Milk productivity of holstein cows at optimization of fat levels in their diets

The work is devoted to determining the optimal level of fat in concentrate-senage diets for high-yield cows and studying the effect of various levels of fat in the dry matter of the diet on milk productivity and chemical composition of milk. Studies have shown the insufficiency of household diets of highly productive cows with a dry diet content of 3.2% raw fat. This deterred the potential for dairy productivity. Addition of fat in cow diets by equivalent energy and protein replacement of a portion of the compound feed with a rapeseed cake up to a level of 4.2% of the dry substance provides an increase in milk productivity in relation to the control group receiving 3.2% fat. Optimization of the fat level in the dry substance of the diet up to 4.2% in the nutrition system of cows increases the functional activity of the breast in their body, which is expressed in the growth of breast productivity by 6.78%, improvement of the chemical composition and technological properties of milk. A further increase in dietary fat to 5.2% has a less pronounced effect on the change in milk productivity.

Dietary valine improved growth, immunity, enzymatic activities and expression of TOR signaling cascade genes in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss fingerlings

This study was conducted to determine the effects of dietary valine (Val) on growth, hemato-biochemical parameters, immunity, enzymatic activities, antioxidant status and expression of target of rapamycin (TOR) and 4E-BP genes in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (1.57 ± 0.03 g; 5.10 ± 0.34 cm). Six isonitrogenous (450 g kg−1) and isoenergetic (20.90 kJ 100 g−1, gross energy) diets were designed to represent varied Val levels (10.5, 13.0, 15.5, 18.0, 20.5 and 23.0 g kg−1 dry diet basis). Growth parameters improved significantly (P < 0.05) with the amelioration of dietary Val level up to 18.0 g kg−1. Highest (P < 0.05) body protein content was noted at 18.0 g kg−1 dietary Val. Significant differences in hematological, intestinal enzymatic activities and antioxidant parameters were noted. However, plasma variables did not show any significant differences except aspartate transaminase and uric acid. Total protein content increased significantly, while the albumin and globulin content did not show any significant (P > 0.05) difference. Moreover expression of TOR mRNA and elF4E-binding protein (4E-BP) was observed higher (P < 0.05) at 18.0 g kg−1 Val. On the basis of results, optimum dietary Val requirement for maximal growth of rainbow trout was determined to be 18.19 g kg−1 of dry diet, corresponding to 40.42 g kg−1 of dietary protein.

Proportions of Concentrate and Corn Silage Rehydrated Ground Grain at Different Storage Times for Better Use of Starch by Lambs

The objective of this study was to evaluate the nutritional and bioeconomic potential of corn silage, rehydrated ground grain corn silage (RCGS), at different storage times associated with proportions of concentrates for better starch utilization by sheep. Forty Dorper-Santa Inês crossbred sheep were used, with an average body weight of 24 kg ± 3.9 kg, and an average age of 60 days. The sheep were confined for 63 days and distributed entirely at random with eight sets of repetitions and five experimental diets: Diet 1: ground corn dry; Diet 2: proportion of 850 g / kg of concentrate + rehydrated ground grain corn silage (RCGS) stored for 45 days; Diet 3: proportion of 650 g / kg of concentrate + RCGS stored for 90 days; Diet 4: RCGS stored for 45 days + 650 g/kg concentrate; Diet 5: RCGS stocked with 90 + 850 g/kg concentrate. As roughage, silage corn whole plant. Starch intake was higher (P<0.05) with the dry ground corn diet, however, digestibility was lower (P<0.05) for most nutrients compared to the RCGS diet. A smaller amount of starch was found in the feces of animals that received the RCGS diet. RCGS stored for 45 days and the diet with 650 g/kg of concentrate generates greater net income, increases nutrient intake, it is an alternative during the fluctuation of corn prices.

Diet and dog characteristics affect major and trace elements in hair and blood of healthy dogs

Obtaining correct amounts of essential elements, and avoiding toxic metals are key factors in dog health. Through analyzing major and trace elements in hair and blood of 50 healthy companion dogs using ICP-MS, we study their associations with dog characteristics and diet, hypothesizing that eating the same diet long-term results in strong correlations between hair and blood element concentrations, and that dog characteristics and diet affect element status. The correlation between hair and blood was significant for Hg (R = 0.601, p = 0.000) and Pb (R = 0.384, p = 0.010). The following associations were significant (p < 0.05): Dark hair had higher Ca and Mg compared to light hair. Females had higher hair Zn, blood Mn, and blood As compared to males. Blood Mn and Se increased, while blood Pb decreased with age. Raw diet fed dogs had higher hair Zn and Se compared to dry or mixed diet fed dogs, and lower blood Mn compared to dry diet fed dogs. Dry and mixed diet fed dogs had higher blood Cd compared to raw diet fed dogs. Mixed diet fed dogs had higher hair Ca and Mg compared to raw or dry diet fed dogs, and higher hair Pb compared to dry diet fed dogs. Wild game consumption was associated with higher blood Pb, and rice consumption with higher blood As. In conclusion, hair provides an alternative for assessing Hg and Pb exposure, and major and trace elements status is affected by hair color, sex, age, and diet.

