scholarly journals Jorge Oteiza’s ‘de-occupation’: towards an ascetic space in Spanish modern architecture (1948–60)

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 343-352
Author(s):  
Lucía C. Pérez-Moreno ◽  
Emma López-Bahut
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Reference Point ◽  
Modern Architecture ◽  
San Sebastian ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
Artistic Career ◽  
Art And Architecture

The work and thought of the Basque sculptor Jorge Oteiza (b. Orio, 1908 – d. San Sebastian, 2003) is an omnipresent reference point in the historiography of modern Spanish architecture. Since the Jorge Oteiza Museum Foundation was opened shortly after his death, a great number of studies have been published about him, mainly in Spanish and Basque. Oteiza’s artistic career was closely connected to the postwar Spanish architectural scene. During the 1950s, he participated in numerous projects and architecture competitions and published his work in specialised journals and magazines in the field. Spain was at that time under the regime of General Franco and, as a consequence of the Civil War (1936–9), the country was suffering an economic crisis that affected culture, art, and architecture.

scholarly journals ¿Racionalismo sin vanguardia? Pedro Muguruza en el Paseo de La Concha de San Sebastián = Rationalism without avant-garde? Pedro Muguruza at the Paseo de La Concha in San Sebastian

2020 ◽  
pp. 98
Author(s):  
Mariano González Presencio ◽  
Juan Bautista Echeverría Trueba
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Modern Architecture ◽  
Simple Construction ◽  
Architectural Heritage ◽  
Franco Regime ◽  
Avant Garde ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
San Sebastian ◽  
Siglo Xx ◽  
The City

ResumenEn el Paseo de la Concha de San Sebastián existe una casa proyectada por Pedro Mu­guruza antes de la guerra civil y construida tras el final de la contienda. Se trata de una sencilla construcción no exenta de interés, tanto por su valor arquitectónico, recogido en distintas catalogaciones del patrimonio arquitectónico de la capital donostiarra, como por ser una de las primeras sustituciones que se produjeron en los palacetes que formaban la fachada de la Concha en los comienzos del siglo XX. Pero, lo que hace más interesante la revisión de este inmueble, más allá de estos aspectos, son la personalidad del arquitecto au­tor del proyecto, y las fechas concretas en que fue proyectado y construido. Circunstancias que se utilizan para desarrollar una breve reflexión crítica sobre la causa de la arquitectura moderna –y de la arquitectura en general- en España en esos convulsos momentos, tenien­do en cuenta la formidable barrera que supone la guerra civil y el papel protagonista que su arquitecto iba a desempeñar en la arquitectura española en los primeros años del nuevo régimen franquista.AbstractAt the Paseo de la Concha, in San Sebastian, stands a housing block designed by Pedro Muguruza before the civil war started and built after the end of the conflict. It is a simple construction but is not exempted from interest, not only because of its architectonic value, listed in different publications of local architectural heritage, but also to be one of the first substitutions that took place in the small palaces conforming the city waterfront at the be­ginning of the XXth century. However, what make the review of this property more interes­ting, beyond these aspects, are the personality of the architect and the specific dates when it was designed and built. These circumstances are used to develop a short critic thought about the cause of modern architecture -and architecture in general- in these turbulent mo­ments in Spain, taking into account the formidable barrier that the civil war represents and the leading role that its architect was going to perform in the spanish architecture along the first years of Franco regime.

scholarly journals Remembering war through images: Visual narratives of the Finnish Civil War in history textbooks from the 1920s to the 2010s

2020 ◽  
pp. 175069802095981 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eemeli Hakoköngäs ◽  
Olli Kleemola ◽  
Inari Sakki ◽  
Virpi Kivioja
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Narrative Analysis ◽  
History Textbooks ◽  
Visual Images ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Gradual Change ◽  
Visual Narratives ◽  
Memory Work ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
Two Sides

The present study focuses on memory work in school textbook illustrations of the Finnish Civil War (1918). A thematic narrative analysis shows how the content and meanings conveyed through visual narratives have developed in the past century. Besides changes in specific narrative, the interpretation of the functions of themes shows a gradual change in the schematic narrative template: the hegemonic, victor’s narrative has been gradually replaced with alternative accounts since the 1950s. The defeated side has been represented in school textbooks since the 1950s, and since the 1990s, the narrative has evolved from pointing out the similarities between the two sides to arousing emotions of sympathy for the victims of the War. Since the 2000s, visual images have been used to highlight multi-perspectivity in history. This study shows how the cultural trauma and reconciliation process has been conveyed in educational material and how the narrative templates may dynamically change.

