scholarly journals Using regulation to limit salt intake and prevent non-communicable diseases: lessons from South Africa’s experience

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenny Claire Kaldor ◽  
Anne Marie Thow ◽  
Hettie Schönfeldt
Keyword(s):  
Policy Process ◽  
Food Industry ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
Capacity Constraints ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Policy Action ◽  
Health Promotion Programme ◽  
Non Communicable Diseases ◽  
Monitoring And Enforcement

AbstractObjectiveTo analyse the policy process for the South African regulation setting upper limits for salt in thirteen commonly consumed food categories, to inform future policy action for prevention of non-communicable diseases.DesignSemi-structured interviews (n10) were conducted with key stakeholders from government, academia, non-governmental organisations and the food industry. Interviewees were asked about the content, context, process and actors involved in developing the regulation. Data were analysed according to Walt and Gilson’s health policy analysis triangle.SettingSouth Africa.ParticipantsKey actors and stakeholders in the policy process to develop the salt regulation.ResultsThe regulation was a response to research establishing the effectiveness of food supply interventions and to a shared perception that government regulation was the quickest way to address the problem of salt overconsumption. While the regulations were developed through a consultative process, food industry stakeholders perceived the consultation as inadequate. Implementation is currently underway, supported by a health promotion programme. Monitoring and enforcement were identified as the most likely challenges due to capacity constraints.ConclusionsComprehensive mandatory salt limits are an innovative approach to food reformulation. Factors that enabled regulation included robust scientific evidence, strong political and bureaucratic leadership, and the pragmatic use of existing regulatory instruments. The main challenges identified were disagreement over the appropriate nature and extent of food industry participation, and monitoring and enforcement challenges due to capacity constraints.

‘I think one of the ways they will help is to create awareness’: primary school teachers’ perceptions of cardiovascular diseases in Nigeria

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 24-31
Author(s):  
Kingsley Udeh ◽  
Candidus Nwakasi ◽  
John Fulton
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Primary School ◽  
Cardiovascular Health ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
School Teachers ◽  
Primary School Teachers ◽  
Non Communicable Diseases

The increasing incidence and prevalence of non-communicable diseases is a major global health concern. Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) account for the highest percentage of deaths related to non-communicable diseases, and low and middle-income countries (LMIC) face the highest burden of CVDs. Understanding the knowledge and perception of CVDs and their risk factors in an LMIC such as Nigeria may play an important role in cardiovascular health promotion and improvement plans to reduce CVD-related deaths. A qualitative study was conducted using semi-structured interviews to gain an in-depth understanding of some personal and sociocultural views on CVDs and their risk factors. The participants were purposively sampled primary school teachers in South-Eastern Nigeria. Thematic analysis approach was used for data analysis. The study findings include knowledge of heart disease, perceived causes and risk factors of CVDs, spirituality, and the way forward. Overall, the knowledge of CVDs in the setting was found to be related to the psychosocial nature of the participants; the effectiveness of any intervention needs to take these factors into consideration. For example, health policies for CVD health education and awareness should be tailored to address some of the issues of belief, values, and religion, as mentioned in the study.

scholarly journals Physical activity as a global risk factor for non-communicable diseases: time for action, what, why, when, who and how?

2016 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
E V Lambert
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
World Health ◽  
Global Risk ◽  
Dietary Salt ◽  
Discussion Paper ◽  
Non Communicable Diseases ◽  
Dietary Salt Intake ◽  
Health Organization

Chronic, non-communicable diseases (NCDs) account for more than two-thirds of global mortality, at least 50% of which is preventable on the basis of modifiable lifestyle behaviours. In the wake of the UN Global Summit on NCDs, the World Health Organization produced a discussion paper that emphasised the need for a global monitoring framework and voluntary global targets for the prevention and control of NCDs.1 The WHO discussion paper presents 10 suggested voluntary targets including the reduction in deaths due to NCDs, cardiovascular disease and diabetes, an overall reduction in blood pressure and obesity, as well as reduced smoking, alcohol and dietary salt intake, increased screening for cervical cancer and the elimination of trans-fats from the food supply. Physical activity is notable by its absence from this critical list of voluntary global targets for preventing and controlling NCDs

scholarly journals Estimation of Salt Consumption from 24-hour Urine Collection in a Nepalese Population (P18-084-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dinesh Neupane ◽  
Megan Henry ◽  
Di Zhao ◽  
Per Kallestrup ◽  
Bhagawan Koirala ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Intake ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
Processed Foods ◽  
Urine Collection ◽  
Community Based Interventions ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Dietary Counseling ◽  
Non Communicable Diseases ◽  
Increased Risk

