Validating an automated image identification process of a passive image-assisted dietary assessment method: proof of concept

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (15) ◽  
pp. 2700-2710
Author(s):  
Tsz-Kiu Chui ◽  
Jindong Tan ◽  
Yan Li ◽  
Hollie A. Raynor
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Assessment ◽  
False Negative ◽  
Assessment Method ◽  
Identification Accuracy ◽  
Identification System ◽  
True Negative ◽  
Image Identification ◽  
Effect Of Food ◽  
Food Image ◽  
Food Images

AbstractObjective:To validate an automated food image identification system, DietCam, which has not been validated, in identifying foods with different shapes and complexities from passively taken digital images.Design:Participants wore Sony SmartEyeglass that automatically took three images per second, while two meals containing four foods, representing regular- (i.e., cookies) and irregular-shaped (i.e., chips) foods and single (i.e., grapes) and complex (i.e., chicken and rice) foods, were consumed. Non-blurry images from the meals’ first 5 min were coded by human raters and compared with DietCam results. Comparisons produced four outcomes: true positive (rater/DietCam reports yes for food), false positive (rater reports no food; DietCam reports food), true negative (rater/DietCam reports no food) or false negative (rater reports food; DietCam reports no food).Setting:Laboratory meal.Participants:Thirty men and women (25·1 ± 6·6 years, 22·7 ± 1·6 kg/m2, 46·7 % White).Results:Identification accuracy was 81·2 and 79·7 % in meals A and B, respectively (food and non-food images) and 78·7 and 77·5 % in meals A and B, respectively (food images only). For food images only, no effect of food shape or complexity was found. When different types of images, such as 100 % food in the image and on the plate, <100 % food in the image and on the plate and food not on the plate, were analysed separately, images with food on the plate had a slightly higher accuracy.Conclusions:DietCam shows promise in automated food image identification, and DietCam is most accurate when images show food on the plate.

scholarly journals Saliency-Aware Class-Agnostic Food Image Segmentation

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Sri Kalyan Yarlagadda ◽  
Daniel Mas Montserrat ◽  
David Güera ◽  
Carol J. Boushey ◽  
Deborah A. Kerr ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Image Segmentation ◽  
Prior Information ◽  
Dietary Assessment ◽  
Segmentation Method ◽  
Dietary Assessment Methods ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Dietary Study ◽  
Food Image ◽  
Food Images ◽  
Food Consumed

Advances in image-based dietary assessment methods have allowed nutrition professionals and researchers to improve the accuracy of dietary assessment, where images of food consumed are captured using smartphones or wearable devices. These images are then analyzed using computer vision methods to estimate energy and nutrition content of the foods. Food image segmentation, which determines the regions in an image where foods are located, plays an important role in this process. Current methods are data dependent and thus cannot generalize well for different food types. To address this problem, we propose a class-agnostic food image segmentation method. Our method uses a pair of eating scene images, one before starting eating and one after eating is completed. Using information from both the before and after eating images, we can segment food images by finding the salient missing objects without any prior information about the food class. We model a paradigm of top-down saliency that guides the attention of the human visual system based on a task to find the salient missing objects in a pair of images. Our method is validated on food images collected from a dietary study that showed promising results.

The role of serum periostin in the diagnosis of asthma: A meta-analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 240-247
Author(s):  
Lei Yang ◽  
Qingtao Zhao ◽  
Shuyu Wang
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Accuracy ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Characteristic Curve ◽  
False Negative ◽  
Summary Receiver Operating Characteristic ◽  
True Negative ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
Noninvasive Biomarker ◽  
Sensitivity Specificity ◽  
Serum Periostin

