Attitudes to food differ between adolescent dieters and non-dieters from Otago, New Zealand, but overall food intake does not

AbstractObjectiveThere is increasing pressure for adolescents to be thin and this may not always be acted upon in healthy ways; for example, certain foods or food groups may be restricted or meals skipped. As foods are not eaten in isolation it is useful to examine dietary patterns and associated psychosocial factors to better understand eating behaviour. The aim of the present study was to identify correlates of ‘dieting’ in adolescents from Otago, New Zealand.DesignA web-based survey was conducted in 2009, collecting information on food consumption and factors potentially associated with food consumption. Principal components analysis was used to investigate dietary patterns. Correlates were examined in 1329 students using multiple logistic regression analysis.SettingNineteen secondary schools in the province of Otago, New Zealand.SubjectsStudents from school years 9 and 10 (mean age 14·1 (sd 0·7) years).ResultsThere was no relationship between dieting and dietary patterns. Those not dieting were 17 % (95 % CI 7, 26 %) more likely to eat lunch and 22 % (95 % CI 3, 37 %) more likely to eat an evening meal on one more weekday than those who were dieting. Those who reported dieting were more likely to report healthiness (OR = 2·18, 95 % CI 1·11, 4·26) as an important factor when choosing food and that eating fruit and vegetables makes you better looking. No sex by dieting interaction was found.ConclusionsIn this cohort, while there was no difference in actual food consumption between dieters and non-dieters, there were significant differences in attitudes to food.

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Dietary behaviours and sociocultural demographics in Northern Ireland

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1079/bjn19900034 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 64 (2) ◽

pp. 319-329 ◽

Cited By ~ 62

Author(s):

M. E. Barker ◽

S. I. McClean ◽

K. A. Thompson ◽

N. G. Reid

Keyword(s):

Northern Ireland ◽

Food Consumption ◽

Dietary Patterns ◽

Dietary Behaviour ◽

Food Groups ◽

Anthropometric Data ◽

Dietary Behaviours ◽

Components Analysis ◽

Food And Drink ◽

Weighed Record

Subjects aged 16–64 years (592; 258 men and 334 women), randomly selected from the population of Northern Ireland, kept a 7 d weighed record of all food and drink consumed. Social, personal and anthropometric data were also collected. From the weighed records food consumption was described in terms of forty-one food groups. Using principal components analysis, four distinct dietary patterns were generated which were identified as a traditional diet, a cosmopolitan diet, a convenience diet and a ‘meat and two veg’ diet. These dietary patterns were then correlated with sociocultural, lifestyle and anthropometric variables. It is clear that dietary behaviour is influenced by a number of inter-related sociocultural demographics and that identifiable population groups in Northern Ireland have different dietary behaviours.

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Is principal components analysis necessary to characterise dietary behaviour in studies of diet and disease?

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1079/phn2001122 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 4 (4) ◽

pp. 903-908 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Susan E McCann ◽

John Weiner ◽

Saxon Graham ◽

Jo L Freudenheim

Keyword(s):

New York ◽

Principal Components Analysis ◽

Principal Components ◽

Dietary Patterns ◽

Fruits And Vegetables ◽

Disease Status ◽

Dietary Behaviour ◽

Food Groups ◽

Processed Meats ◽

Components Analysis

AbstractObjective:To assess the relative ability of principal components analysis (PCA)-derived dietary patterns to correctly identify cases and controls compared with other methods of characterising food intake.Subjects:Participants in this study were 232 endometrial cancer cases and 639 controls from the Western New York Diet Study, 1986–1991, frequency-matched to cases on age and county of residence.Design:Usual intake in the year preceding interview of 190 foods and beverages was collected during a personal interview using a detailed food-frequency questionnaire. Principal components analysis identified two major dietary patterns which we labelled ‘healthy’ and ‘high fat’. Classification on disease status was assessed with separate discriminant analyses (DAs) for four different characterisation schemes: stepwise DA of 168 food items to identify the subset of foods that best discriminated between cases and controls; foods associated with each PCA-derived dietary pattern; fruits and vegetables (47 items); and stepwise DA of USDA-defined food groups (fresh fruit, canned/frozen fruit, raw vegetables, cooked vegetables, red meat, poultry, fish and seafood, processed meats, snacks and sweets, grain products, dairy, and fats).Results:In general, classification of disease status was somewhat better among cases (54.7% to 67.7%) than controls (54.0% to 63.1%). Correct classification was highest for fruits and vegetables (67.7% and 62.9%, respectively) but comparable to that of the other schemes (49.5% to 66.8%).Conclusions:Our results suggest that the use of principal components analysis to characterise dietary behaviour may not provide substantial advantages over more commonly used, less sophisticated methods of characterising diet.