Abstract Objectives High salt (sodium chloride) intake is associated with an increased risk of hypertension, which is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Current consumption of salt in Nepal is unknown. The objective of this study was to estimate average salt intake in a Nepalese population from 24-hr urine collection in a population-based survey. Methods Participants (n = 499) were recruited from the Community-Based Management of Non-Communicable Diseases in Nepal (COBIN) cohort in the peri-urban area of Pokhara municipality from July to December 2018. The modified version of STEPS survey of non-communicable diseases (NCD) risk factors was administered. Salt intake was estimated from a single 24-hr urine collection. Multivariate linear regression was used to estimate differences in salt intake (g) associated with a variety of factors including demographics, lifestyle, health care, and health literacy. Results Mean (SD) age was 50.0 (9.7) years; mean salt intake was 13.0 (4.8) g/person/d. Male gender, younger age, and higher body mass index were significantly associated with higher salt intake (Table). Although 55% of respondents thought that they consumed just the right amount of salt, 96% were consuming more than the WHO-recommended level of less than 5 g/d. Almost half of the respondents reported that they consumed processed food containing high amounts of salt. In multivariate analyses, systolic blood pressure was 0.4 mmHg (95% CI: 0.05, 0.7) higher per 1-gram increase in salt intake. Conclusions Daily intake of salt in this Napalese population was over twice the WHO recommended upper limit, indicating a substantial need to reduce salt across the entire population. Community-based interventions for behavior modification through health education and dietary counseling may be effective in this population where salt is added during cooking. Still, interventions targeting the marketing, availability, and labeling of processed foods is also important, as intake of processed foods was also commonplace in Nepal. Funding Sources PHI through financial support from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), USA; Jayanti Memorial Trust (JMT), Nepal; Nepal Development Society (NEDS), Nepal. Supporting Tables, Images and/or Graphs

scholarly journals Awareness of Rural People about Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 27-32
Author(s):  
Md Entekhab Ul Alam ◽  
Md Nurul Amin ◽  
Md Jawadul Haque ◽  
Farzana Hasan ◽  
Milon Kumar Haldar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Heart Diseases ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
Ischemic Heart ◽  
Dietary Behaviour ◽  
Non Communicable Diseases ◽  
Ischemic Heart Diseases ◽  
The People ◽  
Level Of Knowledge

Background & Objective: Non-communicable diseases, particularly diabetes, hypertension and ischemic heart diseases have created an epidemic situation worldwide. Bangladesh is also in the grip of the menace. The only way to get rid of the menace is prevention of these diseases which demands awareness against the diseases. This study was undertaken to assess the level of knowledge of adult people of Puthia Upazila regarding prevention of the seclected non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Methods: The study was carried out in the Department of Community Medicine Rajshahi Medical College, Rajshahi over a period of 2 months from April 2018 to May 2018. All adult people (18 years onwards) residing in the rural area of Puthia Upazila were the respondents (study population) in this study. The survey invited the adult individuals to participate in the study. A total of 1001 individuals voluntarily responded to participate in the study. Of them 648(64.7%) were free from the NCDs and were interviewed to assess their level of knowledge on prevention of selected NCDs. A self-administered questionnaire containing the variables of interest for evaluating knowledge was used. Result: Two-thirds (68.2%) of the respondents were 30–50 years old with mean age of the respondents being 44.3(range: 25-90) years. Males outnumbered females by 11:9. Over half (54%) informed that they had little knowledge and 10.7% were familiar with the NCDs. Around half held the view that diabetes, hypertension, ischemic heart diseases and stroke were NCDs/chronic diseases. Approximately 70% told that the NCDs were on a rising trend. Regarding causes of chronic diseases, the respondents told excess intake of fat and sedentary life-style (67.9%), intake of excess CHO (54.2%), indulgence in smoking (68.2%), less intake of vegetables and fruits (57.4%), excess or additional salt intake (50.5%) and family history of NCD (44.1%). Regarding prevention of NCDs, around 70% were in favor of adopting healthy dietary behaviour and avoiding too much fatty food, followed by regular exercise (71.2%), avoiding or giving up smoking (70.8%) and avoiding or giving up taking extra salt (57.9%). Conclusion: The study concluded that the people of Puthia Upazilla are aware more or less about the selected NCDs (diabetes, hypertension, ischemic heart diseases and stroke). They are also aware that these diseases are increasing. Around two-thirds of the people are aware about the risk factors of these non-communicable diseases and the ways to prevent them. Ibrahim Card Med J 2020; 10 (1&2): 27-32

scholarly journals Qualitative Evaluation of the General Practitioner Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases Training Programme