Background: Serum periostin has been proposed as a noninvasive biomarker for asthma diagnosis and management. However, its accuracy for the diagnosis of asthma in different populations is not completely clear. Methods: This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of periostin level in the clinical determination of asthma. Several medical literature data bases were searched for relevant studies through December 1, 2019. The numbers of patients with true-positive, false-positive, false-negative, and true-negative results for the periostin level were extracted from each individual study. We assessed the risk of bias by using Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies 2. We used the meta-analysis to produce summary estimates of accuracy. Results: In total, nine studies with 1757 subjects met the inclusion criteria. The pooled estimates of sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic odds ratios for the detection of asthma were 0.58 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.38‐0.76), 0.86 (95% CI, 0.74‐0.93), and 8.28 (95% CI, 3.67‐18.68), respectively. The area under the summary receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.82 (95% CI, 0.79‐0.85). And significant publication bias was found in this meta‐analysis (p = 0.39). Conclusion: Serum periostin may be used for the diagnosis of asthma, with moderate diagnostic accuracy.

scholarly journals A machine learning approach for accurate and real-time DNA sequence identification

BMC Genomics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yiren Wang ◽  
Mashari Alangari ◽  
Joshua Hihath ◽  
Arindam K. Das ◽  
M. P. Anantram
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Dna Sequence ◽  
Single Molecule ◽  
Identification Accuracy ◽  
Measuring System ◽  
Identification System ◽  
Genetic Sequencing ◽  
Sequence Identification ◽  
Tree Classifier ◽  
Single Mismatch

Abstract Background The all-electronic Single Molecule Break Junction (SMBJ) method is an emerging alternative to traditional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques for genetic sequencing and identification. Existing work indicates that the current spectra recorded from SMBJ experimentations contain unique signatures to identify known sequences from a dataset. However, the spectra are typically extremely noisy due to the stochastic and complex interactions between the substrate, sample, environment, and the measuring system, necessitating hundreds or thousands of experimentations to obtain reliable and accurate results. Results This article presents a DNA sequence identification system based on the current spectra of ten short strand sequences, including a pair that differs by a single mismatch. By employing a gradient boosted tree classifier model trained on conductance histograms, we demonstrate that extremely high accuracy, ranging from approximately 96 % for molecules differing by a single mismatch to 99.5 % otherwise, is possible. Further, such accuracy metrics are achievable in near real-time with just twenty or thirty SMBJ measurements instead of hundreds or thousands. We also demonstrate that a tandem classifier architecture, where the first stage is a multiclass classifier and the second stage is a binary classifier, can be employed to boost the single mismatched pair’s identification accuracy to 99.5 %. Conclusions A monolithic classifier, or more generally, a multistage classifier with model specific parameters that depend on experimental current spectra can be used to successfully identify DNA strands.

scholarly journals A multicenter, hospital-based and non-inferiority study for diagnostic efficacy of automated whole breast ultrasound for breast cancer in China

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yujing Xin ◽  
Xinyuan Zhang ◽  
Yi Yang ◽  
Yi Chen ◽  
Yanan Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
False Negative ◽  
Final Analysis ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Surgical Biopsy ◽  
True Negative ◽  
Diagnostic Efficacy ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
Informed Consent Form ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri

AbstractThis study is the first multi-center non-inferiority study that aims to critically evaluate the effectiveness of HHUS/ABUS in China breast cancer detection. This was a multicenter hospital-based study. Five hospitals participated in this study. Women (30–69 years old) with defined criteria were invited for breast examination by HHUS, ABUS or/and mammography. For BI-RADS category 3, an additional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) test was provided to distinguish the true negative results from false negative results. For women classified as BI-RADS category 4 or 5, either core aspiration biopsy or surgical biopsy was done to confirm the diagnosis. Between February 2016 and March 2017, 2844 women signed the informed consent form, and 1947 of them involved in final analysis (680 were 30 to 39 years old, 1267 were 40 to 69 years old).For all participants, ABUS sensitivity (91.81%) compared with HHUS sensitivity (94.70%) with non-inferior Z tests, P = 0.015. In the 40–69 age group, non-inferior Z tests showed that ABUS sensitivity (93.01%) was non-inferior to MG sensitivity (86.02%) with P < 0.001 and HHUS sensitivity (95.44%) was non-inferior to MG sensitivity (86.02%) with P < 0.001. Sensitivity of ABUS and HHUS are all superior to that of MG with P < 0.001 by superior test.For all participants, ABUS specificity (92.89%) was non-inferior to HHUS specificity (89.36%) with P < 0.001. Superiority test show that specificity of ABUS was superior to that of HHUS with P < 0.001. In the 40–69 age group, ABUS specificity (92.86%) was non-inferior to MG specificity (91.68%) with P < 0.001 and HHUS specificity (89.55%) was non-inferior to MG specificity (91.68%) with P < 0.001. ABUS is not superior to MG with P = 0.114 by superior test. The sensitivity of ABUS/HHUS is superior to that of MG. The specificity of ABUS/HHUS is non-inferior to that of MG. In China, for an experienced US radiologist, both HHUS and ABUS have better diagnostic efficacy than MG in symptomatic individuals.