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Burnout, eating behaviour traits and dietary patterns

British Food Journal ◽

10.1108/bfj-04-2019-0300 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 122 (2) ◽

pp. 404-413 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Helena Chui ◽

Eleanor Bryant ◽

Carmen Sarabia ◽

Shames Maskeen ◽

Barbara Stewart-Knox

Keyword(s):

Food Consumption ◽

Emotional Exhaustion ◽

Dietary Patterns ◽

Fast Food ◽

Dietary Habits ◽

Eating Behaviour ◽

Maslach Burnout Inventory ◽

Junk Food ◽

Content Type ◽

Frequent Consumption

Purpose The purpose of this research has been to investigate whether burnout and eating behaviour traits were associated with food intake. Design/methodology/approach Participants (n=109) 78 per cent female, mean age 39 years, were recruited from various occupations within a UK university to complete an on-line survey. Dietary habits were measured using Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ), burnout using the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) and eating behaviour traits using the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ) R18. Findings Principal component analyses of FFQ responses revealed four dietary patterns: fast/junk food (+chicken and low fruit/vegetables); meat/fish; dairy/grains; beans/nuts. Dietary patterns were examined using multiple regression analysis as outcome variables with age, gender, burnout and eating behaviour traits as explanatory variables. More frequent consumption of “junk/fast food” was associated with lower TFEQ-Cognitive Restraint, higher TFEQ-Uncontrolled Eating (UE), lower MBI-Emotional Exhaustion and higher MBI-Depersonalisation. More frequent consumption of beans/nuts was associated with higher TFEQ-UE and higher MBI-Emotional Exhaustion. Models for meat/fish and grains/dairy dietary patterns were not significant. Research limitations/implications Burnout may need to be considered to reduce junk food consumption in higher education employees. Causality between burnout, eating behaviour traits and food consumption requires further investigation on larger samples. Originality/value This appears to be the first study to have explored associations between burnout, eating behaviour traits and dietary patterns.

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Changes in Dietary Patterns among German Adolescents between 2003–2006 and 2014–2017: Results of KiGGS

Proceedings of The Nutrition Society ◽

10.1017/s002966512000302x ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 79 (OCE2) ◽

Author(s):

Almut Richter ◽

Anja Schienkiewitz ◽

Marjolein Haftenberger ◽

Gert B. M. Mensink

Keyword(s):

Food Consumption ◽

Dietary Patterns ◽

Dietary Pattern ◽

Processed Meat ◽

Day Schools ◽

Food Groups ◽

Federal States ◽

The Past ◽

German Federal States ◽

Consumption Habits

AbstractEmpirically derived dietary patterns are useful to describe food consumption habits within population groups. The aim of the study was to analyse dietary patterns as well as changes of these patterns within the last decade among German adolescents.Dietary patterns were analyzed for 12 to 17 years old participants of two waves of the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents (KiGGS Baseline (2003–2006) N = 5.197 and KiGGS Wave 2 (2014–2017) N = 5.199). KiGGS is part of the nationwide health monitoring in Germany. Food consumption was assessed by a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Based on this information, dietary patterns were derived using principal component analysis in a former analysis for KiGGS Baseline(1) and in this new analysis for KiGGS Wave 2. In KiGGS Baseline three major dietary patterns were identified (‘western’, ‘traditional’, and ‘healthy’) among boys and two among girls (‘western/traditional’, and ‘healthy’).In KiGGS wave 2 the ‘traditional’ pattern could not be identified anymore among boys and a new pattern, the ‘sandwich’ pattern was identified among girls and boys. The ‘sandwich’ pattern was positively correlated with the intake of bread, processed meat, cheese, butter/margarine, jam, cake/cookies, and among boys also confectionary. Compared to the former ‘traditional’ dietary pattern among boys, the new ‘sandwich‘ pattern shows similarities (bread, processed meat and butter/margarine) but the former warm meal components are missing (meat and potatoes).There were only slight differences in the food groups associated with the ‘western’, ‘western/traditional’ or ‘healthy’ pattern between both surveys.Within the past decade dietary patterns changed among German adolescents. In 2014–2017 a new ‘sandwich’ pattern was identified among boys and girls, and the ‘traditional’ dietary pattern was not found any more among boys. This change could be associated with more frequent food consumption out of home among adolescents. Within the past decade, the school system in many German federal states was restructured from half-day schools towards whole-day schools and the utilization of meal supply within schools almost doubled among adolescents. These changes may have influenced the food consumption habits among adolescents.