scholarly journals Diaspora Policies, Consular Services and Social Protection for Spanish Citizens Abroad

2020 ◽  
pp. 457-472
Author(s):  
Pau Palop-García
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Social Policy ◽  
Financial Crisis ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Economic Hardship ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Policy Strategy ◽  
The Social ◽  
The 1950S

Abstract This chapter outlines the social protection policies that Spain has adopted to target Spanish nationals abroad. First, it describes the diaspora infrastructure and the key engagement policies developed in the last years by Spain. Subsequently, the chapter focuses on five social protection policies: unemployment, health care, pensions, family-related benefits, and economic hardship. The findings reveal that Spain has adopted a diaspora strategy that targets different emigrant groups such as exiles of the Civil War and early Francoism and their descendants, Spaniards that emigrated to other European countries during the 1950s and 1960s, and new emigrants that left the country due to the consequences of the financial crisis of 2008. Findings also show that, although Spain has developed a wide array of services to target its diverse diaspora, it still lacks a comprehensive scheme of social protection abroad. Moreover, the results suggest that Spain has adopted a subsidiary social policy strategy abroad that is triggered when the social protection offered by states of reception is lacking.

scholarly journals Pedagogical Renewal in Portugal Between the 1950s and the 1970s: Actors, Reception of Ideas, Educational Experiences

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joaquim Pintassilgo ◽  
Alda Andrade
Keyword(s):  
Reference Point ◽  
Educational Experiences ◽  
Authoritarian Regime ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
Traditional Pedagogy

This article aims to reflect on the appropriations of pedagogies presented as alternatives to the so-called traditional pedagogy, in Portugal, from the 1950s to the 1970s, whilst under an authoritarian regime. Furthermore, it aims to assess the role played in this movement by a group of educators who were considered progressive. We also propose, within this framework, to think through the complexity of the relations between tradition and innovation, using the concept of “tradition of innovation” as a reference point.

scholarly journals Vulgar Modernism: J. M. Richards, Modernism and the Vernacular in British Architecture

2015 ◽  
Vol 58 ◽  
pp. 229-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Kelly
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Modern Architecture ◽  
The World ◽  
Architectural Review ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
British Architecture ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Reyner Banham

In 1946 J. M. Richards, editor of theArchitectural Review (AR)and self-proclaimed champion of modernism, published a book entitledThe Castles on the Ground(Fig. 1). This book, written while working for the Ministry of Information (Mol) in Cairo during the war, was a study of British suburban architecture and contained long, romantic descriptions of the suburban house and garden. Richards described the suburb as a place in which ‘everything is in its place’ and where ‘the abruptness, the barbarities of the world are far away’. For this reasonThe Castles on the Groundis most often remembered as a retreat from pre-war modernism, into nostalgia for mock-Tudor houses and privet hedges. The writer and critic Reyner Banham, who worked with Richards at the AR in the 1950s, described the book as a ‘blank betrayal of everything that Modern Architecture was supposed to stand for’. More recently, however, it has been rediscovered and reassessed for its contribution to mid-twentieth-century debates about the relationship between modern architects and the British public. These reassessments get closer to Richards’s original aim for the book. He was not concerned with the style of suburban architecture for its own sake, but with the question of why the style was so popular and what it meant for the role of modern architects in Britain and their relationship to the ‘man in the street’.

Writing the Legal Record

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kurt X. Metzmeier
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Print Culture ◽  
Common Law ◽  
Active Part ◽  
Political Class ◽  
High Court ◽  
Group Biography ◽  
Law Reports ◽  
Rich History

This is a group biography of Kentucky’s earliest law reporters, the individuals who collected and published the early opinions of Kentucky’s highest court from 1803 to 1878. Kentucky’s law reports were used and cited throughout the nation; they ranked among the best available and helped in the development of a uniquely American common law. The early law reporters were leading members of Kentucky’s bench and bar and an active part of its political class. They included former and future high court judges, legal scholars, US senators and representatives, and a secretary of the treasury. Collectively, their life’s work touched on many of the important, formational struggles of the time: slavery and civil war, economic crisis, and establishment of the Democratic and Whig Parties. Despite their prominence, only a few of these men have received serious biographical treatment. Embodied in the stories of these early reporters, and in this work, is the essence of Kentucky’s rich history, its legal beginnings, and the establishment of a legal print culture in America.