scholarly journals Reproducibility and relative validity of a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire for the Chinese lactating mothers

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ye Ding ◽  
Fang Li ◽  
Ping Hu ◽  
Mei Ye ◽  
Fangping Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Frequency Questionnaire ◽  
Dietary Assessment ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Assessment Method ◽  
Food Frequency ◽  
Relative Validity ◽  
Lactating Mothers ◽  
Dietary Record ◽  
Spearman’S Correlation

Abstract Background The dietary nutritional status of the lactating mothers is related to maternal health and has a significant impact on the growth and development of infants through the secretion of breast milk. The food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) is the most cost-effective dietary assessment method that can help obtain information on the usual dietary pattern of participants. Until now, the FFQs have been used for different populations in China, but there are few FFQs available for the lactating mothers. We aimed to develop a semi-quantitative, 156-item FFQ for the Chinese lactating mothers, and evaluate its reproducibility and relative validity. Methods A total of 112 lactating mothers completed two FFQs and one 3-d dietary record (3DR). The first FFQ (FFQ1) was conducted during postpartum at 60–65 days and the second FFQ (FFQ2) during subsequent follow-up at 5 weeks. The 3DR was completed with portion sizes assessed using photographs taken by the respondent before and after eating (instant photography) 1 week after FFQ1. Results For reproducibility, the Spearman’s correlation coefficients for food ranged from 0.34 to 0.68, and for nutrients from 0.25 to 0.61. Meanwhile, the intra-class correlation coefficients for food ranged from 0.48 to 0.87, and for nutrients from 0.27 to 0.70. For relative validity, the Spearman’s correlation coefficients for food ranged from 0.32 to 0.56, and for nutrients from 0.23 to 0.72. The energy-adjusted coefficients for food ranged from 0.26 to 0.55, and for nutrients from 0.22 to 0.47. Moreover, the de-attenuation coefficients for food ranged from 0.34 to 0.67, and for nutrients from 0.28 to 0.77. The Bland-Altman plots also showed reasonably acceptable agreement between the two methods. Conclusions This FFQ is a reasonably reproducible and a relative valid tool for assessing dietary intake of the Chinese lactating mothers.

scholarly journals 18F-Fluciclovine Positron Emission Tomography in Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review and Diagnostic Meta-Analysis

Diagnostics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 304
Author(s):  
Giuseppina Biscontini ◽  
Cinzia Romagnolo ◽  
Chiara Cottignoli ◽  
Andrea Palucci ◽  
Fabio Massimo Fringuelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Positron Emission Tomography ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
False Negative ◽  
Final Analysis ◽  
Emission Tomography ◽  
True Negative ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Pet Ct