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Investigating differences in dietary patterns among a small cross-sectional study of young and old Pacific peoples in NZ using exploratory factor analysis: a feasibility study

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023126 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. e023126 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ridvan Tupai-Firestone ◽

Soo Cheng ◽

Joseph Kaholokula ◽

Barry Borman ◽

Lis Ellison-Loschmann

Keyword(s):

New Zealand ◽

Dietary Patterns ◽

Generational Differences ◽

Dietary Diversity ◽

Limited Range ◽

Healthy Diet ◽

Food Groups ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Food Items ◽

The Relationship

ObjectivesObesity among Pasifika people living in New Zealand is a serious health problem with prevalence rates more than twice those of the general population (67% vs 33%, respectively). Due to the high risk of developing obesity for this population, we investigated diet quality of Pacific youth and their parents and grandparents. Therefore, we examined the dietary diversity of 30 youth and their parents and grandparents (n=34) to identify whether there are generational differences in dietary patterns and investigate the relationship between acculturation and dietary patterns.MethodsThe study design of the overarching study was cross-sectional. Face-to-face interviews were conducted with Pasifika youth, parents and grandparents to investigate dietary diversity, that included both nutritious and discretionary food items and food groups over a 7 day period. Study setting was located in 2 large urban cities, New Zealand. Exploratory factor analyses were used to calculate food scores (means) from individual food items based on proportions consumed over the week, and weights were applied to calculate a standardised food score. The relationship between the level of acculturation and deprivation with dietary patterns was also assessed.ResultsThree distinctive dietary patterns across all participants were identified from our analyses. Healthy diet, processed diet and mixed diet. Mean food scores indicated statistically significant differences between the dietary patterns for older and younger generations. Older generations showed greater diversity in food items consumed, as well as eating primarily a ‘healthy diet’. The younger generation was more likely to consume a ‘processed diet’. There was significant association between acculturation and deprivation with the distinctive dietary patterns.ConclusionOur investigation highlighted generational differences in consuming a limited range of food items. Identified dietary components may, in part, be explained by specific acculturation modes (assimilation and marginalised) and high socioeconomic deprivation among this particular study population.

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Patterns of food consumption among vegetarians and non-vegetarians

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s000711451400261x ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 112 (10) ◽

pp. 1644-1653 ◽

Cited By ~ 68

Author(s):

Michael J. Orlich ◽

Karen Jaceldo-Siegl ◽

Joan Sabaté ◽

Jing Fan ◽

Pramil N. Singh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Health Outcomes ◽