EFFECTS OF EARLY WEANING OF PIGS TO A DRY OR LIQUID MILK DIET ON SUBSEQUENT GROWTH AND CARCASS MEASUREMENTS

Forty-five Yorkshire baby pigs from five litters (9 pigs from each litter and with mean body weight 1.9kg), at two days of age were randomly, within litter, left with the sow to 21 days of age (treatment 1), weaned to a 24% protein dry diet fed ad libitum (treatment 2), or to homogenized cow milk fed in restricted amounts four times daily to 21 days of age (treatment 3). From day 22, all pigs were fed a corn-soybean meal type diet containing 18% protein to 10 weeks of age, and a similar diet containing 16% protein from 10 weeks of age to slaughter at approximately 160 days. Average daily weight gain (ADG) and live body weight at slaughter were significantly lower, and feed/gain significantly higher among cow milk-fed pigs (treatment 3) than among pigs left with the sow until 3 weeks (treatment 1) and pigs weaned to dry diet (treatment 2). Backfat thickness, loin eye area, yield of lean cuts and dressing percent did not differ significantly among treatments. The results confirmed that weaning at two to three days to a dry diet fed ad libitum or to cow milk fed in restricted amounts four times daily is feasible, but overall performance from birth to slaughter of pigs weaned to a dry diet at two days of age was similar to that of pigs weaned at three weeks of age and superior to that of pigs weaned to cow milk at two days of age.

Development of a Group-Adapted Housing System for Pregnant Sows: A Field Study on Performance and Welfare Aspects

A Sow-Welfare-Optimized-Feeding (SWOF) system with group-adapted ad libitum liquid feeding was developed to ensure that both optimal nutritional and behavioral needs are met in group-housed pregnant sows. This system comprises functional areas and allows sows to have either a low- or high-energy diet according to their current weight in relation to their parity. This field study aimed to investigate how this new system influences sows’ body weight, health status (lameness), aggression parameters (integument injuries, vulva injuries, and displacements at the trough), feed intake rhythm, and litter performance. In parallel, these parameters were also recorded in the existing system (group-housed sows restrictively fed a dry diet). In the SWOF system, the probability of displacements at the trough and occurrence of vulva injuries were reduced, whereas sows could follow a natural biphasic feed intake rhythm. Though lameness scores and litter performance were not affected, lower body weights and more integument injuries were, however, observed. Yet, results can only partially be attributed to the feeding system per se due to confounding effects such as management practices and group size differences (larger dynamic group vs. stable group). Hence, the SWOF system seems promising with regard to animal welfare but remains to be further validated.

Effect of Dry-Period Diet on the Performance and Metabolism of Dairy Cows in Early Lactation

The objective of this work was to observe the effect of three different dry-period diets on blood metabolites (p = 9) and the production and fatty acid (FA) profile of milk (p = 19) in the peripartum period. In this study, 32 Holstein dairy cows, during their dry period, were divided in 3 different diet groups, as follows: the CONC diet (n = 11) was based on concentrate meal and straw, the CORN diet (n = 11) was based on corn silage, and the MIXED diet (n = 10) was based on corn and grass silages. According to our results, the variations of C18:2n-6, C18:3n-3, non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA), NEFA/cholesterol ratio, and albumin were significantly (p < 0.05) different, according to the dry diet. The dry-period diet also had a significant effect on the concentrations of urea and vitamin B12 in the blood. In early lactation, this work showed that blood metabolites were more sensitive to changes in the dry diet than the production and FA profile of milk.

A study –Kostha with reference to Kriya Sharir

Ayurveda is the Science of life. It deals with ‘swastha’ as well as cure diseases. Some basic fundamentals of Kriya Sharir described in Ayurveda. They are unique ‘Koshta’ is such fundamental Siddhant described in Kriyasharir. In this study by using specific and multiple parameters try to explain easy method of determine Koshta of a person. Along with questionery, Koshta can determine by some parameters according to Kriya Sharir.As explained in Samhita, Koshta can determine by Abhyantar snehapan more significant use of Virechana. In this study by using classical terms of Ayurveda,Abhyantar snehapan, Classical Virechan and Sansarjankram were used to explain concept Koshta. Total 70 person (59 male and 11 female were selected. Among 70, 25 were krur koshti 23 were madhyam koshti and 22 were mrudu koshti. More clues and idea get by questionary including dry diet to explain Koshta. More significant study of Koshta was done with the help of Abhyantar Siddhasnehapan, period of snehapan, symptoms of siddhasnehapan,Virechana and Sansarjankram..

Effect of pre-anesthetic fasting on gastric emptying and plasma glucose in healthy dogs of different age groups

ABSTRACT: Gastric emptying and plasma glucose were evaluated in young and adult dogs, fed with dry and wet food, submitted to different periods of pre-anesthetic fasting (6, 8, and 12 hours). Forty healthy dogs were selected, which were segmented into four groups according to the age group and type of diet. It was evaluated the gastric emptying by ultrasound and serum glycemia. Only 17.5% presented complete gastric emptying, and no significant differences were found between the 6 and 8-hour fasting evaluations, or between the age groups and the diets, considering significance level p<0.05. Mean plasma glucose values from the groups indicated normal glycemia at all times of evaluation. A significant difference was found between the means of glycemia in young and adult dogs, with the 8-hour fasting with wet diet (p=0.03) and with 12 hours with dry diet (p=0.04). Healthy young and adult dogs, in physiological equilibrium, maintain average values of plasma glucose despite prolonged periods of pre-anesthetic fasting, which may be necessary, since 8-hour fasting for solid food is not enough to provide complete gastric emptying.