GH and CC. In trial three a greater intake was observed in goats and heifers offered AG and GH than when offered SG and CC. Based on nutrient content, in vitro dry matter degradability, and voluntary intake, AG showed greater potential as a forage source than SG and CC. However, all three TL showed promise as potential alternatives for use as an integral part of ruminant feeding systems in the tropics.

scholarly journals Chemical composition and antioxidant capacity of coffee pulp

2018 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 307-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graciela Munguía Ameca ◽  
María Esther Ortega Cerrilla ◽  
Pedro Zetina Córdoba ◽  
Antonio Díaz Cruz ◽  
Marcos Soto Hernández ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Coffee Pulp ◽  
Sun Drying

ABSTRACT Coffee pulp is produced in large quantities, and its disposal can pollute the environment. However, the nutritional value and antioxidant content of coffee pulp make it a good option for animal feed. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the chemical composition, the phenolic compounds and the antioxidant capacity of coffee pulp using fresh (FCP), ensiled (ECP), and ensiled and sun-dried (EDCP) coffee pulp. The study design was completely randomized with three treatments (n=4). Dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ash, acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), lignin, phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity were determined. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance, and means were compared with the Tukey test. The percentage of CP, NDF and ADF was higher in ECP and EDCP than in FCP. There were no changes in lignin content. Ensiling and sun drying did not decrease (P>0.05) caffeine or tannins. No differences were found in caffeic acid (2.031±2.873, 5.103±0.391, 4.913±0.018 mg g-1 DM in FCP, ECP, EDCP, respectively). The concentration of chlorogenic acid (FCP 2.593±1.756; ECP 5.368±0.422; EDCP 4.875±0.678 mg g-1) increased with the ensiling process, but it was not affected by sun drying. Ethanol decreased in ECP and EDCP relative to FPC (FPC 15.88±0.97%; ECP 7.04±1.16%; EDCP 0.00%); however, antioxidant capacity was not affected. It was concluded that the ensiling process and sun drying affected the nutritional value of coffee pulp but not its antioxidant capacity.

scholarly journals Effect of ripening on the Chemical Composition of Green locally Cultivated Banana Cultivars (Musa Spp.) Peel

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-66
Author(s):  
JA Ayo ◽  
A Ochefu ◽  
A Agbatutu
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin E ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Vitamin C ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Relative Increase ◽  
Fibre Content ◽  
Standard Methods ◽  
Musa Spp ◽  
Green Banana

The study investigated the Effect of ripening on the proximate, minerals, vitamins and photochemical composition of green locally cultivated banana cultivars peels. The matured unripe green banana fruits were collected from Ussa, Ussa LGA, Taraba State, Nigeria. The proximate, minerals, vitamins and photochemical composition of banana cultivars peels were determined using standard methods. The moisture, protein and carbohydrate content of the peel of unripe green banana decreased from 8.64 to 8.43, 5.47 to 5.23 and 73.04 to 72.42%, respectively, while the ash, fats and fibre content increased from 4.55 to 5.23, 5.35 to 5.57 and 2.96 to 3.13%, respectively, on ripening. The vitamin C, vitamin E, starch and lignin content of the peel of the green cultivar decreased from 0.08 to 0.11, 106.83 to 95.03, 1.07 to 0.97 and 5.84 to 5.55mg/100g, respectively, while the sugar increased from 0.95 to 1.09mg/100g on ripening. The green cultivar peel flour showed a significant decrease, p=0.05, in calcium(0.65 to 0.58mg/100g), potassium(4.63 to 4.36mg/100g), iron(0.28 to 0.23mg/100g) and zinc(0.4 to 0.3mg/100g), respectively, with relative increase in the phosphorous(0.35 to 0.37mg/100g) content on ripening. Ripening decreased the phenol (0.73 to 0.64mg/g), flavonoid (1.70 to 1.41mg/g), carotinod (5.05 to 3.35mg/g) and sterol (0.18 to 0.16mg/g) content of the green cultivar peel flour. The study has shown that ripening has generally improved the vitamins and the sugar content of the ripe banana peels.

scholarly journals Chemical composition of Tanganyika grass under tree shading levels in a silvopastoral system

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Augusto Brandão de CARVALHO ◽  
Pedro Henrique Ferreira da SILVA ◽  
Pablo Giliard ZANELLA
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Mineral Matter ◽  
Silvopastoral System ◽  
Insoluble Protein ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Completely Randomized Design

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different Clitoria fairchildiana tree shading levels on the Tanganyika grass (Megatyrsus maximus Jacq. cv. Tanganyika) chemical composition, in summer I (2011/2012), spring (2012) and summer II (2012/2013) seasons. For this purpose, an experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with four treatments (shading levels) and five repetitions at Seropédica, state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The following variables were evaluated: dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent (NDF) and acid detergent (ADF) fiber, neutral (NDIP) and acid (ADIP) detergent insoluble protein, lignin (LIG) and mineral matter (MM) contents. Data were analyzed by PROC MIXED SAS®, with repeated measures in time, and treatment means compared by Tukey’s test (P<0.05) or by PROC REG (P<0.05 for regression analysis. There was a significant interaction between season and shading level for DM, CP, NDF, ADF, NDIP, ADIP and MM contents (P<0.05). Lignin content was only influenced by shading level (P<0.05). The DM, NDF, ADF and lignin contents were reduced by shading increase while CP, NIDP and MM contents were increased. Higher ADIP contents were found only in the spring. The increase in Clitoria fairchildiana tree shading improves the chemical composition of Tanganyika grass forage during summer season.

scholarly journals Prediction of metabolizable energy values in poultry offal meal for broiler chickens

2010 ◽  
Vol 39 (10) ◽  
pp. 2237-2245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edney Pereira da Silva ◽  
Carlos Bôa-Viagem Rabello ◽  
Luiz Fernando Teixeira Albino ◽  
Jorge Victor Ludke ◽  
Michele Bernardino de Lima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Mineral Matter ◽  
Ether Extract ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Collection Method ◽  
Gross Energy

This research aimed at generating and evaluating prediction equations to estimate metabolizable energy values in poultry offal meal. The used information refers to values of apparent and true metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen balance (AMEn and TMEn) and for chemical composition of poultry offal meal. The literature review only included published papers on poultry offal meal developed in Brazil, and that had AMEn and TMEn values obtained by the total excreta collection method from growing broiler chickens and the chemical composition in crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), mineral matter (MM), gross energy (GE), calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P). The general equation obtained to estimate AMEn values of poultry offal meal was: AMEn = -2315.69 + 31.4439(CP) + 29.7697(MM) + 0.7689(GE) - 49.3611(Ca), R² = 72%. For meals with high fat contents (higher than 15%) and low mineral matter contents (lower than 10%), it is suggest the use of the equation AMEn = + 3245.07 + 46.8428(EE), R² = 76%, and for meals with high mineral matter content (higher than 10%), it is suggest the equations AMEn = 4059.15 - 440.397(P), R² = 82%. To estimate values of TMEn, it is suggested for meals with high mineral matter content the equation: TMEn = 5092.57 - 115.647(MM), R² = 78%, and for those with low contents of this component, the option is the equation: TMEn = 3617.83 - 15.7988(CP) - 18.2323(EE) - 96.3884(MM) + 0.4874(GE), R² = 76%.

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