Food Consumption ◽

Dietary Patterns ◽

A Priori ◽

Food Group ◽

Epidemiological Studies ◽

Consumption Patterns ◽

Health Study ◽

Food Groups ◽

Vegetarian Diets

Vegetarian dietary patterns have been reported to be associated with a number of favourable health outcomes in epidemiological studies, including the Adventist Health Study 2 (AHS-2). Such dietary patterns may vary and need further characterisation regarding foods consumed. The aims of the present study were to characterise and compare the food consumption patterns of several vegetarian and non-vegetarian diets. Dietary intake was measured using an FFQ among more than 89 000 members of the AHS-2 cohort. Vegetarian dietary patterns were defined a priori, based on the absence of certain animal foods in the diet. Foods were categorised into fifty-eight minor food groups comprising seventeen major food groups. The adjusted mean consumption of each food group for the vegetarian dietary patterns was compared with that for the non-vegetarian dietary pattern. Mean consumption was found to differ significantly across the dietary patterns for all food groups. Increased consumption of many plant foods including fruits, vegetables, avocados, non-fried potatoes, whole grains, legumes, soya foods, nuts and seeds was observed among vegetarians. Conversely, reduced consumption of meats, dairy products, eggs, refined grains, added fats, sweets, snack foods and non-water beverages was observed among vegetarians. Thus, although vegetarian dietary patterns in the AHS-2 have been defined based on the absence of animal foods in the diet, they differ greatly with respect to the consumption of many other food groups. These differences in food consumption patterns may be important in helping to explain the association of vegetarian diets with several important health outcomes.

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Typology of eaters based on conventional and organic food consumption: results from the NutriNet-Santé cohort study

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114516002427 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 116 (4) ◽

pp. 700-709 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Julia Baudry ◽

Mathilde Touvier ◽

Benjamin Allès ◽

Sandrine Péneau ◽

Caroline Méjean ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Food Consumption ◽

Diet Quality ◽

Large Scale ◽

Organic Food ◽

Eating Behaviour ◽

Principal Component ◽

Limited Information ◽

Food Groups ◽

Conventional Foods ◽

Organic Food Consumption

AbstractLimited information is available on large-scale populations regarding the socio-demographic and nutrient profiles and eating behaviour of consumers, taking into account both organic and conventional foods. The aims of this study were to draw up a typology of consumers according to their eating habits, based both on their dietary patterns and the mode of food production, and to outline their socio-demographic, behavioural and nutritional characteristics. Data were collected from 28 245 participants of the NutriNet-Santé study. Dietary information was obtained using a 264-item, semi-quantitative, organic FFQ. To identify clusters of consumers, principal component analysis was applied on sixteen conventional and sixteen organic food groups followed by a clustering procedure. The following five clusters of consumers were identified: (1) a cluster characterised by low energy intake, low consumption of organic food and high prevalence of inadequate nutrient intakes; (2) a cluster of big eaters of conventional foods with high intakes of SFA and cholesterol; (3) a cluster with high consumption of organic food and relatively adequate nutritional diet quality; (4) a group with a high percentage of organic food consumers, 14 % of which were either vegetarians or vegans, who exhibited a high nutritional diet quality and a low prevalence of inadequate intakes of most vitamins except B12; and (5) a group of moderate organic food consumers with a particularly high intake of proteins and alcohol and a poor nutritional diet quality. These findings may have implications for future aetiological studies investigating the potential impact of organic food consumption.

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Dietary Patterns in New Zealand Women: Evaluating Differences in Body Composition and Metabolic Biomarkers

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu11071643 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (7) ◽

pp. 1643 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Shakeela N. Jayasinghe ◽

Bernhard H. Breier ◽

Sarah A. McNaughton ◽

Aaron P. Russell ◽

Paul A. Della Gatta ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

New Zealand ◽

Dietary Patterns ◽

Dietary Pattern ◽

Principal Component ◽

Food Groups ◽

Total Body ◽

Study Participants ◽

Plasma Leptin ◽

Metabolic Biomarkers

The combinations of food consumed together (dietary patterns) may have a greater influence on health than nutrients or food groups consumed independently. This study investigated the relationship between dietary patterns, body composition and metabolic biomarkers of premenopausal New Zealand women from three ethnic groups. In total, 408 New Zealand European, Māori and Pacific women aged 16–45 years participated in the Women’s EXPLORE (EXamining Predictors Linking Obesity Related Elements) study. Participants completed a 220-item food frequency questionnaire. Several body composition parameters and metabolic biomarkers were measured. Dietary patterns were extracted by principal component analysis and dietary pattern scores were categorised into tertiles to assess links with other measured parameters. Women with higher scores for the ‘refined and processed’ pattern were younger, had higher body mass index, total body fat, plasma leptin and plasma insulin (p < 0.001), and lower plasma ghrelin levels (p < 0.05) than women with lower scores. In addition, more Māori (51%) and Pacific (68%) women followed the ‘refined and processed’ pattern, while more New Zealand European women (40%) followed the ‘sweet and savoury snacking’ pattern. These data show that dietary pattern analysis is a useful tool to assess links between diet and metabolic health. It further reveals interesting ethnic group-specific differences in dietary pattern use.