Background: to explore the diagnostic accuracy of 18F-Fluciclovine positron-emission tomography (PET) in prostate cancer (PCa), considering both primary staging prior to radical therapy, biochemical recurrence, and advanced setting. Methods: A systematic web search through Embase and Medline was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Studies performed from 2011 to 2020 were evaluated. The terms used were “PET” or “positron emission tomography” or “positron emission tomography/computed tomography” or “PET/CT” or “positron emission tomography-computed tomography” or “PET-CT” and “Fluciclovine” or “FACBC” and “prostatic neoplasms” or “prostate cancer” or “prostate carcinoma”. Only studies reporting about true positive (TP), true negative (TN), false positive (FP) and false negative (FN) findings of 18F-fluciclovine PET were considered eligible. Results: Fifteen out of 283 studies, and 697 patients, were included in the final analysis. The pooled sensitivity for 18F-Fluciclovine PET/CT for diagnosis of primary PCa was 0.83 (95% CI: 0.80–0.86), the specificity of 0.77 (95% CI: 0.74–0.80). The pooled sensitivity for preoperative LN staging was 0.57 (95% CI: 0.39–0.73) and specificity of 0.99 (95% CI: 0.94–1.00). The pooled sensitivity for the overall detection of recurrence in relapsed patients was 0.68 (95% CI: 0.63–0.73), and specificity of 0.68 (95% CI: 0.60–0.75). Conclusion: This meta-analysis showed promising results in term of sensitivity and specificity for 18F-Fluciclovine PET/CT to stage the primary lesion and in the assessment of nodal metastases, and for the detection of PCa locations in the recurrent setting. However, the limited number of studies and the broad heterogeneity in the selected cohorts and in different investigation protocols are limitation affecting the strength of these results.

scholarly journals Can artificial intelligence reduce the interval cancer rate in mammography screening?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristina Lång ◽  
Solveig Hofvind ◽  
Alejandro Rodríguez-Ruiz ◽  
Ingvar Andersson
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Risk Score ◽  
Mammography Screening ◽  
False Negative ◽  
Interval Cancer ◽  
Stage Iv ◽  
True Negative ◽  
Stage Iv Disease ◽  
Interval Cancer Rate ◽  
Screening Mammograms

Abstract Objectives To investigate whether artificial intelligence (AI) can reduce interval cancer in mammography screening. Materials and methods Preceding screening mammograms of 429 consecutive women diagnosed with interval cancer in Southern Sweden between 2013 and 2017 were analysed with a deep learning–based AI system. The system assigns a risk score from 1 to 10. Two experienced breast radiologists reviewed and classified the cases in consensus as true negative, minimal signs or false negative and assessed whether the AI system correctly localised the cancer. The potential reduction of interval cancer was calculated at different risk score thresholds corresponding to approximately 10%, 4% and 1% recall rates. Results A statistically significant correlation between interval cancer classification groups and AI risk score was observed (p < .0001). AI scored one in three (143/429) interval cancer with risk score 10, of which 67% (96/143) were either classified as minimal signs or false negative. Of these, 58% (83/143) were correctly located by AI, and could therefore potentially be detected at screening with the aid of AI, resulting in a 19.3% (95% CI 15.9–23.4) reduction of interval cancer. At 4% and 1% recall thresholds, the reduction of interval cancer was 11.2% (95% CI 8.5–14.5) and 4.7% (95% CI 3.0–7.1). The corresponding reduction of interval cancer with grave outcome (women who died or with stage IV disease) at risk score 10 was 23% (8/35; 95% CI 12–39). Conclusion The use of AI in screen reading has the potential to reduce the rate of interval cancer without supplementary screening modalities. Key Points • Retrospective study showed that AI detected 19% of interval cancer at the preceding screening exam that in addition showed at least minimal signs of malignancy. Importantly, these were correctly localised by AI, thus obviating supplementary screening modalities. • AI could potentially reduce a proportion of particularly aggressive interval cancers. • There was a correlation between AI risk score and interval cancer classified as true negative, minimal signs or false negative.

scholarly journals Optimal Preventive Maintenance of Wind Turbine Components with Imperfect Continuous Condition Monitoring

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (19) ◽  
pp. 3801 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed Raza ◽  
Vladimir Ulansky
Keyword(s):  
Wind Turbine ◽  
Condition Monitoring ◽  
Preventive Maintenance ◽  
False Negative ◽  
Maintenance Cost ◽  
Arbitrary Distribution ◽  
Average Lifetime ◽  
True Negative ◽  
Degradation Failure ◽  
Lifetime Maintenance