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chunyu Zhang ◽  
Fang Fang ◽  
Mingqiang Peng ◽  
Ying Zhao ◽  
Ruixue Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
General Practitioner ◽  
General Practitioners ◽  
Outpatient Clinic ◽  
Qualitative Evaluation ◽  
Training Programme ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
Interview Data ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Non Communicable Diseases ◽  
Practitioner Training

Abstract Background: In China, general practitioners have limited ability to provide care for common chronic non-communicable diseases because they lack postgraduate training. In an attempt to improve general practitioners’ skills in this regard, the present authors previously launched the Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases Training Programme. The present study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of this programme.Methods: Thirty-nine trainee general practitioners who participated in the programme underwent semi-structured interviews, which explored how they performed the training, what they achieved from the programme, and their suggestions for future programmes. The interview data were analysed using a thematic analysis approach.Results: Under the guidance of supervisors, the thirty-nine trainee general practitioners completed the structured but individualised training plan, which comprised a four-day basic theory class, three months practicing in a ward, and six months assisting in an outpatient clinic. They reported an improvement in their ability to provide care for chronic non-communicable diseases and perform two-way referral, as well as their communication with patients. They also reported that, since returning to their communities, they had become more confident, were building better relationships with their patients, and had changed their clinic behaviours from copying prescriptions to making medical decisions independently. Their principal suggestion for the training programme was to alter the order of the training, as they preferred to practice in the ward before assisting in the outpatient clinic.Conclusion: The course comprised a learner-centred, practice- and apprenticeship-based, general-practitioner training programme. Given the participants’ progress and the beneficial effects of the programme reported in the interview data, it appears to be worthwhile to extend the General Practitioner Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases Training Programme.

scholarly journals Qualitative evaluation of the general practitioner chronic non-communicable diseases training programme

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chunyu Zhang ◽  
Fang Fang ◽  
Mingqiang Peng ◽  
Ying Zhao ◽  
Ruixue Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
General Practitioner ◽  
General Practitioners ◽  
Outpatient Clinic ◽  
Qualitative Evaluation ◽  
Training Programme ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
Interview Data ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Non Communicable Diseases ◽  
Practitioner Training

Abstract Background In China, general practitioners have limited ability to provide care for common chronic non-communicable diseases because they lack postgraduate training. In an attempt to improve general practitioners’ skills in this regard, the present authors previously launched the Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases Training Programme. The present study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of this programme. Methods Thirty-nine trainee general practitioners who participated in the programme underwent semi-structured interviews, which explored how they performed the training, what they achieved from the programme, and their suggestions for future programmes. The interview data were analysed using a thematic analysis approach. Results Under the guidance of supervisors, the thirty-nine trainee general practitioners completed the structured but individualised training plan, which comprised a four-day basic theory class, 3 months practising in a ward, and 6 months assisting in an outpatient clinic. They reported an improvement in their ability to provide care for chronic non-communicable diseases and perform two-way referral, as well as their communication with patients. They also reported that, since returning to their communities, they had become more confident, were building better relationships with their patients, and had changed their clinic behaviours from copying prescriptions to making medical decisions independently. Their principal suggestion for the training programme was to alter the order of the training, as they preferred to practice in the ward before assisting in the outpatient clinic. Conclusion The course comprised a learner-centred, practice- and apprenticeship-based, general-practitioner training programme. Given the participants’ progress and the beneficial effects of the programme reported in the interview data, it appears to be worthwhile to extend the General Practitioner Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases Training Programme.

scholarly journals Stakeholder perspectives on the effectiveness of the Victorian Salt Reduction Partnership: a qualitative study

BMC Nutrition ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emalie Rosewarne ◽  
Wai-Kwan Chislett ◽  
Briar McKenzie ◽  
Jenny Reimers ◽  
Kellie-Ann Jolly ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Capacity Building ◽  
Communication Networks ◽  
Food Industry ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Salt Reduction ◽  
Implementation Team ◽  
Collaborative Action ◽  
Stakeholder Perspectives