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Dietary Patterns, Their Nutrients, and Associations with Socio-Demographic and Lifestyle Factors in Older New Zealand Adults

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu12113425 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (11) ◽

pp. 3425

Author(s):

Karen Mumme ◽

Cathryn Conlon ◽

Pamela von Hurst ◽

Beatrix Jones ◽

Welma Stonehouse ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

New Zealand ◽

Dietary Patterns ◽

Dietary Pattern ◽

Alcohol Intake ◽

Lifestyle Factors ◽

Food Groups ◽

Higher Alcohol ◽

Living Situation ◽

Mediterranean Dietary Pattern

Dietary patterns analyse combinations of foods eaten. This cross-sectional study identified dietary patterns and their nutrients. Associations between dietary patterns and socio-demographic and lifestyle factors were examined in older New Zealand adults. Dietary data (109-item food frequency questionnaire) from the Researching Eating, Activity and Cognitive Health (REACH) study (n = 367, 36% male, mean age = 70 years) were collapsed into 57 food groups. Using principal component analysis, three dietary patterns explained 18% of the variation in diet. Dietary pattern associations with sex, age, employment, living situation, education, deprivation score, physical activity, alcohol, and smoking, along with energy-adjusted nutrient intakes, were investigated using regression analysis. Higher ‘Mediterranean’ dietary pattern scores were associated with being female, higher physical activity, and higher education (p < 0.001, R2 = 0.07). Higher ‘Western’ pattern scores were associated with being male, higher alcohol intake, living with others, and secondary education (p < 0.001, R2 = 0.16). Higher ‘prudent’ pattern scores were associated with higher physical activity and lower alcohol intake (p < 0.001, R2 = 0.15). There were positive associations between beta-carotene equivalents, vitamin E, and folate and ‘Mediterranean’ dietary pattern scores (p < 0.0001, R2 ≥ 0.26); energy intake and ‘Western’ scores (p < 0.0001, R2 = 0.43); and fibre and carbohydrate and ‘prudent’ scores (p < 0.0001, R2 ≥ 0.25). Socio-demographic and lifestyle factors were associated with dietary patterns. Understanding relationships between these characteristics and dietary patterns can assist in health promotion.

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Analysis of patterns of food intake in nutritional epidemiology: food classification in principal components analysis and the subsequent impact on estimates for endometrial cancer

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1079/phn2001168 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 4 (5) ◽

pp. 989-997 ◽

Cited By ~ 105

Author(s):

Susan E McCann ◽

James R Marshall ◽

John R Brasure ◽

Saxon Graham ◽

Jo L Freudenheim

Keyword(s):

New York ◽

Endometrial Cancer ◽

Principal Components Analysis ◽

Principal Components ◽

Dietary Patterns ◽

Disease Risk ◽

Nutritional Epidemiology ◽

Food Groups ◽

Diet Study ◽

Components Analysis

AbstractObjective:To assess the effect of different methods of classifying food use on principal components analysis (PCA)-derived dietary patterns, and the subsequent impact on estimation of cancer risk associated with the different patterns.Methods:Dietary data were obtained from 232 endometrial cancer cases and 639 controls (Western New York Diet Study) using a 190-item semi-quantitative food-frequency questionnaire. Dietary patterns were generated using PCA and three methods of classifying food use: 168 single foods and beverages; 56 detailed food groups, foods and beverages; and 36 less-detailed groups and single food items.Results:Classification method affected neither the number nor character of the patterns identified. However, total variance explained in food use increased as the detail included in the PCA decreased (~8%, 168 items to ~17%, 36 items). Conversely, reduced detail in PCA tended to attenuate the odds ratio (OR) associated with the healthy patterns (OR 0.55, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.35–0.84 and OR 0.77, 95% CI 0.49–1.20, 168 and 36 items, respectively) but not the high-fat patterns (OR 0.95, 95% CI 0.57–1.58 and OR 0.85, 0.51–1.40, 168 and 36 items, respectively).Conclusions:Greater detail in food-use information may be desirable in determination of dietary patterns for more precise estimates of disease risk.

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