The reciprocity between art and architecture

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 112-116
Author(s):  
Hakan Saglam
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Contemporary Art ◽  
Modern Architecture ◽  
First Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Arts And Crafts ◽  
Avant Garde ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
Art And Architecture

The concept of ‘Art’ in the modern meaning, evaluates within the Enlightenment’s seminal World of philosophy. Before the Enlightenment architecture and craft were instinctively united fields of creating, almost impossible to detach one from the other. From the beginning of twentieth century the avant-garde of modern architecture were aware of the growing schism between art and architecture and vice versa. The pioneers were writing manifestos, stating that art and architecture should form a new unity, a holistic entity, which would include all types of creativity and put an end to the severance between “arts and crafts”, “art and architecture”.  Approaching the end, of the first decade of the twenty first century, as communicative interests in all fields are becoming very important, we should once more discuss the relation/ interaction / cross over of art and architecture; where the boundaries of the two fields become blurred since both sides, art and architecture, are intervening the gap between. The aim of this paper is to discuss the examples of both contemporary art and architecture, which challenge this “in between gap.” Key words: Architecture, art, interaction, in between.

War and Cliometrics: Adventures in Economic History

2006 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
ROGER L. RANSOM
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Economic History ◽  
American Civil War ◽  
Political Factors ◽  
The Past ◽  
The 1950S

The theme of the 2005 annual meetings of the Economic History Association has beenWar and Economic History: Causes, Costs and Consequences. In this essay I will address this theme by briefly examining the ways in which cliometricians have viewed one particular conflict—The American Civil War—over the past four decades. The first part of my essay deals with the attack, which began at the end of the 1950s, mounted by a group of “New Economic Historians” on the existing explanation of the war; the second part deals with my own adventures as I try to make sense of the economic and political factors that produced the conflict we call the Civil War.

History versus Theory: A Commentary on Marx’s Method in Capital

2012 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 3-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Harvey
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Capitalist Mode ◽  
Laws Of Motion ◽  
The Law ◽  
Historical Writings ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
Total Theory ◽  
Mode Of Production

Abstract The gap between Marx’s theoretical writings on political economy (for example, the three volumes of Capital) and his historical writings (such as The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte and The Civil War in France) arises out of certain limitations that Marx placed upon his political-economic enquiries. These limitations are outlined in the Grundrisse where Marx distinguishes between the universality of the metabolic relation to nature, the generality of the laws of motion of capital, the particularities of distribution and exchange, and the singularities of consumption. What an analysis of the content of Capital shows is that Marx largely confined his efforts to identifying the law-like character of production to the exclusion of all else. While this allowed him to identify certain laws of motion of capital within any form of the capitalist mode of production, it did not and could not constitute a total theory of a capitalist mode of production. A better understanding of what it is that Marx can do for us through his identification of the general laws of motion leads to a far better appreciation of what it is that we have to do for ourselves in order to make Marx’s theoretical findings applicable to particular conjunctural conditions, such as those that have arisen throughout the economic crisis that began in 2007.

scholarly journals FOLIS OF CONSTANTINE THE GREAT MONETARY SYSTEM

2019 ◽  
pp. 13-18
Author(s):  
S. Nagorny ◽  
T. Dovbush
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Analytical Methods ◽  
High Accuracy ◽  
Lead Alloy ◽  
Region Of Origin ◽  
Monetary System ◽  
Production Period ◽  
Copper Lead

The studies and attempts to detail identification of the antique coin by means of analytical methods are described. The region of origin of the material components and the coin production period are determined. The coin material consists of copper (79%) and lead (16%) mined in the Limni deposit (eastern part of Cyprus). Copper-lead alloy is also doped with tin at 3%. The alloy also contains iron and arsenic as impurities at the level of 1%. The coin is classified as a small coin (folis) of the monetary system of Constantine Great. The production phase of the folis with high accuracy can be attributed to the second half of 324 BC. It is assumed that dilution of expensive copper with a large amount of cheap lead (16%) caused by the need for substantial savings in coin material due to an economic crisis in the Roman Empire after a long civil war. At the same time, the version of coin manufacturing by a counterfeiter is rejected.

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