Abstract Background Interventions to reduce population salt intake are feasible and cost-effective. The Victorian Salt Reduction Partnership implemented a complex, multi-faceted salt reduction intervention between 2014 and 2020 in the Australian state of Victoria. This study aimed to understand stakeholder perspectives on the effectiveness of the Victorian Salt Reduction Partnership. Methods Semi-structured interviews were conducted with Partnership and food industry stakeholders. The Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research was adapted for the Partnership intervention and used to guide the qualitative analysis. Results Fourteen Partnership and seven food industry stakeholders were interviewed. The Partnership was viewed as essential for intervention planning and decision-making and an enabler for intervention delivery. The goals of capacity building and collaborative action were perceived to have been achieved. The implementation team executed intended intervention activities and outputs, with some adaptations to strategy. Barriers and enablers to implementation were identified by interviewees, such as compatibility of individual, organisational and Partnership values and building positive relationships between the Partnership and food industry, respectively. Legal, political, social, environmental, technological and economic factors affecting intervention design, delivery and outcomes were identified. Conclusions Establishing a Partnership with diverse skills and experience facilitated collaborative action, capacity building and execution of the intervention. Monitoring and evaluating implementation informed strategy adaptations, which allowed optimisation of Partnership strategy. The importance of developing strong communication networks between strategic and implementation-levels was a key lesson.

scholarly journals Potential Applications of Cereals and Yams as Functional Foods to Reduce the Risk of Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases

2020 ◽  
pp. 53-69
Author(s):  
N. N. G. Chiranthika ◽  
K. D. P. P. Gunathilake ◽  
Ananda Chandrasekara
Keyword(s):  
Functional Food ◽  
Food Industry ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Non Communicable Diseases ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
By Products ◽  
Burden Of Diseases

The chronic non-communicable diseases (NCD) are increasing throughout the populations and the burden of diseases is rising globally. Epidemiological evidences supports claim that intake of   foods with certain health benefits and reducing the risk of NCDs are having positive correlation, therefore, a rise in demand for foods including phytochemicals can be observed. Cereals  and   yams are known to be rich sources of phytochemicals which can be utilized to produce functional food products having the potential of reducing the risk of chronic NCDs such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and certain types of cancers. In   this review, the potentials of various cereals and yams that are being used as functional food products for human consumption to reduce the risk of NCD are being examined. The study further included a review on different phytochemicals in cereals and yams based functional food products and their bioactivity, potential of microencapsulation, cereal by products, influence of starch modification on functional food products, and capability of utilizing cereal by products in functional food industry.

scholarly journals An accountability framework to promote healthy food environments

2014 ◽  
Vol 17 (11) ◽  
pp. 2467-2483 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vivica I Kraak ◽  
Boyd Swinburn ◽  
Mark Lawrence ◽  
Paul Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Food Industry ◽  
Good Governance ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Performance Standards ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
Healthy Food ◽  
Food Environments ◽  
Unhealthy Food ◽  
Non Communicable Diseases ◽  
And Performance

AbstractObjectiveTo review the available literature on accountability frameworks to construct a framework that is relevant to voluntary partnerships between government and food industry stakeholders.DesignBetween November 2012 and May 2013, a desk review of ten databases was conducted to identify principles, conceptual frameworks, underlying theories, and strengths and limitations of existing accountability frameworks for institutional performance to construct a new framework relevant to promoting healthy food environments.SettingFood policy contexts within high-income countries to address obesity and diet-related non-communicable diseases.SubjectsEligible resources (n 26) were reviewed and the guiding principles of fifteen interdisciplinary frameworks were used to construct a new accountability framework.ResultsStrengths included shared principles across existing frameworks, such as trust, inclusivity, transparency and verification; government leadership and good governance; public deliberations; independent bodies recognizing compliance and performance achievements; remedial actions to improve accountability systems; and capacity to manage conflicts of interest and settle disputes. Limitations of the three-step frameworks and ‘mutual accountability’ approach were an explicit absence of an empowered authority to hold all stakeholders to account for their performance.ConclusionsWe propose a four-step accountability framework to guide government and food industry engagement to address unhealthy food environments as part of a broader government-led strategy to address obesity and diet-related non-communicable diseases. An independent body develops clear objectives, a governance process and performance standards for all stakeholders to address unhealthy food environments. The empowered body takes account (assessment), shares the account (communication), holds to account (enforcement) and responds to the account (improvements).

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