Among the different maintenance techniques applied to wind turbine (WT) components, online condition monitoring is probably the most promising technique. The maintenance models based on online condition monitoring have been examined in many studies. However, no study has considered preventive maintenance models with incorporated probabilities of correct and incorrect decisions made during continuous condition monitoring. This article presents a mathematical model of preventive maintenance, with imperfect continuous condition monitoring of the WT components. For the first time, the article introduces generalized expressions for calculating the interval probabilities of false positive, true positive, false negative, and true negative when continuously monitoring the condition of a WT component. Mathematical equations that allow for calculating the expected cost of maintenance per unit of time and the average lifetime maintenance cost are derived for an arbitrary distribution of time to degradation failure. A numerical example of WT blades maintenance illustrates that preventive maintenance with online condition monitoring reduces the average lifetime maintenance cost by 11.8 times, as compared to corrective maintenance, and by at least 4.2 and 2.6 times, compared with predetermined preventive maintenance for low and high crack initiation rates, respectively.

Evaluation of Positive T- and B-Cell Gene Rearrangement Studies Among Patients Without a Definitive Diagnosis by Other Assays

2019 ◽  
Vol 152 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S35-S36
Author(s):  
Hadrian Mendoza ◽  
Christopher Tormey ◽  
Alexa Siddon
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
False Positive ◽  
Gene Rearrangement ◽  
Hematologic Malignancy ◽  
False Negative ◽  
False Positives ◽  
False Negatives ◽  
True Negative ◽  
Flow Cytometric ◽  
Pathology Reports

Abstract In the evaluation of bone marrow (BM) and peripheral blood (PB) for hematologic malignancy, positive immunoglobulin heavy chain (IG) or T-cell receptor (TCR) gene rearrangement results may be detected despite unrevealing results from morphologic, flow cytometric, immunohistochemical (IHC), and/or cytogenetic studies. The significance of positive rearrangement studies in the context of otherwise normal ancillary findings is unknown, and as such, we hypothesized that gene rearrangement studies may be predictive of an emerging B- or T-cell clone in the absence of other abnormal laboratory tests. Data from all patients who underwent IG or TCR gene rearrangement testing at the authors’ affiliated VA hospital between January 1, 2013, and July 6, 2018, were extracted from the electronic medical record. Date of testing; specimen source; and morphologic, flow cytometric, IHC, and cytogenetic characterization of the tissue source were recorded from pathology reports. Gene rearrangement results were categorized as true positive, false positive, false negative, or true negative. Lastly, patient records were reviewed for subsequent diagnosis of hematologic malignancy in patients with positive gene rearrangement results with negative ancillary testing. A total of 136 patients, who had 203 gene rearrangement studies (50 PB and 153 BM), were analyzed. In TCR studies, there were 2 false positives and 1 false negative in 47 PB assays, as well as 7 false positives and 1 false negative in 54 BM assays. Regarding IG studies, 3 false positives and 12 false negatives in 99 BM studies were identified. Sensitivity and specificity, respectively, were calculated for PB TCR studies (94% and 93%), BM IG studies (71% and 95%), and BM TCR studies (92% and 83%). Analysis of PB IG gene rearrangement studies was not performed due to the small number of tests (3; all true negative). None of the 12 patients with false-positive IG/TCR gene rearrangement studies later developed a lymphoproliferative disorder, although 2 patients were later diagnosed with acute myeloid leukemia. Of the 14 false negatives, 10 (71%) were related to a diagnosis of plasma cell neoplasms. Results from the present study suggest that positive IG/TCR gene rearrangement studies are not predictive of lymphoproliferative disorders in the context of otherwise negative BM or PB findings. As such, when faced with equivocal pathology reports, clinicians can be practically advised that isolated positive IG/TCR gene rearrangement results may not indicate the need for closer surveillance.

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